Journal of American Science 2013;9(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.org Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar on Mediterranean sea Abusaief, H. M. A. Agron. Fac. Agric., Omar Al-Mukhtar Univ. [email protected] Abstract: The present study was carried out during 2010 to 2011 to determine the important plants of in Jarjar oma in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar-Libya, which includes about 179 species belonging to 51 families and 144 genera. They are represented by 75 perennial, 101 annual and 3 biennial species. Most characteristic families are Asteraceae containing 28 species, the dominance of Asteraceae indicates the range deterioration and dominance of unpalatable species. Fabaceae represented by 22 species, Poaceae including 18 species, Asparagaceae by 7 species, Brassicaceae by 6 species, Caryophyllaceae by 6 species, Euphorbiaceae by 6 species saline and rocky. Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Polygonaceae including 5 species. Noticed that 56.2 % of species was annuals and 42.1 % was perennials and 1.7 % was biennials. Whereas autumn and summer increase perennials to reach 100 % more than spring and winter wherein increase annuals species to attain 55 %, to display disappear biennial in autumn and summer seasons in all habitat except rocky habitat in autumn. Out of the surveyed, Kinds of Forbs gave 109 species followed shrubs by 38 species, Grass 26 species, Trees 6 species. Of the most dominant species was broad-leaved (Forbs) plant species found in the region. According to palatability 107 species were palatable and 72 species were unpalatable. For annuals, 61 species were palatable and 40 species were unpalatable, while perennial, 44 species were palatable and 31 species were unpalatable. The species belongs to six different life forms. Therophytes 58.7%, is represented by the largest number of species, while, Geophytes represents about 14% of the flora, Hemicryptophytes has a moderate value of 10.6%, Chamaephytes has 10.1% of the flora Jarjar oma area, Phanerophytes contains 11 species, which are Pistacia lentiscus, Rhus tripartite, Tamarix tetragyna, Ceratonia siliqua and Nitraria retusa. Hydrophytes record on species Posidonia oceanica found in sand formation. The relationship life forms with seasons in Jarjar oma habitat increase Therophytes reach 30-57% in winter and 50% in spring. Chamaephytes highly during season summer of 30-50%. Hemicryptophytes low in all seasons. Geophytes highest during autumn season in sandy beach, while Phanerophytes high during summer season. [Abusaief, H. M. A. Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar on Mediterranean sea. J Am Sci 2013;9(5):236-249]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 29 Keyword: Rangeland, habitats and life forms. 1. Introduction underground bulbs or tubers or corms; The Mediterranean region covers some 2.3 Hemicryptophyte, the surviving buds or shoot apices million km2 that represents some 1.6% of the land are situated in the soil surface; Phanerophyte, the surface yet contains about 10% of the world’s surviving buds or shoot apices are borne on shoots flowering plants (Quézel, 1985; Greuter, 1991; which project into the air; Therophyte, plants that Heywood, 1991 and Quézel and Medail, 1995). Al- complete their life cycle from seed to seed and die. Jabal Al- Akhdar is located in the north-eastern part of Lightly grazing sites had a greater diversity in terms of Libya and extends along the coast of the evenness of all life forms. dispersal morphologies and Mediterranean Sea for a distance of 250 km and 50 km reproductive modes (Mclntyre et al.,1995). width. Habitats that are still poorly studies, also survey Palatability is a very complex notion, very and identify possible links between a species and its difficult to generalize as it is linked to many variables habitat. Habitat structures are assessed according to in time and space; some of these variables are linked the habitat type, generally using biotic and abiotic to the plant, others to the animal while a third category criteria (Schröder et al., 2006). depends on various environmental factors. For a given Life form of the analysed taxa was classified species palatability for a given type of animal varies following Raunkiaer (1934), this system emphasized with the phenological stage, the organ concerned and that the growth of higher plants depends on the the season. The abundance of palatable species initiation of tissues at apices. He classified plants attained the maximum in spring season and to the according to their ‘life forms’ defined by the way in minimum in summer one, while it was about equal and which their meristems were located and protected. moderate either in winter or autumn season. It may be Chamaephyte, a perennial plant that sets its dormant elucidated to fine weather and wet soil due to fall in vegetative buds just at or above the surface of the winter season which permitted