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Effects of Livestock Grazing EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK GRAZING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRAZING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE VERNAL POOL -- MOUNDED PRAIRIES OF THE AGATE DESERT, JACKSON COUNTY, OREGON For the US Fish and Wildlife Service 2600 SE 98th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97266 In fulfillment of a contract order # 1448-13420-00-m170 August 24, 2004 Darren Borgias SW Oregon Stewardship Ecologist 33 North Central Avenue, Suite 405 Medford, Oregon 97501 541-770-7933 [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..4 SOCIAL BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………………………………….….5 A place named “Agate Desert”…………………………………………………………………………………….5 Historic land use on the Agate Desert……………………………………………………………………………..5 A History of Livestock Grazing in Jackson County……………………………………………………………….7 Current Livestock Grazing Practices on the Agate Desert………………………………………………………...9 ECOLOGY OF GRASSLANDS AND GRAZING………………………………………………………………...11 Grassland Ecosystems…………………………………………………………………………………………….11 Grazing in Grassland Ecosystems………………………………………………………………………………...11 Evaluating Grazing Interactions………………………………………………………………………………….13 ECOLOGY OF THE AGATE DESERT VERNAL POOL MOUNDED PRAIRIE……………………………….14 Vernal Pools………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 Vernal Pools Vegetation Communities...............................................................................................................15 Historic Vernal Pool Vegetation Conditions “reference site description”……………………………………16 Upland Prairie…………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 Current upland grassland ..………………………………………………………………………………...…17 Historic Upland Prairie Condition “reference site description”……………………………………………...18 Focal Conservation Species ..……………………………………………………………………………………20 Focal Species conditions prior to presettlement …..…………………………………………………………….22 Conservation on the Agate Desert………………………………………………………………………………..22 ECOLOGY OF GRAZING ON THE AGATE DESERT ......……………………………………………………..25 Presettlement Wildlife Herbivory on the Agate Desert …………………………………………………………25 Livestock and the Conversion to Annual Grassland in the Rogue Valley ………………………………………26 Differentiating effects of historic grazing from ongoing Livestock Grazing …………………………………...27 Studies on livestock grazing and biodiversity in California vernal pool systems ………………………………28 RANGELAND HEALTH GOALS FOR THE AGATE DESERT ………………………………………………..30 Minimum Acceptable Health Goals for Agate Desert Rangeland ………………………………………………30 Rangeland Health Assessment Tool for the Agate Desert ……………………………………………………….31 A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF FOCAL SPECIES, SYSTEMS, AND GRAZING ……………………...33 Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….33 Results ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………35 Assessment of Focal Species and System Indicator Status on the Agate Desert ………………………...........35 Indicator 1: Cook’s Desert Parsley: ….……………………………………………………………………35 Indicator 2: Large-flowered woolly meadowfoam: …………...……………………………………………37 Indicator 3: Vernal Pool Fairy Shrimp: ……………………………………………………………………37 Indicator 4: Excessive Accumulation of Thatch: …………………………………………………………...38 Indicator 5: Gopher Use: …………………………………………………………………………………..38 Indicator 6: Vegetation Structure: ................................................................................................................38 Indicator 7: Community Composition, Functional Groups: ……………………………………………….38 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..42 Assessment of Focal Species and System Indicator Status on the Agate Desert ……………………………...42 Indicator 1: Cook’s Desert Parsley: ……………………………………………………………………….42 Indicator 2: Large-flowered woolly meadowfoam: ………………………………………………………...43 Indicator 3: Vernal Pool Fairy Shrimp: ……………………………………………………………………43 Indicator 4: Excessive Accumulation of Thatch: …………………………………………………………..44 Indicator 5: Gopher Use: …………………………………………………………………………………..44 Indicator 6: Vegetation Structure: …………………………………………………………………………45 Indicator 7: Community Composition, Functional Groups: ……………………………………………….45 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….46 Assessment of Focal Species and System Indicator Status on the Agate Desert ……………………………..46 ENHANCING COMPATIBLE GRAZING PRACTICES FOR THE AGATE DESERT VERNAL POOL – MOUNDED PRAIRIE: A Menu of Options for Grazing Operators ………………………………………………48 Monitoring Focal Species and the System ……………………………………………………………………….48 Other Management ………………………………………………………………………………………………49 Weed Control…………………………………………………………………………………………….….…49 Irrigation …………………………………………………………………………………………………...