DOCSLIB.ORG

Vegetation Classification for San Juan Island National Historical Park

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vegetation Classification for San Juan Island National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science San Juan Island National Historical Park Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NCCN/NRR—2012/603 ON THE COVER Red fescue (Festuca rubra) grassland association at American Camp, San Juan Island National Historical Park. Photograph by: Joe Rocchio San Juan Island National Historical Park Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NCCN/NRR—2012/603 F. Joseph Rocchio and Rex C. Crawford Natural Heritage Program Washington Department of Natural Resources 1111 Washington Street SE Olympia, Washington 98504-7014 Catharine Copass National Park Service North Coast and Cascades Network Olympic National Park 600 E. Park Ave. Port Angeles, Washington 98362 . December 2012 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer-reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the North Coast and Cascades Network Inventory and Monitoring website (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/nccn/reportpubs.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm). Please cite this publication as: Rocchio, F. J., R. C. Crawford, and C. Copass. 2012. San Juan Island National Historical Park vegetation classification and mapping project report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NCCN/NRR—2012/603. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 438/118224, December 2012 ii Contents Page Figures........................................................................................................................................... vii Tables ............................................................................................................................................. ix Appendices ..................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................ xiv Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... xvii 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Overview ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Project Scope and Products ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 National Park Service Vegetation Inventory Program ...................................................... 2 1.3 The National Vegetation Classification Standard .............................................................. 3 1.4 Nomenclature and Naming Conventions ........................................................................... 5 2.0 Study Area ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Location ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Climate ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Geology and Topography .................................................................................................. 8 2.3.1 Geology ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.2 Topography ................................................................................................................ 9 2.4 Soils ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.5 Hydrology and Water Resources ..................................................................................... 11 2.6 Land Use and Settlement History .................................................................................... 12 2.7 Vegetation ........................................................................................................................ 14 iii Contents (continued) Page 2.7.1 American Camp Vegetation ..................................................................................... 14 2.7.2 English Camp and Mitchell Hill Vegetation ............................................................ 16 2.8 Previous Vegetation Studies ............................................................................................ 18 3.0 Classification of Vegetation Types ......................................................................................... 21 3.1 Methods ........................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 Use of Previously collected Data ............................................................................. 21 3.1.2 Field Sampling ......................................................................................................... 21 3.1.3 Data Analysis and Product Development ................................................................ 22 3.1.4 Standardizing Vegetation Nomenclature ................................................................. 23 3.1.5 Conservation Rank ................................................................................................... 23 3.1.6 Taxonomic Treatments ............................................................................................ 25 3.2 Results.............................................................................................................................. 25 3.2.1. Plot Data Used for Classification ............................................................................ 25 3.2.2 Ruderal Types .......................................................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Vegetation Classification Summary ........................................................................ 27 3.2.4 Imperiled Plant Associations ................................................................................... 30 3.3 Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 34 4.0 Mapping Vegetation Types ..................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Methods ........................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.1 Preliminary Mapping ............................................................................................... 35 4.1.2 Field Sampling ......................................................................................................... 35 4.1.3 Finalization of Vegetation Map ............................................................................... 36 4.2 Vegetation Map Summary ............................................................................................... 36 iv Contents (continued) Page 4.3 Vegetation Patterns .......................................................................................................... 42 4.3.1 Vegetation Patterns at American Camp ................................................................... 42 4.3.2 Vegetation Patterns at English Camp and Mitchell Hill .......................................... 49 4.3.3 Conclusions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Resource Condition Assessment San Juan Island National Historical Park
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Natural Resource Condition Assessment San Juan Island National Historical Park Natural Resource Report NPS/SAJH/NRR—2020/2131 ON THIS PAGE View east from Mt. Finlayson at American Camp towards Lopez Island in distance. (Photo by Peter Dunwiddie) ON THE COVER Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) on Young Hill, English Camp. (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment San Juan Island National Historical Park Natural Resource Report NPS/SAJH/NRR—2020/2131 Catherin A. Schwemm, Editor Institute for Wildlife Studies Arcata, CA 95518 May 2020 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • North American Flora Volume 17
    VO LUM E 1 7 PART 7 NO RTH AMERICAN FLO RA (P OALE S) PO ACEAE (pars) 1 ALB ERT SPEAR Hn‘ cncocx sc i i n P ice Sub r pt o r , e ar a e C ies S p t op , PUBLI SHE D BY . THE N E W YORK BOTAN I CAL GAR DEN H 3 1 1 93 M ARC , 7 (btRLHfl! A RT 7 1 93 7 AC A P , ] PO E E Coll a r glabrou s (throa t of she a th more or ss s a u su a s le pilo e) ; p nicle lly ex erted , 7 n e . n s 3 S . do m s i . a s . n rrow , conden ed i g a s s a t as a t s s Coll r den ely pilo e . le t the ide ; p anicle u su a lly inclu ded a t bas e (sometimes entirely inclu ded) . — u s bu s 1 2 s a s C lm ro t , meter t ll ; pike — nl en 8 . a . 3 . S i s let s 3 mm . long . g g u s s s s s a C lm more lender , mo tly le th n s 2 1 meter ta ll ; s pikelet mm . long . a a P nicle open , often l rge , the bra nches a nd bra nchlet s fle xu o us s s s ar , the pikelet loo ely 9 . exuo us . 3 . S s ra nged . fl a a P nicle open or comp ct , if open , the spikelets crowded on the t branchle s .
