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Debess Debess Pavasaris ‘ Maèu Pikèu – ‘ Neredzçtas Marsa Ainavas Inku Saules Impçrijas Centrs

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Debess Debess Pavasaris ‘ Maèu Pikèu – ‘ Neredzçtas Marsa Ainavas Inku Saules Impçrijas Centrs ZVAIGÞÒOT ZVAIGÞÒOT 2004 DEBESS DEBESS PAVASARIS MAÈU PIKÈU – NEREDZÇTAS MARSA AINAVAS INKU SAULES IMPÇRIJAS CENTRS Kas SAGRAUJ PLANÇTU ÐÛPUÏUS? Par TUMSAS KOSMOLOÌIJU un TUMÐO MATÇRIJU INTEGRAL observatorija. Attçls no http://astro.estec.esa.nl/Integral/ MAGNÇTISK PÂRSAISTE TRAUCÇ ÎSTENOT KODOLSINTÇZI Sk. D. Docenko rakstu “Vai tumðâ matçrija ir atrasta?”. 8. JÛNIJ VENÇRA ∼ 6 STUNDAS uz SAULES DISKA Cena Ls 1,50 3. att. Zemes magnetosfçra. Vietas, kur var novçrot pârsaisti, ir iezîmçtas ar krustiòu. Attçls no http://space.rice.edu/IMAGE/livefrom/sunearth.html Sk. A. Vaivada rakstu “Pârsaiste kosmiskajâ telpâ”. IZZINI PASAULI KOPƖ AR ŽURNƖLU 2004. gadâ iznâks vçl èetri þurnâla TERRA numuri: turpmâkie – maija, jûlija, septembra un novembra sâkumâ. ƮSTAIS LAIKS ABONƜT Þurnâlu TERRA jûs varat abonçt abonçðanas centros Diena 1. att. Lodveida kopa 47 Tuc atrodas Tukana zvaigznâjâ (dienvidu puslodç) ap 15 000 g. g. visâ Latvijâ. Abonçðanas cena 2004. gadâ: attâlumâ no Zemes. Ðajâ kopâ ir ap miljons zvaigþòu, lielâkâ daïa no tâm veidojusies pirms ap- 1 numuram – Ls 1,19 mçram 10 miljardiem gadu. 47 Tuc fragmenta palielinâtais attçls labajâ pusç ir iegûts ar HST 6 numuriem – Ls 7,14 1999. gada jûlijâ, un tajâ redzamâ lodveida kopas daïa aptver ap 35 000 zvaigþòu. Orientçjoði aprçíini râdîja, ka ðo zvaigþòu tuvumâ varçtu bût iespçjams atrast ap 17 Jupitera lieluma ekso- Þurnâlu TERRA meklçjiet arî avîþu un þurnâlu plançtas, taèu netika atrasta neviena. Tas norâda, ka tik blîvâ zvaigþòu sakopojumâ, kurâ ir ne- tirdzniecîbas vietâs. izbçgamas bieþas zvaigþòu sadursmes, astrofizikâlie apstâkïi ir tâdi, kas neveicina plançtu sistç- Tuvâka informâcija: mu veidoðanos. http://www.terra.lu.lv; e-pasts [email protected] NASA attçli Þurnâlu var pasûtît arî Sk. A. Balklava rakstu “Atbrîvotâs plançtas”. ikvienâ Latvijas Pasta nodaïâ. 7,14 septiòi lati 14 santîmi TAS IR ÏOTI VIENKÂRÐI: • palûdziet pastâ iemaksas SIA “Mâcîbu grâmata” Vâku 1. lpp.: ordera formu PNS-020, 5. att. Maèu Pikèu – pasaulslavenâ inku svçtvieta. • aizpildiet to atbilstoði Autora foto 50003107501 attçlotajam paraugam, • Sk. J. Klçtnieka rakstu “Inku astronomiskie priekðstati”. 1000096214 samaksâjiet pasta nodaïâ abonçðanas cenu un 20 Pasûtîtâja Par þurnâla TERRA dati santîmus par iemaksas 2004. gada 1.–6. numura operâciju, un, sâkot ar abonementu nâkamo numuru, þurnâls TERRA bûs jûsu pastkastîtç! SATURS Pirms 40 gadiem “Zvaigþòotajâ Debesî” ZVAIGÞÒOT Jauna milzu “radioacs”. Pirmais stacionârais pavadonis. Galileja teleskops................................................................2 Zinâtnes ritums DEBESS Pârsaiste kosmiskajâ telpâ. Andris Vaivads......................3 Jaunumi LATVIJAS ZINÂTÒU AKADÇMIJAS, Atbrîvotâs plançtas. Arturs Balklavs.................................9 LATVIJAS UNIVERSITÂTES Tumsas kosmoloìija. Arturs Balklavs................................13 ASTRONOMIJAS INSTITÛTA Vai tumðâ matçrija ir atrasta? Dmitrijs Docenko...............16 Fluors zvaigþòu íîmijâ. Natâlija Cimahovièa....................19 