JOUHNAL OF INFORMATION, AnT, CIENCE MECHANICS, MANUFACTURES. l WEEKLY PRACTICAL S , CHEMISTRY, AND

LXXXIII.-NO.ll. [$3.00 A YEAR. Vol. ] WEEKL'l. ESTABLISHED 1845. NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 15, 1900. ------

PNEUMATIC TUBE

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6 STREET CARS .. t&

!�t!!STEAM BOATS 31169 MILES

E"-RTH .

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A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF SOltE INTERESTING FEATURES OF tHE UNItED StAtES POStAL SERVICE.-lSee page 166.] fire equal to that of the more heavily armed vessels. defend. The Port Royal site was chosen, presumably,

We must remember that in the case of the •• Oregon" after careful and exhaustive examination, by variou!! �mtritJn. class it was found that the blast of the 8-inch guns pre­ expert commissions, in the course of which the advant­ Irientifi' vented them from being fired dead· ahead or dead­ ages of Charleston must surely have received due con­ ESTABLISHED 1845 astern, for fear of injuring the officers in the sighting sideration. At the same time it is possible that the MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS. hoods of the lS-inch guns. At the same time, for relative strate�ical advantages of Port Royal and PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT broadside firing, only two turrets will be available in Charleston are not the same under the changed con­ No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. the" Rhode Island " and .. Virginia," the guns on the dition of modern naval warfare as they were in the offside of the ship being masked by the superstruc­ days of Admiral Porter, Admiral Jewett and Com­ TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS tUl·e. The absence of four 8-inch guns, moreover, en­ modore McCann. ..•...... $8.00 Ulle coP . one year. for the United States. Canada. or Mexico 4.00 ables the secondary battery of the" Georgia " class to Among other reasons which are given for the remov­ (.ne copy.Y one year. to any foreign country. postage prepaid. £0 168. M. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN'PUBLICATIONS. be increased by at least four 6-inch guns. al of the station it is urged that the absence of social $3.00 ScIentificAmerican �Establi8hed 1845) •...... , ...•...•.•.•.•.. a year. In general it may be said that if there has been any attractions and cOllveniences in such an out-of-the­ error in the designs of our eal'iiest battleships, it has way place as Port Royal will render it unpopular with ��:mg� :g�t::: B':.�fJ?m'lfJi��,:}(���fls��1;'&;):'::::::: �:� ::.. ScientificAmerican EXPor �dition (Established 1878) ....••••.. 3.00 la n in the tendency to overload them with guns ; and naval officers, both of the line and staff, conveniences The combined subscription rates and rates to foreign couutries ...111 i be fom1shed upon application. if this be true, we must naturally look for a somewhat which Charleston would readily afford. It seems to Remit by postal or express money order. or by bank draft or cheCk. MUNN & CO .. 361 Broadway. corner Franklin Street. New York. lighter armament relative to the displacement than is us that argu ments of this kind are not warranted found in the ships. say of the "Ol'egon "type. Our either by the trad itions of the navy or the invariable NEW YORK, SAT URDAY, SEPTEMBER Hi, 1900. naval constructors are giving more berthing space to self-effacement which characterizes our naval officers, C/'ew than formerly, and it is easily conceivable that i t when it is a question between personal comfort and the THE ARMAMENT OF OUR NEW BATTLESHIPS might be well worth while to sacrifice a gun or two for highest interests of the country they serve. The ques­ AND CRUISERS. th'e sake of increasing the comfort, health and general tion for the best site for a dry dock and naval repair We are asked by a correspondent, whose letter is good spirits of the crew, upon whom, after all, the yard is purely a t echnical one, and will be decided en­ publisbed on another page, to express an opinion as to fighting efficiency of the ship is dependent. tirely by questions of accessibility by sea and by land, the efficiency of the armament of our latest battle­ "1.' .. capabilities for defense, suitability of location with re­ ships and armored cruisers. In the first place. with reo PROPOSED ABANDONMENT OF PORT ROYAL gard to the exigencies of a naval campaign, and pos­ gard to the armored cruisers, of lS,500 tons displace­ NAVAL STATION. sibilities of obtaining at all times the necessary skilled ment, it is sufficient to say that the latest decision of The question of the best site for a naval station on labor. the government is to arm these vessels with fOUl" 8-inch the Atlantic coast between Norfolk and Pensacola is It is at any'rate certain that so complicated and emi­ breech-loading rifles, and fourteen 6·inch rapid-fire now being made the subject of investigation by a