DOCSLIB.ORG

Biology of Bromus Rigidus : Interference in Winter Wheat, Seed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biology of Bromus Rigidus : Interference in Winter Wheat, Seed AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jean Ann Gleichsner for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy inCrop Sciencepresented on June 27, 1988 . Title: Biology of Bromus rigidus: Interference in Winter Wheat, Seed Longevity in the Soil, and Vernalization Requirements for Flowering Abstract approved:!Redacted for Privacy / 1 Arnold P. Appleby Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to examine various biological aspects of ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus Roth). A field experiment was conducted to measure the grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Stephens') at various ripgut brome and wheat plant densities. Wheat yield decreased as ripgut brome density increased at all wheat seeding rates (56, 112, 168, and 224 kg/ha). Grain yield was unaffected by wheat seeding rate in the absence of brome. Increasing seeding rates above 112 kg/ha to reduce wheat yield loss caused by ripgut brome is ineffective. In the field, both surface-sown and buried (1 to 30 cm) ripgut brome seed were depleted within 15 months. Persistence of surface-sown seed declined slowly during the first year, falling from 83 to 62 to 23% after 1, 9, and 12 months, respectively. Seed covered by soil, however, germinated more rapidly, with less than 10% of the initial population ungerminated after 1 month at all depths. The mode of seed disappearance was closely related to whether or not seed were covered with soil. Seed loss at depths of 1 to 30 cm was primarily due to germination in situ, with little effect from viability loss or enforced or induced dormancy. In contrast, the persistence of surface-sown seed was due primarily to induced dormancy for up to 12months, with nonviability loss and enforced dormancy becoming important thereafter. Ripgut brome has a quantitative requirement for vernalization in order to flower. In greenhouse studies, cold treatment (5 + 2 C) of 2, 4, or 6 weeks shortened the vegetative period, but longer exposure did not further decrease the time required to flower. Plants vernalized as imbibed seed for 8 weeks took 17 days to flower following transfer from cold treatment to the greenhouse. Unvernalized controls flowered 53 days after planting in the greenhouse. Highest total seed dry weight and total shoot dry matter was produced by unvernalized plants; lengthening periods of vernalization from 2 to 8 weeks decreased both measurements. In field studies, ripgut brome plants established in the fall flowered sooner after resumption of growth in the spring than those planted in the spring. Plants seeded after April failed to flower until the following spring. Biology of Bromus rigidus: Interference in Winter Wheat, Seed Longevity in the Soil, and Vernalization Requirements for Flowering by Jean Ann Gleichsner A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed June 27, 1988 Commencement June 1989 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Professor of Crop Science in /clerge of jor Redacted for Privacy Head of Department, Crop Science Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis presented June 27, 1988 Typed by Jean A. Gleichsner ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I consider myself extremely fortunate to have made some very good friends while studying at Oregon State University. Two friends that deserve special mention are Bernal Valverde and Dan Peek. This thesis would not have been possible without their help and encouragement. Despite many trying moments, they refused to give up on me and more importantly made sure I didn't give up. Their tactics weren't always pleasant, but they were sure effective. I also would like to extend gratitude to their families for providing friendship and some very memorable moments. I am very grateful to Bob Spinney and Bill Brewster for their help in getting my field work done. Even with their demanding workload, they always made time to help me.Many thanks to Jeannette Emry for her secretarial assistance. I thank the members of my graduate committee, Dr. Arnold Appleby, Prof. Larry Burrill, Dr. Mark Wilson, Dr. Kenton Chambers, and Dr. Tom Bedell for their time and guidance. I also am grateful to Dr. Roger Fendall for the opportunity to teach the Crop Science Laboratory.Teaching and interacting with students were some of the brightest moments at Oregon State. Special thanks to my parents and family. Although they didn't always understand what I was doing, they were always there to provide love and support. Thank you Mom for encouraging my dream of teaching. Looks like I finally made it come true. Jane, its difficult to express my appreciation for the financial support you gave me throughout my college years. You really don't know how important it was to me. Bonnie, thank you for keeping me up with the news on the home front. Even though I couldn't be there, you made sure I knew what was going on. Finally, a sincere thank you to Caren Augustine. Despite the distance and lack of contact, you have remained a very good and dear friend to me. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. Ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus) interference in winter wheat: Plant density effects. 7 Abstract 7 Introduction 8 Materials and Methods 9 Results and Discussion 11 Literature Cited 21 CHAPTER 2. Effect of depth and duration of seed burial on ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus). 22 Abstract 22 Introduction 23 Materials and Methods 25 Results and Discussion 29 Literature Cited 40 CHAPTER 3. Vernalization requirements for flowering of ripgut brome (Bromus rigidus). 42 Abstract 42 Introduction 43 Materials and Methods 45 Results and Discussion 50 Literature Cited 59 GENERAL DISCUSSION 61 BIBLIOGRAPHY 66 APPENDIX 69 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Effect of brome density on wheat grain yield 18 1.2 Effect of brome density on total wheat shoot 19 number per unit area. 1.3 Effect of brome density on wheat above-ground 20 biomass. 2.1 Monthly precipitation and mean monthly soil 38 temperature at a depth of 10 cm from November 1985 to October 1987 recorded at Hyslop Research Farm near Corvallis, Oregon. 2.2 Model used to partition weed seed recovered 39 from soil into components of persistence (Pex Pend) and depletion (Dg + Dn). 3.1 Effect of date of planting in the field on the 58 emergence and flowering of ripgut brome. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1. Comparison of yield regression lines for 15 homogeneity of intercepts and slopes. 1.2. Average winter wheat grain yields attained 16 with varied winter wheat seeding rates and ripgut brome densities. 1.3. Effect of brome density and wheat seeding 17 rate on total brome shoot number per unit area. 2.1. Effect of depth and duration of burial on 33 persistence (Pex Pend) of ripgut brome seed. 2.2. Effect of depth and duration of burial on 34 in situ germination (Dg) of ripgut brOme seed. 2.3. Effect of depth and duration of burial on 35 nonviability loss (Dn) of ripgut brome seed. 2.4. Effect of depth and duration of burial on 36 enforced dormancy (Pex) of ripgut brome seed. 2.5. Effect of depth and duration of burial on 37 induced dormancy (Pend)of ripgut brome seed. 3.1. Mean daily maximum and minimum monthly air 54 temperature recorded at Hyslop Research Farm near Corvallis, Oregon. 3.2 Effect of vernalization duration at 5 C on days 55 to flowering, culms per plant, plant height, total seed dry weight, total shoot dry weight, and the ratio of seed dry weight to shoot dry weight of ripgut brome after transfer to the greenhouse. 3.3 Effect of outdoor cold treatment on days to 56 flowering, culms per plant, total seed dry weight, total shoot dry weight, and the ratio of seed dry weight to shoot dry weight of ripgut brome after transfer to the greenhouse. LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Table Page 1. Effect of ripgut brome density on winter wheat 69 grain yield. 2. Analysis of variance table for effect of ripgut 70 brome density on winter wheat grain yield. 3. Effect of winter wheat seeding rate and ripgut 71 brome density on total number of winter wheat shoots per unit area. 4. Effect of ripgut brome density on total number 72 of ripgut brome shoots per unit area. 5. Effect of winter wheat seeding rateand ripgut 73 brome density on total winter wheatabove-ground biomass. 6. Effect of winter wheat seeding rateand ripgut 74 brome density on total ripgut bromeabove-ground biomass. 7. Effect of vernalization duration at 5 C on days 75 to flowering, culms per plant, total shoot dry weight, total seed dry weight, and ratio of seed dry weight to shoot dry weight of ripgut brome after transfer to the greenhouse. Year 1. 8. Effect of vernalization duration at 5 C on days 78 to flowering, culms per plant, total shoot dry weight, total seed dry weight, and ratio of seed dry weight to shoot dry weight of ripgut brome after transfer to the greenhouse. Year 2. 9. Analysis of variance table for effect of vernal- 81 ization duration at 5 C on days to flowering of ripgut brome after transfer to the greenhouse. 10. Analysis of variance table for effect of vernal- 81 ization duration at 5 C on culms per plant of ripgut brome after transfer to the greenhouse. 11. Analysis of variance table for effect of vernal- 82 ization duration at 5 C on total shoot dry weight of ripgut brome after transfer to the greenhouse. 12. Analysis of variance table for effect of vernal- 82 ization duration at 5 C on total seed dry weight of ripgut brome after transfer to the greenhouse.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument
    Schmidt, Drost, Halvorson In Cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument Plant and Vertebrate Vascular U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Open-File Report 2006-1163 Southwest Biological Science Center Open-File Report 2006-1163 November 2006 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument By Cecilia A. Schmidt, Charles A. Drost, and William L. Halvorson Open-File Report 2006-1163 November, 2006 USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Sonoran Desert Research Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior School of Natural Resources U.S. Geological Survey 125 Biological Sciences East National Park Service Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 Note: This document contains information of a preliminary nature and was prepared primarily for internal use in the U.S. Geological Survey. This information is NOT intended for use in open literature prior to publication by the investigators named unless permission is obtained in writing from the investigators named and from the Station Leader. Suggested Citation Schmidt, C. A., C. A. Drost, and W. L. Halvorson 2006. Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Montezuma Castle National Monument. USGS Open-File Report 2006-1163.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Classification for San Juan Island National Historical Park
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science San Juan Island National Historical Park Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NCCN/NRR—2012/603 ON THE COVER Red fescue (Festuca rubra) grassland association at American Camp, San Juan Island National Historical Park. Photograph by: Joe Rocchio San Juan Island National Historical Park Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NCCN/NRR—2012/603 F. Joseph Rocchio and Rex C. Crawford Natural Heritage Program Washington Department of Natural Resources 1111 Washington Street SE Olympia, Washington 98504-7014 Catharine Copass National Park Service North Coast and Cascades Network Olympic National Park 600 E. Park Ave. Port Angeles, Washington 98362 . December 2012 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • (Largeflower Triteleia): a Technical Conservation Assessment
    Triteleia grandiflora Lindley (largeflower triteleia): A Technical Conservation Assessment © 2003 Ben Legler Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project January 29, 2007 Juanita A. R. Ladyman, Ph.D. JnJ Associates LLC 6760 S. Kit Carson Cir E. Centennial, CO 80122 Peer Review Administered by Society for Conservation Biology Ladyman, J.A.R. (2007, January 29). Triteleia grandiflora Lindley (largeflower triteleia): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/ projects/scp/assessments/triteleiagrandiflora.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The time spent and the help given by all the people and institutions mentioned in the References section are gratefully acknowledged. I would also like to thank the Colorado Natural Heritage Program for their generosity in making their files and records available. I also appreciate access to the files and assistance given to me by Andrew Kratz, USDA Forest Service Region 2. The data provided by the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database and by James Cosgrove and Lesley Kennes with the Natural History Collections Section, Royal BC Museum were invaluable in the preparation of the assessment. Documents and information provided by Michael Piep with the Intermountain Herbarium, Leslie Stewart and Cara Gildar of the San Juan National Forest, Jim Ozenberger of the Bridger-Teton National Forest and Peggy Lyon with the Colorado Natural Heritage Program are also gratefully acknowledged. The information provided by Dr. Ronald Hartman and B. Ernie Nelson with the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, Teresa Prendusi with the Region 4 USDA Forest Service, Klara Varga with the Grand Teton National Park, Jennifer Whipple with Yellowstone National Park, Dave Dyer with the University of Montana Herbarium, Caleb Morse of the R.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Isozyme Evidence on the Hybrid Origin and Diploid Progenitors of Bromus Pectinatus (Poaceae) Tatjana Oja Estonian Agricultural University, Tartu, Estonia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Scholarship@Claremont Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 23 | Issue 1 Article 36 2007 Preliminary Isozyme Evidence on the Hybrid Origin and Diploid Progenitors of Bromus pectinatus (Poaceae) Tatjana Oja Estonian Agricultural University, Tartu, Estonia Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Oja, Tatjana (2007) "Preliminary Isozyme Evidence on the Hybrid Origin and Diploid Progenitors of Bromus pectinatus (Poaceae)," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 23: Iss. 1, Article 36. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol23/iss1/36 Aliso 23, pp. 468–471 ᭧ 2007, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden PRELIMINARY ISOZYME EVIDENCE ON THE HYBRID ORIGIN AND DIPLOID PROGENITORS OF BROMUS PECTINATUS (POACEAE) TATJANA OJA1 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Agricultural University, 181 Riia, 51014 Tartu, Estonia ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Isozyme electrophoresis was used to study the origin of Bromus pectinatus (Poaceae, Pooideae). The morphological characteristics of B. pectinatus are intermediate between B. japonicus of sect. Bromus and B. tectorum of sect. Genea. Previous authors have suggested that sects. Bromus and Genea may be linked through B. pectinatus, a species that has been classified in sect. Bromus, though this placement has been questioned. Isozyme data support the allotetraploid nature of B. pectinatus and its position between sects. Bromus and Genea. Several heterozymes are consistent with the view that B. pectinatus may have arisen through polyploidization of a hybrid between B.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Brome (Bromus Diandrus)
    BBBeeesssttt MMMaaannnaaagggeeemmmeeennnttt PPPrrraaaccctttiiiccceeesss fffooorrr DDDrrryyylllaaannnddd CCCrrroooppppppiiinnnggg SSSyyysssttteeemmmsss Great Brome (Bromus diandrus) Great brome (Bromus diandrus) is an annual grass weed widely distributed across southern Australia. It can cause enormous problems for landholders across the mid and lower Murrumbidgee catchment. A population of 100 plants/m2 causes an average yield loss of 30% in wheat crops due to its high level of competitiveness for water, nutrients and space (Gill, Poole & Holmes 1987). The seeds can contaminate wool and injure livestock through penetration of eyes, mouths, feet and intestines. It also hosts a range of cereal diseases. (Figures 1 & 2) Photo: Sheldon Navie Figure 2. Bromus diandrus infestation Legislation Great brome is not declared noxious in the Murrumbidgee catchment under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993. Taxonomy Great brome is the accepted common name for Bromus diandrus but it is also known as ripgut brome, ripgut grass, giant brome, slands grass, jabbers and Kingston grass. Bromus diandrus is one of 130 species in the Bromus L. genus, all of which are simply known as brome grass. Bromus rigidus is another common species in Australia. Its accepted common name is rigid brome Photo: Sheldon Navie but it may also be known as ripgut brome, brome grass and even great brome. Figure 1. Bromus diandrus inflorescence Origin and Introduction KEY POINTS Great brome is native to the Mediterranean region of • Great brome is an increasing problem in the Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt and Iraq but now infests other Murrumbidgee catchment and should not be Mediterranean areas of Europe, Africa, Britain, North overlooked. America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, South • New herbicides are available for control of Korea, Japan and Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of American Science 2013;9(5)
    Journal of American Science 2013;9(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.org Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar on Mediterranean sea Abusaief, H. M. A. Agron. Fac. Agric., Omar Al-Mukhtar Univ. [email protected] Abstract: The present study was carried out during 2010 to 2011 to determine the important plants of in Jarjar oma in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar-Libya, which includes about 179 species belonging to 51 families and 144 genera. They are represented by 75 perennial, 101 annual and 3 biennial species. Most characteristic families are Asteraceae containing 28 species, the dominance of Asteraceae indicates the range deterioration and dominance of unpalatable species. Fabaceae represented by 22 species, Poaceae including 18 species, Asparagaceae by 7 species, Brassicaceae by 6 species, Caryophyllaceae by 6 species, Euphorbiaceae by 6 species saline and rocky. Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Polygonaceae including 5 species. Noticed that 56.2 % of species was annuals and 42.1 % was perennials and 1.7 % was biennials. Whereas autumn and summer increase perennials to reach 100 % more than spring and winter wherein increase annuals species to attain 55 %, to display disappear biennial in autumn and summer seasons in all habitat except rocky habitat in autumn. Out of the surveyed, Kinds of Forbs gave 109 species followed shrubs by 38 species, Grass 26 species, Trees 6 species. Of the most dominant species was broad-leaved (Forbs) plant species found in the region. According to palatability 107 species were palatable and 72 species were unpalatable. For annuals, 61 species were palatable and 40 species were unpalatable, while perennial, 44 species were palatable and 31 species were unpalatable.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Management of Brome Grass ( Bromus Rigidus Roth and Bromus Diandrus Roth) in Cropping Sustems of Southern Australia
