LP3LP Landscape Policy for the Three Countries Park Targeted Analysis 2013/2/21 Scientific Report | 31/12/2013 (Revision | 31/03/2014) ESPON 2013 1 This report presents the final results of a Targeted Analysis conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2013 Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The partnership behind the ESPON Programme consists of the EU Commission and the Member States of the EU27, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Each partner is represented in the ESPON Monitoring Committee. This report does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the Monitoring Committee. Information on the ESPON Programme and projects can be found on www.espon.eu The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects. This basic report exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON & the LP3LP TPG, 2014. Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorised provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON Coordination Unit in Luxembourg. ESPON 2013 2 List of authors Prof. Dr. Frank Lohrberg Timo Matti Wirth Anja Brüll RWTH Aachen University (Lead Partner) Chair of landscape architecture Jakobstraße 2 52056 Aachen Germany Marc Nielsen Alain Coppens Prof. Marie-Françoise Godart Université libre de Bruxelles (Project Partner) 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt CP 130/02 B-1050 Brussels Belgium External expert - Alain Malherbe (CREAT-UCL) Annet Kempenaar Dr. Marlies Brinkhuijsen Wageningen Universiteit (Project Partner) Droevendaalsesteeg 36708 PB Wageningen Netherlands ESPON 2013 3 Table of contents I. Introduction ............................................................................................. 6 II. Phase A: Defining the European identity of 3LP .................................. 7 II.1. Questions to be addressed ................................................................... 7 II.2. European identity of the 3LP: defining the concept ............................... 7 II.2.1. What do we understand by European identity? .............................. 7 II.2.2. Experts meeting outputs ............................................................... 10 II.3. Identity of 3LP in regard to its polycentric metropolitan situation as well as territorial capital and potentials within a European context ................................................................... 12 II.3.1. Introduction ................................................................................... 12 II.3.2. The historic position and development of the 3LP landscape ....... 12 II.3.3. Landscape structure index (LUCAS) ............................................ 17 II.3.4. European landscape classification: a brief overview..................... 19 II.3.5. European landscape policies ........................................................ 23 II.3.6. Polycentrism and City/Countryside relations in ESPON documents .................................................................. 27 II.3.7. Four territorial dynamics identified in ESPON documents ............ 36 II.4. European cross border regions having an identity comparable with the identity of 3LP in a European context .................................... 62 II.4.1. Choosing the cross border regions ............................................... 62 II.4.2. Comparison of the 3LP with other cross border regions ............... 67 II.4.3. Comparing 3LP with two non-cross border regions ...................... 76 II.4.4. Discussion over the 3LP urban rural relationship ......................... 79 II.5. Bibliography ........................................................................................ 86 III. Phase B: ‘Landscape perspective for the 3 Countries Park’ ............. 89 III.1. Description of the core qualities in the 3 Countries Park landscape types ................................................. 89 III.2. Objectives in previous landscape studies on parts of the 3LP landscape ............................................................................... 92 III.3. Guiding principles contributing to landscape services ......................... 97 III.4. Example locations ............................................................................... 98 III.5. Examples of local application of the guiding principles - student designs for the Geul/Gulp area ........................................... 103 III.6. Comparing the Guiding Principles with Existing Cases ..................... 117 IV. Phase C: ‘Interface 3LP landscape perspective and EU policy’ ..... 126 IV.1. Policy analysis ................................................................................... 126 IV.1.1. Landscape demands .................................................................. 126 IV.1.2. European thematic objectives and investment priorities for regional and rural development ............................................. 131 IV.1.3. 3LP Landscape value chain ........................................................ 135 IV.1.4. Regional policy initiatives ............................................................ 136 IV.2. Recommendations at regional cross-border level ............................. 140 ESPON 2013 4 IV.2.1. The 3LP as a future European cross-border partnership for high quality and innovative landscapes - linkages with regional and EU policy objectives and initiatives ............... 140 IV.2.2. Green infrastructure strategy – linkages with regional and EU policy objectives and initiatives .................................... 143 IV.2.3. Cultural heritage and access strategy - linkages with regional and EU policy objectives and initiatives........................ 145 IV.2.4. Complementary biomass strategy – linkages with regional and EU policy objectives and initiatives........................ 147 IV.2.5. Quality production strategy – linkages with regional and EU policy objectives and initiatives ............................................ 149 IV.2.6. Mutual relationship of the guiding principles of the landscape perspective and EU policies ..................................... 151 IV.2.7. Inputs from the 2nd LP3LP expert meeting ................................ 152 IV.3. Recommendations at European level ............................................... 157 IV.3.1. Inputs from the 3rd LP3LP expert meeting................................. 157 V. Annexes to the Scientific Report ....................................................... 161 V.1. List of Figures ................................................................................... 161 V.2. List of Maps ...................................................................................... 162 V.3. List of Tables .................................................................................... 163 V.4. List of abbreviations and glossary .................................................... 163 V.5. List of references/Bibliography ......................................................... 164 V.6. List of implemented workshops, expert meetings and dissemination activities ..................................................................... 165 V.7. Note regarding separate A3 Atlas of Maps ....................................... 166 V.8. Data overview – Used for GIS maps of the 3LP ............................... 166 V.9. Thesis papers on the “Potential Three-Countries-Park policy initiatives” used for “Phase C - The interface between the 3LP landscape perspective and EU policy” in the expert meeting on 29.04.2013. .................................................................... 166 V.10. Discussion Paper on the “Cross-border regional landscapes and EU policy” used for “Phase C - The interface between the 3LP landscape perspective and EU policy” in the expert meeting on 04.06.2013. .................................................................... 177 . ESPON 2013 5 I. Introduction The LP3LP project was conducted according to 3 research Phases (A, B, C): Phase A - Defining the European identity of 3LP Phase B - Landscape perspective for the 3 Countries Park Phase C - The interface between the 3LP landscape perspective and EU policy The following chapters (II, III and IV) provide more detailed information about each Phase. (For an overall introduction to the 3LP, the LP3LP project, including its project aims and hypotheses, see Chapter 1 in the Main LP3LP Report.) Phase A of the project determined the particular identity of the 3LP in the European context, including regional and European dynamics. Apart from investigating basics on landscape and concepts for achieving local and European goals through investment in landscape quality, the use of ESPON studies and results informed us about global dynamics that may have an impact at the regional level along with comparisons with other European (cross-border) regions. At the same time, a review of European policy documents that may have a significant impact on both image and usage of landscape was carried on, in parallel with the stakeholders’ existing (cross- border) perspectives. (Chapter II Main Report). Phase B was dedicated to the development of the landscape perspective, nourished by themes and issues that arouse in the previous phase. This Phase started with taking stock of the unique regional capital and potentials inherent in the landscape, and summarized it with five core qualities. The following process was structured as an iterative design process, and included three stake-holder workshops. This information was used to