POPULÂRZINÂTNISKS GADALAIKU IZDEVUMS Kosmosa pçtniecîba un apgûðana “Columbia” traìçdija. Izmeklçðanas rezultâti IZNÂK KOPÐ 1958. GADA RUDENS un “Space Shuttle” nâkotne. Mârtiòð Sudârs......................22 ÈETRAS REIZES GAD Latvijas Universitâtes mâcîbu spçki Alma Veronika Jansone – 95. Jânis Jansons......................25 Atziòu ceïi 2004. GADA PAVASARIS (183) Cilvçka esîbas pamati mûsdienu zinâtnes skatîjumâ. Imants Vilks........................................................................35 Skolâ Ar kosmoloìiju uz tu: relativitâtes teorija un Visuma ìeometrija (nobeigums). Kârlis Bçrziòð...............40 Rîgas 31. atklâtâ skolçnu astronomijas olimpiâde. Mâris Krastiòð..................................................................44 7. starptautiskâ astronomijas skolotâju vasaras skola. Inese Dudareva..................................................................48 Inovâcijas un Latvijas inovâcijas programma. Redakcijas kolçìija: Arturs Balklavs.................................................................61 A. Alksnis, A. Andþâns (atbild. red. Marss tuvplânâ vietn.), A. Balklavs (atbild. redaktors), Divas pasaules, viena Saule. Jânis Jaunbergs....................66 K. Bçrziòð, M. Gills, R. Kûlis, “Spirit” un “Opportunity” Marsa pretçjâs pusçs. I. Pundure (atbild. sekretâre), Inga Zaèeste.....................................................................69 T. Romanovskis , L. Roze, I. Vilks Marss Latvijas TV ekrânos. Mârtiòð Gills..........................72 Amatieriem Tâlrunis 7034580 Vençras pârieðana Saules diskam 8. jûnijâ. E-pasts: [email protected] Juris Kauliòð....................................................................74 http://www.astr.lu.lv/zvd Astronomi vistuvâk pie Baltijas jûras. Mârtiòð Gills...........75 Jaunas grâmatas Stîvens Hokings par pasauli no brânâm (nobeigums). Arturs Balklavs...........................................79 Tâlâs zemçs Rîga, 2004 Inku astronomiskie priekðstati. Jânis Klçtnieks..................83 Hronika Iespiests Latvijas–Somijas SIA Latvijas Astronomijas biedrîbas desmitgade. “Madonas poligrâfists”, Madonâ, Natâlija Cimahovièa, Ivars Ðmelds, Ilgonis Vilks.............90 Saieta laukumâ 2a, LV-4801 Zvaigþòotâ debess 2004. gada pavasarî. Juris Kauliòð.........96 1 PIRMS 40 GADIEM “ZVAIGÞÒOTAJ DEBESΔ JAUNA MILZU “RADIOACS” Ðogad darba ierindâ stâjâs gigantiskais radioteleskops Aresibo jonosfçras observatorijâ (Puertori- ko), kuras bûvi finansç ASV Zinâtniski pçtniecisko darbu perspektîvâs plânoðanas pârvalde. Ðî radio- teleskopa antena ir viena no lielâkajâm mûsdienu radioelektronikas inþeniertehniskajâm bûvçm. An- tenas diametrs ir 300 m. To ceï dabiskâ kalnu veidotâ ieplakâ. Atstarotâja laukums, kas nosaka radio- teleskopa jutîbu, ir 75 000 m2 liels (7,5 ha). Atstarotâju, kas ir nekustîgs, veido stiepïu tîkls. Teleskopa bûve izmaksâjusi apm. 6 milj. dolâru, visas observatorijas – 8 milj. dolâru. Ar lielâ radioteleskopa palîdzîbu ASV Kara ministrija plâno pçtît jonosfçras slâòu blîvumu un tem- peratûru, jonosfçras sîkstruktûru, augðçjo un apakðçjo jonosfçras slâòu dreifus. Projektçtâji sagaida, ka radioteleskopa jutîba bûs tik liela, ka ïaus atklât ne tikai tâdas jonosfçras perturbâcijas, ko izraisîtu kodolieroèu sprâdzieni kosmiskajâ telpâ, bet arî tâdas, ko izraisa ballistisko lâdiòu un Zemes mâkslîgo pavadoòu lidojumi. Radioastronomi plâno veikt arî, piemçram, plançtu radiolokâciju, Mçness karðu sastâdîðanu, Jupitera radiostarojuma noslçpumu pçtîjumus un citus darbus. (Saîsinâti pçc A. Balklava raksta 19.