    Ecology and Management of Brome Grass (Bromus rigidus Roth and Bromus diandrus Roth) in Cropping Systems of Southern Australia SAMUEL GEORGE LLOYD KLEEMANN Bachelor of Agricultural Science (General) A thesis by prior publications submitted to The University of Adelaide, South Australia In the fulfilment of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Agriculture, Food and Wine Faculty of Sciences I TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. IV DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... VI PUBLICATIONS ARISING FROM THIS THESIS ............................................................ VIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... IX ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................ X CHAPTER 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Taxonomy ............................................................................................................................. 3 3. Ecology and Biology............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 97. BROMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 76. 1753. 雀麦属 Que Mai Shu
    Flora of China 22: 371–386. 2006. 97. BROMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 76. 1753. 雀麦属 que mai shu Liu Liang (刘亮), Zhu Guanghua (朱光华); Klaus H. Ammann Bromopsis (Dumortier) Fourreau; Ceratochloa P. Beauvois; Nevskiella Kreczetowicz & Vvedensky. Annuals or perennials. Culms erect, tufted or with rhizomes. Leaf sheaths closed; leaf blades linear, usually flat; ligules mem- branous. Panicles spreading or contracted, branches scabrid or pubescent, elongated or arched. Spikelets large, with 3 to many flo- rets, upper florets often sterile; rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets, scabrid or shortly hairy; glumes unequal or subequal, shorter than spikelet, lanceolate or nearly ovate, (1–)5–7-veined, apex acute or long acuminate or aristiform; floret callus glabrous or both sides thinly hairy; lemmas rounded on back or compressed to keel, 5–9(–11)-veined, herbaceous or nearly leathery, margins often membranous, apex entire or 2-toothed; awn terminal or arising from lemma between teeth slightly under apex, rarely awnless or 3-awned; palea narrow, usually shorter than lemma, keels ciliate or scabrid. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Ovary apex with ap- pendage; styles 2, arising from lower front of appendage. Caryopsis oblong, apex hairy, adaxial surface sulcate. Chromosomes large, x = 7, 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56, 70. About 150 species: temperate regions, mainly in the N hemisphere, also on mountains in the tropics; 55 species (eight endemic, at least three introduced) in China. In addition to the species treated below, Bromus pubescens Muhlenberg ex Willdenow (Enum. Pl. 120. 1809) was recorded by Jung et al. (Taiwania 51: 2. 2005) from a roadside at 2400 m in Taiwan (Nantou).
    [Show full text]
  • California Grasslands and Range Forage Grasses
    CALIFORNIA GRASSLANDS AND RANGE FORAGE GRASSES ARTHUR W. SAMPSON AGNES CHASE DONALD W. HEDRICK BULLETIN 724 MAY, 1951 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION i THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA . CALIFORNIA GRASSLANDS AND RANGE FORAGE GRASSES provides useful and technical information on the uncultivated or wild grass- lands, and the native and naturalized range forage grasses of California. This bulletin will be helpful to you if you are among these readers: 1 Stockmen who have had some botanical training and who will want to use the illustrated keys and descriptions to determine the identity and the relative usefulness of the grasses growing on their range; 2. Range technicians and range appraisers who are chiefly concerned with management, evaluations, and economic considerations of the state's range lands; and 3. Students of range management and related fields whose knowl- edge of ecology, forage value, and taxonomy of the range grasses is an essential part of their training or official work. THE AUTHORS: Arthur W. Sampson is Professor of Forestry and Plant Ecologist in the Experiment Station, Berkeley. Agnes Chase is Research Associate, U. S. National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institu- tion; formerly Senior Agrostologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Donald W. Hedrick is Research Assistant in the Department of Forestry; on leave from the Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Manuscript submitted for publication August 22, 1949. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction . 5 Where Grasses Grow 7 Topography, climate, grassland soils, life zones, grasslands in relation to other plant associations Plant Succession and the Climax Cover 17 The Nutrition of Range Grasses 18 Annual vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Influence of Invasive Grass Litter on Germination and Growth of Coexisting Species in California