    [Show full text]
  • Notas Sobre El Género Ambrosia (Asteraceae: Ambrosiinae) En Chile Notes on the Genus Ambrosia (Asteraceae: Ambrosiinae) in Chile
    Chloris Chilensis 23 (1): 77-83. 2020. NOTAS SOBRE EL GÉNERO AMBROSIA (ASTERACEAE: AMBROSIINAE) EN CHILE NOTES ON THE GENUS AMBROSIA (ASTERACEAE: AMBROSIINAE) IN CHILE Federico Luebert & Nicolás García Herbario EIF, Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile E-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN Se discuten aspectos nomenclaturales y taxonómicos de tres especies de Ambrosia de Chile. Se concluye que el nombre Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. debe ser usado en lugar de A. elatior L.; el nombre A. cumanensis Kunth, en lugar de A. peruviana Willd.; y que el nombre A. tarapacana Phil., debe agregarse al catálogo de la flora de Chile hasta que nuevos estudios se hagan disponibles. El género, así considerado, queda representado en el país por siete especies. Se proporciona una clave para la determinación de las especies de Ambrosia presentes en Chile. Palabras clave: Compositae, nomenclatura, taxonomía. ABSTRACT Nomenclatural and taxonomic aspects of three Ambrosia species present in Chile are discussed. We conclude that the name Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. should be used instead of A. elatior L., the name A. cumanensis Kunth instead of A. peruviana Willd., and the name A. tarapacana Phil. should be added to the catalogue of the Chilean flora until new studies become available. The genus is thus represented in Chile by seven species. A key for the determination of the Chilean species of Ambrosia is provided. Key words: Compositae, Nomenclature, Taxonomy. Luebert & García: Ambrosia en Chile. Chloris Chilensis 23 (1): 77-83. 2020. INTRODUCCIÓN El género Ambrosia L. (Asteraceae) fue creado por Linneo para incluir cuatro especies (Linnaeus, 1753).
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument
    Schmidt, Drost, Halvorson In Cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument Plant and Vertebrate Vascular U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Open-File Report 2006-1163 Southwest Biological Science Center Open-File Report 2006-1163 November 2006 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument By Cecilia A. Schmidt, Charles A. Drost, and William L. Halvorson Open-File Report 2006-1163 November, 2006 USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Sonoran Desert Research Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior School of Natural Resources U.S. Geological Survey 125 Biological Sciences East National Park Service Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 Note: This document contains information of a preliminary nature and was prepared primarily for internal use in the U.S. Geological Survey. This information is NOT intended for use in open literature prior to publication by the investigators named unless permission is obtained in writing from the investigators named and from the Station Leader. Suggested Citation Schmidt, C. A., C. A. Drost, and W. L. Halvorson 2006. Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument. USGS Open-File Report 2006-1163.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of Bromus Rigidus : Interference in Winter Wheat, Seed
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jean Ann Gleichsner for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy inCrop Sciencepresented on June 27, 1988 . Title: Biology of Bromus rigidus: Interference in Winter Wheat, Seed Longevity in the Soil, and Vernalization Requirements for Flowering Abstract approved:!Redacted for Privacy / 1 Arnold P. Appleby Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to examine various biological aspects of ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus Roth). A field experiment was conducted to measure the grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Stephens') at various ripgut brome and wheat plant densities. Wheat yield decreased as ripgut brome density increased at all wheat seeding rates (56, 112, 168, and 224 kg/ha). Grain yield was unaffected by wheat seeding rate in the absence of brome. Increasing seeding rates above 112 kg/ha to reduce wheat yield loss caused by ripgut brome is ineffective. In the field, both surface-sown and buried (1 to 30 cm) ripgut brome seed were depleted within 15 months. Persistence of surface-sown seed declined slowly during the first year, falling from 83 to 62 to 23% after 1, 9, and 12 months, respectively. Seed covered by soil, however, germinated more rapidly, with less than 10% of the initial population ungerminated after 1 month at all depths. The mode of seed disappearance was closely related to whether or not seed were covered with soil. Seed loss at depths of 1 to 30 cm was primarily due to germination in situ, with little effect from viability loss or enforced or induced dormancy. In contrast, the persistence of surface-sown seed was due primarily to induced dormancy for up to 12months, with nonviability loss and enforced dormancy becoming important thereafter.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbutus Menziesii PNW Native Plant