….49 Fire ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……49 Altering Grazing Practices (intensity, duration, season, variability) …………………………………………….50 Supplemental Feeding Concerns ……………………………………………………………………………...50 Achieving a Good rank for Lomatium cookii and Limnanthes floccose ssp graniflora ………………………50 Achieving and maintaining a Good rank for Branchinecta lynchi ……………………………………………51 Achieving and maintaining a Good rank for (low) Thatch Accumulation …………………………………….51 Improving the rank for Mounded Prairie Composition, Vegetation Structure, and Gopher Use ……………..51 Limits to Compatible Grazing, and Compensating Operators …………………………………………………...52 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………..55 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Number of livestock by type in Jackson County, 1860-2001 ………………………………………….8 Figure 2. Occurrences of conservation targets on the Agate Desert landform ………………………………….20 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Species of concern in the Agate Desert vernal pool – mounded prairie system………………………..24 Table 2. Summary of indicator status and trend for 14 site assessed on the Agate Desert as of 2003…………..36 Table 3. Percent Similarity Index at four sites under varied management across the Agate Desert…………….39 Table 4. Species diversity and relative cover of native species at four sites with extensive composition data gathered at point intercepts across the site, all habitats combined………………………………..…………40 Table 5. Species diversity and relative cover of native species in vernal pools at four sites with extensive composition data gathered at point intercepts across the site and all habitats……………………………………41 Table 6. Conceptual approaches to facilitate conservation, incorporating grazing best management practices (BMP’s) for the Agate Desert vernal pools-mounded prairie………………………………………….53 LIST OF APPENDICES 1. Plant species list for the Agate Desert vernal pool – mounded prairies. 2. Grazing practices considered and reported on the Agate Desert 3. Agate Desert vernal pool –mounded prairie ecological reference site description 4. Assessing rangeland health (ecological integrity, and effects of grazing practices) in vernal pool mounded prairie system on the Agate Desert, Jackson County, Oregon 5. Observation of focal species and management: element occurrence monitoring, and assessment of indicator status on the Agate Desert 6. Observations of focal systems and management: monitoring, and assessment of indicator status on the Agate Desert. 7. Point intercept cover data tables for observations of focal systems and management: monitoring, and assessment of indicator status on the Agate Desert. 8. Photo images of vernal pool mounded prairie in a variety of conditions. INTRODUCTION The Agate Desert Vernal Pool-Mounded Prairie in Jackson County is a unique expression of a greater ecosystem that occurs in patches through the Central Valley of California to Baja Mexico1, with disjunct occurrences in southern Oregon2 and on the Columbia Plateau in Washington State3. The temporary winter-season pools that form in small depressions host an array of specially adapted biota, many endemic to subregions of the system, including species listed or proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The Agate Desert pools on the Rogue River Plains in southern Oregon support populations of the vernal pool fairy shrimp (Branchinecta lynchi), a fairly wide-ranging species listed as threatened. Some pools and pool margins support two locally endemic plant species. The large-flowered woolly meadowfoam, sometimes called Agate Desert meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. grandiflora) (meadowfoam) and Cook’s desert parsley (Lomatium cookii) were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) on November 7, 2002. As development in and around the Agate Desert progresses, concern over the future of the vernal pool ecosystem and its’ associated species has increased. In addition to loss of habitat due to wetland filling for development, concerns over other land uses, including agricultural practices, hydrologic alterations, and recreation have been stated.4,5,6 The vernal pools are jurisdictional wetlands regulated under the Oregon State Removal-Fill law and section 404 of the federal Clean Water Act. The Agate Desert vernal pools are considered "Wetlands of Special Interest for Protection" in Oregon7, recognized for the unique natural functions and values they offer, and highlighted for the growing development pressure that fuels conflict between wetland protection and other resource values and uses. In response, the Rogue Valley Council of Governments has coordinated a community based, interagency effort to develop a comprehensive plan that balances conservation and development interests. The plan will guide the path of future development, and prioritize other areas for conservation and protection. The plan must also address ongoing management of the lands not committed to development, and the likelihood of novel changes such as newly introduced
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