to flourish of plant life ground; Geophyte, a perennial plant that propagates by in spring season. On the contrary, the abundance of 236 Journal of American Science 2013;9(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.org unpalatable species declined in spring compared with the palatable ones (Abou-Deya and Salem, 1990). Current management of much of the world's grazing lands based on species composition criteria may lead to erroneous conclusions concerning the long-term ability of a system to sustain productivity (Milchunas and Lauenroth, 1993). Grazing can also induce retrogressive succession, as palatable grasses, forbs, and shrubs succumb to repeated defoliation and are eventually replaced by other growth and life-forms. Grasslands are able to tolerate a moderate degree of grazing intensity However, as grazing intensity is increased or becomes continuous, tall and mid-grasses eventually give way to short-statured perennial grasses, which, in turn, give way to annuals and unpalatable perennials (Archer and Smeins, 1991). Halophytes represent in fact a heterogeneous ecological group of plants; not only had the high salinity represented the single factor “building” the history of these plants during the evolution (Grigore et al., 2010). This is mainly due to the absence of up-to- date information on the halophytes and the interest of most botanists and ecologists in the rich flora of low- salt or salt-free habitats. Saline lands are widely distributed globally and make up about 10 % of the Earth’s terrestrial surface (O’Leary and Glenn, 1994). Compared to studies of coastal marshes, little attention Fig. 1. Map of the Western Mediterranean sea coast has been paid to inland saline landscapes (Adam, 1990 region of Libya indicating the location Jarjr oma area and Krȕger and Peinemann, 1996). One of the most in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar. important attribute of halophytes is their salinity tolerance. This property of halophytes seems to offer Climatic: The maximum rainfall was for euhalophytes real advantages for the competition Meteorological station Al Baida actress for Jarjr-oma with sensitive plants (glycophytes) (Koyro, 2006). region, 131.3 and 191.6 mm in December and January, The main objective of the present work is to respectively. The average rainfall 550.5 mm / year in examine the survey and study plant species to the flora Al Baida station for the period from 1999 to 2009. The of Jarjar-oma of Al Jabal Al Akhdar in Libya include lowest monthly average of rainfall 1.2 mm in July in within five habitats to: Sandy beach, Sand formation, Al Baida station. salt march, Saline land and Rocky. Determination of Temperature in the study area, the dry period the most palatable species for grazing and life forms to extends from June to Augustus. The highest mean observation of characteristic species that occur at five temperature meteorogical station Al Baida imitation different habitats Jarjr-oma for years 1999 to 2009 about 24 C˚ through The study area Augustus month. The lowest mean temperature in Al Location: The study area is located in the Baida 10 and 9.7 C˚ in January and February, Mediterranean Coast of Libya Jarjr-oma between respectively. latitude 32̊, 47′, 49.8″ N and longitude 21ْ, 26َ, 40.6″ E. Characterized land area Green Mountain distance 28 km west Al Baida city (Figure 1). Three generally high proportion of gravel and reveal the transect were investigated from north to south. original material rock where he found that more than Distance Jarjr-oma 300 m of the sea with altitude 1 m. 45% of the soils Green Mountain severe rocky and Geology: Indicate geologically area Jarjr-oma nearly 50% of which has been characterized by to exposure to sediments Quaternary consists soil from shallow soil sector where less soil depth effective 50 rocks Eocene, which consists of Nummulitic cm due to high viability of soil erosion runoff water Limestone in Cretaceous and present sediment Quartet especially if they removed their natural vegetation coastal area, and up the highest elevation of the valley cover. Jarjr-oma altitude 385 meters, and at least until it Dunes cohesive Calcarenite arise dunes result reaches the level of the sea, an area study. weathering physical and erosion by wind rocks era 237 Journal of American Science 2013;9(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.org tripartite era Cretaceous Supreme south coast at the Three line transects at Jarjr-oma top of the mountains and valleys and firmed this dune were chosen for this study. The take 500 meters for by materials carnivorous limestone and can be dubbed each transect the number of three transects and all the dunes cohesive or rocks Calcarenite that exist transect four stands with an area of 5 5 m2. In these along the coastal strip Green Mountain especially stands, the quadrate method was used and the size of among Al Hania and Hamama and Jarjr-oma area (Al- each analytic quadrate area was 1 m2.