    Madrone or Madrona Leaves are alternate, oval, dark shiny green on top and white green below, thick and leathery. Flowers are urn like and fragrant, 6-7mm long in large drooping clusters. Famous for its young smooth chartreuse bark that peels away after turning brownish-red. ©T. Neuffer Arbutus menziesii PNW Native Plant Small to medium broadleaf evergreen tree with heavy branches, Restoration and Landscape Uses: This beautiful tree is known for its chartreuse and smooth young bark that peels away turning brownish- red. It has beautiful orange-red berries in the fall with white flowers in the spring. These trees can be found along the western shore from San Diego to the Georgia Strait. Ecology: Dry rocky Cultural Uses: sites, rock bluffs and Mostly known for a few medicinal uses. Some tribes in California have been known to eat the berries but they do not taste good. canyons, low to mid They are a valuable food source for robins, varied thrushes and elevation found band-tailed pigeons. In Latin Arbutus means “strawberry tree” with Douglas fir and which refers to the bright red berries in the fall. Garry Oak. Madrone or Madrona Leaves are alternate, oval, dark shiny green on top and white green below, thick and leathery. Flowers are urn like and fragrant, 6-7mm long in large drooping clusters. Famous for its young smooth chartreuse bark that peels away after turning brownish-red. ©T. Neuffer Arbutus menziesii PNW Native Plant Small to medium broadleaf evergreen tree with heavy branches, Restoration and Landscape Uses: This beautiful tree is known for its chartreuse and smooth young bark that peels away turning brownish- red.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Redwood National Park
    Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 9-17-2018 Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Redwood National Park James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Redwood National Park" (2018). Botanical Studies. 85. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/85 This Flora of Northwest California-Checklists of Local Sites is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE REDWOOD NATIONAL & STATE PARKS James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State Univerity Arcata, California 14 September 2018 The Redwood National and State Parks are located in Del Norte and Humboldt counties in coastal northwestern California. The national park was F E R N S established in 1968. In 1994, a cooperative agreement with the California Department of Parks and Recreation added Del Norte Coast, Prairie Creek, Athyriaceae – Lady Fern Family and Jedediah Smith Redwoods state parks to form a single administrative Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosporum • northwestern lady fern unit. Together they comprise about 133,000 acres (540 km2), including 37 miles of coast line. Almost half of the remaining old growth redwood forests Blechnaceae – Deer Fern Family are protected in these four parks.
    [Show full text]
  • Abronia Maritima Nutt. Ex S. Wats
    SPECIES Abronia maritima Nutt. ex S. Wats. Family: Nyctaginaceae; NRCS CODE: Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database ABMA2 Order: Caryophyllales; Subclass: Caryophyllidae; Class: Magnoliopsida Subspecific taxa None. Synonyms None listed. Common name red sand verbena (CalFlora, USDA PLANTS), sticky sand verbena (CalFlora) Taxonomic relationships Abronia latifolia Eschsch. and A. umbellata Lam. are closely related species (Blancas 2001). Related taxa in region May co-occur with A. latifolia and A. umbellata where distributions overlap. All three occur between Point Arguello, Santa Barbara Co., to Morro Bay in San Luis Obispo Co. (Tilllett 1967). Other CNPS list 4.2, limited distribution. Endemic to California and Baja California. There has been concern that hybridization with the two more widespread, co-occurring species of Abronia together with rapid loss of its coastal dune habitat are making the plants vulnerable to extinction (Blancas 2001). Genetic and morphological studies by Blancas (2001) were consistent with there being a high rate of hybridization with A. umbellata within a few small populations. GENERAL Map Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria represent 114 records with coordinate data out of 324 total records retrieved; data accessed 9/23/10. See Berkeley Mapper: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium Geographic range Sparsely located in central and southern California and Baja California (Hickman 1993). Distribution in California; South coast and south central coast (Hickman 1993) and Channel Islands. Ecological Sections Ecological section and subsection (http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecoregions/ca_sections.htm): Central California Coast (261A), and Southern California Coast (261B). Life history, life form Perennial herb, rapidly growing, mat forming pioneer that keeps up with advancing sand dunes.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin and Age of Australian Chenopodiaceae