spe­ nently technical a question as this is not to be decided gu ns, and that all of these weapons will be of the new cial commission, whose report to the Secretary of the by the preferences of the Mayor of any particular city long caliber, high-velocity type, which is now being Navy will probably be made public within the next concerned, although it must be arlmitted that by manufactured at the Washington gun shops. We few weeks. There is already in existence at Port quoting the Mayor of Cha rleston as his leading au­ qnestion very much whether the pro posal to use the Royal a naval station which was selected and approved thority on the advantages of the proposed change, Ad­ 5-inch gun in the secondary battery of these ships was by various COlli missions which, after an examination miral Endicott has shown a flattering opinion of the very seriously entertained, and it is probable that an of the locality, pronounced emphatically in favor of judgment of the lay gentleman who holds that distin­ (>rror was made as to the caliber when the figures were this site as being the best adapted to meet the require­ guished municipal position. �iven out by the government. Atany rate, it i:scer tain ments of the case. One of these commissions was pre­ In view of the high authority upon which Port that the day of the 5-inch rapid· firegun in the second­ sided over by Admiral POl·ter, who was strongly in Royal station was originally selected, we think the ary battery of our large battleships and cruisers is over. favor of the site. and a later commission authorized by subject is of sufficient importance to place it before In esti mating the po wer of the armament of our latest Congress in 1888. and presided over by Commodore , our readers at considerable length, and in the current ships, it is necessary to bear in min d what an enor­ McCann, recommended the establishment at Port issue of the SUPPLEMENT we give several views of the mous advance has been made in the ballistics of our Royal of a dry dock, a depot of naval supplies, and a yard, together with a history of the selection of the naval guns. If our correspondent will turn to the coaling station. In the spring of the present year, the site, and the legislation which has led to the appoint­ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of January 20. he will find a Naval Appropriation Bill, as passed by the House ment of the present ComTilission. diagram showing the increase in length and weight of of Representatives, contained an appropriation of • ••• • the naval 6-inch gun during the past few years. If the $100,000 toward the rebuilding of the dry dock at this CURIOUS FACTS REGARDING MOSQUITOES. 6-inch 'gun carried by the " Baltimore " be compared station in concrete or stone. The bill went to the In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for July 7, 1900, ap­ with one of thc new, rapid-fire, 6·inch guns of the Senate and was referred to the Committee on Naval peared an article by Dr. L. O. Howard, in which the secondary battery of our armored cruisers, it will be Affairs. While under consideration by this co mmittee, distinguishing features of malarial and non-malarial found that the weight has increased from 4'8 tons to the Secretary of the Navy submitted a letter from Ad· mosquitoes were clearly pointed out. The Department 8'2 tons, while the length has increased from SO cali­ miral Endicott, Chief of the Bureau of Yards and of Agriculture has now issued a monograph by DI'. bers to 50 ; the velocity has risen from 2,000 to 2,9.00 Docks, in which he strongly deprecated the carrying Howard on the .. Mosquitoes of the United States. " foot-seconds. and the muzzle energy f�om 2, 773 to 5.838 out of any further work of improvement 01' extension which, 'in 'addition to the critical analysis already pub­ foot-tons, or more than a hundred per cent. The gun of facilities at Port Royal, and criticised the site of the lished in the SCiENTIFIC AMERICAN. contains matter crew of the " Baltimore " is doing good work if it fires dock as being unsuited, for various specified reasons, which is interesting, and little known. one shot per minute ; whereas, if called upon to do so, to the purposes of a naval station, the specified grounds Of the abundance of mosquitoes in all parts of the each of the fourteen 6-inch guns on the new armored of objection, strange to say, being the very grounds world, travelers and explorers have given ample testi­ cruisers could deliver five aimed shots per minute. which had been quoted in all previous investigations mony. In Lapland and Crimea, according to Kirby The new 8-inch gun, four of which are to form the as being favorable for a station. In the course of his and Spence, the number of mosquitoes is enormous. main armament of the new cruisers, because of its letter he said : .. During the year the Mayor of the city Humboldt has given similar accounts of the condi­ great velocity, will strike a blow whose muzzle energy of Charleston suggested the propriety of transferring tious.