    Biol Invasions https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1668-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Mechanisms of influence of invasive grass litter on germination and growth of coexisting species in California Bao-Ming Chen . Carla M. D’Antonio . Nicole Molinari . Shao-Lin Peng Received: 16 May 2017 / Accepted: 13 January 2018 Ó Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract In grasslands, litter has been recognized as and two native (the grass S. pulchra, and the forb an important factor promoting grass persistence and Clarkia purpurea) herbaceous plants in a greenhouse the suppression of forbs. The invasive European setting. Our results showed that B. diandrus litter annual grass Bromus diandrus (ripgut brome) is cover hindered seedling establishment of the four widespread throughout California, where it produces species tested, but that the degree and mechanism of a persistent and thick litter layer. The native grass, inhibition was dependent on which species was tested, Stipa pulchra, is also common in some grassland life form (e.g. monocot/dicot) and seed size. Seedling settings and can also produce persistent litter, yet it is emergence of the two forb species was more vulner- typically associated with more forbs. Very little is able to litter cover than either grass species and both known about the mechanisms through which these two forbs had smaller seed size. After germination, only common grass species influence seedling establish- seedling biomass of B. diandrus itself was reduced by ment of both exotic invasive and native herbs. Here, litter (both B. diandrus and S. pulchra). We found no we evaluated the effect of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Table E-8. Bitter Creek NWR – Plants Bitter Creek NWR Scientific Name Common Name Family Acanthomintha Obovata Subsp
    Appendix E - Plants and Wildlife Bitter Creek NWR Plant Lists Table E-8. Bitter Creek NWR – Plants Bitter Creek NWR Scientific Name Common Name Family Acanthomintha obovata subsp. cordata heart-leaved acanthomintha Lamiaceae Achillea millefolium common yarrow Asteraceae Acmispon americanus var. americanus [Lotus purshianus var. purshianus; Lotus typical American bird's-foot-trefoil Fabaceae unifoliolatus var. unifoliolatus] Acmispon brachycarpus [Lotus humistratus] short-podded lotus Fabaceae Acmispon glaber [Lotus scoparius] deer lotus Fabaceae Acmispon procumbens var. procumbens [Lotus typical silky bird's-foot-trefoil Fabaceae procumbens var. procumbens] Acmispon wrangelianus [Lotus wrangelianus, Wrangel's lotus Fabaceae Lotus subpinnatus, misapplied] Agoseris grandiflora var. grandiflora typical grassland agoseris Asteraceae Agoseris retrorsa spear-leaved agoseris Asteraceae Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven Simaroubaceae Aliciella leptomeria [Gilia leptomeria] sand aliciella Polemoniaceae Allium crispum crinkled onion Alliaceae [Liliaceae] Allium howellii var. howellii typical Howell's allium Alliaceae [Liliaceae] Allium peninsulare var. peninsulare typical peninsular allium Alliaceae [Liliaceae] Allophyllum gilioides subsp. gilioides typical gilia-like allophyllum Polemoniaceae Allophyllum gilioides subsp. violaceum gilia-like allophyllum Polemoniaceae Amaranthus blitoides mat amaranth Amaranthaceae Ambrosia acanthicarpa annual bur-sage Asteraceae Amsinckia douglasiana Douglas's fiddleneck Boraginaceae Amsinckia eastwoodiae Eastwood's
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Seed Burial and Vernalization on Germination and Growth of Bromus Carinatus and Its Control with Several Herbicidesr
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Carlos Enrique Rojas-Calvo for the degree of Master of Science in Crop Science presented on May 4, 1990. Title: Effect of Seed Burial and Vernalization on Germination and Growth of Bromus carinatus and its Control With Several Herbicidesr Abstract approved:Redacted for Privacy Myron Shenk California brome (Bromus carinatus Hook & Arn), is considered an important weed infesting wheat and grass seed fields in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study some biological aspects to develop more efficient management strategies. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of depth (0 to 30 cm) and duration (1 to 11 months) of burial on germination, viability, and soil longevity of seed. Seed depletion was directly related to depth and duration of seed burial. Surface-sown seed germinated gradually, reaching 81% after 7 months. Buried seed germinated rapidly. Less than 3% of the initial population remained ungerminated after 1 month at all depths. Seed loss at depths of 10 to 30 cm was primarily due to in situ germination, with little effect from induced or enforced dormancy. Persistence of surface-sown seed was due to both enforced and induced dormancy, with enforced dormancy being the more important mechanism of seed persistence. Highest degree of enforced dormancy (34%) was at 1 month, decreasing after 3 months. Properly timed tillage can be important for effective control since tillage increases germination, reducing soil persistence. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if imbibed seed vernalization promoted plant flowering. In the first experiment, cold treatment (5 C) of 10, 15, and 20 days reduced the vegetative phase.
    [Show full text]