–22. lpp.) PIRMAIS STACIONÂRAIS PAVADONIS 1963. gada jûlijâ ASV no Kanaveralas raga Floridâ palaida kârtçjo telekomunikâcijas pavadoni – “Syncom–II”. Ðâdi pavadoòi bija vairâki. Ar viena tâda pavadoòa palîdzîbu Padomju Savienîbâ varçja uztvert televîzijas pârraidi par traìiskâ nâvç bojâ gâjuðâ prezidenta Dþ. F. Kenedija bçrçm. “Syncom–II” îpatnîba ir tâ, ka tas ir gandrîz stacionârais pavadonis, t. i., tas apgrieþas ap Zemi 24 stundâs un it kâ “stâv” nekustîgi virs kâdas zemeslodes vietas. “Syncom–II” vispirms tika palaists eliptiskajâ orbîtâ ar perigeju 240 km un apogeju 35 400 km. Pçc tam pavadoòa kustîbas trajektoriju “piedzina” tuvu sta- cionârai orbîtai ar perigeju 34 228 km un apogeju 36 974 km. Pavadoòa svars ir 250 kg. Triju precîzi stacionâro retranslâcijas pavadoòu palaiðana dotu iespçju izveidot vienotu visas zemeslodes televîzijas pârraiþu sistçmu. Zinâtne ir ceïâ uz ðâ projekta îstenoðanu. (Saîsinâti pçc A. Kovaïevska raksta 28.–29. lpp.) GALILEJA TELESKOPS Vecâkâ no lîdz ðim atrastâm dokumentâlâm liecîbâm par patiesi darinâtu tâlskati ir datçta ar 1608. gadu. Tas ir Nîderlandes augstâkâ valsts orgâna – ìenerâlðtatu – sçdes protokols, kurâ atzî- mçts, ka 2. oktobrî Mîdelburgas pilsonis briïïu slîpçtâjs Hanss Liperhejs piegâdâjis ìenerâlðtatu zinâ- ðanai optisku ierîci, kas “tuvina” tâlus priekðmetus. 1609. gada pavasarî par jauno optisko izgudro- jumu uzzinâja Galileo Galilejs. Ìeniâlajam zinâtniekam tûlît kïuva skaidrs, kâds ir “holandieðu cau- rules” teorçtiskais pamats. Viòð íçrâs pie darba un gadu vçlâk jau varçja demonstrçt tâlskati, kas deva trîskârðu palielinâjumu. Jauno instrumentu nosauca par teleskopu. Florences Nacionâlajâ mu- zejâ kâ izcila astronomijas un cilvçces kultûras relikvija tiek glabâti divi Galileja darinâti teleskopi, ar kuru palîdzîbu zinâtnieks atklâja Jupitera pavadoòus un veica citus astronomiskus pçtîjumus. (Saîsinâti pçc I. Rabinovièa raksta 31.–35. lpp.) 2 ZVAIGÞÒOT DEBESS: 2004. GADA PAVASARIS ZINÂTNES RITUMS ANDRIS VAIVADS, Zviedrijas Kosmiskâs fizikas institûts, Upsala PÂRSAISTE KOSMISKAJ TELP Ievads. Ir divas saistoðas lietas attiecîbâ saistes ietekmes robeþas pleðas daudz tâlâk uz kosmisko telpu – telpu starp plançtâm, nekâ mûsu magnetosfçra. Lielie Saules koro- zvaigznçm, galaktikâm. Pirmâm kârtâm tur ir nas masas izvirdumi (CME) un Saules uzlies- milzîgs TUKÐUMS. Tâ, piemçram, heliosfçras mojumi ir cieði saistîti ar pârsaisti. Daudzas kosmiskâs telpas masa ir salîdzinâma ar Bal- idejas, kas skaidro Saules koronas lielo tem- tijas jûras masu. Uz Zemes katrâ kubikmili- peratûru, arî ir balstîtas uz pârsaisti. Astrofi- metrâ gaisa ir apmçram tikpat molekulu, cik zikâ aizvien vairâk un vairâk tiek izmantota jonu un elektronu ir katrâ kubikkilometrâ kos- pârsaiste, gan skaidrojot zvaigþòu uzliesmo- miskâs telpas (kaut kur starp Zemi un Mçne- jumus, gan momenta pârnesi akrçcijas diskos, si). Taèu kosmiskâ telpa NAV tikai TUKÐUMS. gan procesus galaktiskajâs strûklâs utt. Ne ti- Tâ pati heliosfçra ir piepildîta ar plazmu (jo- kai kosmiskajâ
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