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 5 (2005) 59–80 www.elsevier.de/ode Origin and age of Australian Chenopodiaceae Gudrun Kadereita,Ã, DietrichGotzek b, Surrey Jacobsc, Helmut Freitagd aInstitut fu¨r Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universita¨t Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany bDepartment of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA cRoyal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia dArbeitsgruppe Systematik und Morphologie der Pflanzen, Universita¨t Kassel, D-34109 Kassel, Germany Received 20 May 2004; accepted 31 July 2004 Abstract We studied the age, origins, and possible routes of colonization of the Australian Chenopodiaceae. Using a previously published rbcL phylogeny of the Amaranthaceae–Chenopodiaceae alliance (Kadereit et al. 2003) and new ITS phylogenies of the Camphorosmeae and Salicornieae, we conclude that Australia has been reached in at least nine independent colonization events: four in the Chenopodioideae, two in the Salicornieae, and one each in the Camphorosmeae, Suaedeae, and Salsoleae. Where feasible, we used molecular clock estimates to date the ages of the respective lineages. The two oldest lineages both belong to the Chenopodioideae (Scleroblitum and Chenopodium sect. Orthosporum/Dysphania) and date to 42.2–26.0 and 16.1–9.9 Mya, respectively. Most lineages (Australian Camphorosmeae, the Halosarcia lineage in the Salicornieae, Sarcocornia, Chenopodium subg. Chenopodium/Rhagodia, and Atriplex) arrived in Australia during the late Miocene to Pliocene when aridification and increasing salinity changed the landscape of many parts of the continent. The Australian Camphorosmeae and Salicornieae diversified rapidly after their arrival. The molecular-clock results clearly reject the hypothesis of an autochthonous stock of Chenopodiaceae dating back to Gondwanan times.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae), Including Artemisia and Its Allied and Segregate Genera Linda E
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences Papers in the Biological Sciences 9-26-2002 Molecular phylogeny of Subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae), including Artemisia and its allied and segregate genera Linda E. Watson Miami University, [email protected] Paul E. Bates University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Timonthy M. Evans Hope College, [email protected] Matthew M. Unwin Miami University, [email protected] James R. Estes University of Nebraska State Museum, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub Watson, Linda E.; Bates, Paul E.; Evans, Timonthy M.; Unwin, Matthew M.; and Estes, James R., "Molecular phylogeny of Subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae), including Artemisia and its allied and segregate genera" (2002). Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences. 378. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub/378 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research2 BMC2002, Evolutionary article Biology x Open Access Molecular phylogeny of Subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae), including Artemisia and its allied and segregate genera Linda E Watson*1, Paul L Bates2, Timothy M Evans3,
    [Show full text]
  • Species at Risk Assessment—Pacific Rim National Park Reserve Of
    Species at Risk Assessment—Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada Prepared for Parks Canada Agency by Conan Webb 3rd May 2005 2 Contents 0.1 Acknowledgments . 10 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Background Information . 11 1.2 Objective . 16 1.3 Methods . 17 2 Species Reports 20 2.1 Sample Species Report . 21 2.2 Amhibia (Amphibians) . 23 2.2.1 Bufo boreas (Western toad) . 23 2.2.2 Rana aurora (Red-legged frog) . 29 2.3 Aves (Birds) . 37 2.3.1 Accipiter gentilis laingi (Queen Charlotte goshawk) . 37 2.3.2 Ardea herodias fannini (Pacific Great Blue heron) . 43 2.3.3 Asio flammeus (Short-eared owl) . 49 2.3.4 Brachyramphus marmoratus (Marbled murrelet) . 51 2.3.5 Columba fasciata (Band-tailed pigeon) . 59 2.3.6 Falco peregrinus (Peregrine falcon) . 61 2.3.7 Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted puffin) . 65 2.3.8 Glaucidium gnoma swarthi (Northern pygmy-owl, swarthi subspecies ) . 67 2.3.9 Megascops kennicottii kennicottii (Western screech-owl, kennicottii subspecies) . 69 2.3.10 Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt’s cormorant) . 73 2.3.11 Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Cassin’s auklet) . 77 2.3.12 Synthliboramphus antiquus (Ancient murrelet) . 79 2.3.13 Uria aalge (Common murre) . 83 2.4 Bivalvia (Oysters; clams; scallops; mussels) . 87 2.4.1 Ostrea conchaphila (Olympia oyster) . 87 2.5 Gastropoda (Snails; slugs) . 91 2.5.1 Haliotis kamtschatkana (Northern abalone) . 91 2.5.2 Hemphillia dromedarius (Dromedary jumping-slug) . 95 2.6 Mammalia (Mammals) . 99 2.6.1 Cervus elaphus roosevelti (Roosevelt elk) . 99 2.6.2 Enhydra lutris (Sea otter) .
    [Show full text]