·at the mouth' of the Rio Unare. In the United is f'qual to that of the 10·inch guns of the late battle­ the naval station to that city from Port Royal, stating States I�osquitoes are found almost everywhere, from ship" Maine." It will be capable of delivering at least among other things the facilities for transportation to Ala�ka to Texas. from Maine to California. t,wo aimed shots per minute; capable of penetrating the interior, the proximity of a large commercial city, A curious and as yet unexplained point, in regard to lS� inches of Harveyized armor at the muzzle, and 9 the convenience of obtaining at all times skilled labor mo�quito existence. is the extraordinary abundance of inches at a distance of 2 miles ; at which distance. by of all classes. an abundance of fresh water. etc.• ad­ the insect at certain times upon dry prairies, miles the way, the new 6·inch gun would be able to pene­ vantages which are lacking at Port Royal." While away from water. Although this fact has led West­ trate the 5%-inch side armor of the " Kentucky " and the transfer would undoubtedly result in the loss of a erners to believe that pools of stagnant water are not "Kearsarge." It is true that 4.000 tons is a big increase great deal of money which has been expended at Port necessary for tliebree ding of mosquitoeR, Dr. Howard over a ship like the " Brooklyn," but it must be re­ Royal. AdmiI'al Endicott considers the present is the is more inclined to attribute their presence in dry re­ membered that these ships will have a guaranteed proper time to consider the suggestion of the Mayor. gions to a greater longevity on the part of the adults speed of 22 knots an hour. and that they will carry an The Admiral was so much impressed with the wis­ of certain species, thus enabling them to live from one enormous coal supply, besides being completely cov­ dom of the Mayor's suggestion, that he gave it hearty rainy period to another. Although adults hibernate ered with side armor at the water-line from stem to endorsement and able advocacy throughout his whole and live from November until April or May in the lati· stern. letter. He recommended that the matter be brought tude of Washington, they die rather quickly in confine­ Undoubtedly the new 2O·knot battleships of the to the attention of the Senate Committee on Naval ment in the summer. They have beeu kept in glass Italian Navy to which our correspondent refers would Affairs. and that a board of officers be appointed to jars under various conditions and have thus lived fOI' be formidable opponents to our armored cruisers ; but . , examine into the conditions existing at Port Royal, about eight days. When they have been provided the latter, because of their extra speed of 2 knots, and the various questions involved in the proposition with a piece of ripe banana, renewed every three or would be in a position to accept or decline battle at to remove this station to Charleston Harbor. " four days, they have lived in confinement for two will. Ever since the plans were made public, we have Acting upon this letter. the Naval Committee mOIJths, greatly admired these small but swift and powerful amended the bill by authorizing the Secretary of the The adult male mosquito does not necessarily take ships, and it is quite possible that in this matter, as in Navy to inquire into the advisability of moving the nourishment ; and the adult female does not necessarily some others, the Italian designers have originated a naval station from Port Royal to Charleston, and if he rely on the blood of warm-blooded animals for food. type which will ultimately become general among the deenlPd it advisable to do so, empowering him to use The mouth parts of the male are so different from navies of the world. The Italians evidently consider $100.000 of the money appropriated in the bill for the those of the female that it is probable that if it feeds at that the result of a sea fight will depend more upon Port Royal naval station for the purchase of land for all it obtains its nourishment in a manner quite differ­ the number of blows struck tha,n upon their indi­ a site at or near the city of Charleston. and to proceed ent from the female. Male mosquitoes are often ob­ vidual weight ; and hence they have sacrificed the with the building of a dry dock there. served sipping at dl'ops of water ; and in one instance heavy 12-inch guns in favor of engines and boiler Pending the pUblication of the report of this com­ a fondness for molasses has been recorded. They have powel', the idea being to provide a ship that could rush mission. it is not for us to say anything one way or the also been known to sip beer and winf'. The fellIale in and quickly smother, as it were, an opponent with a other with regard to the proposed transfer which, of mosquitoes are without mucih doubt plant fetders. It number of 8·inch armor-piercing shells. before he could course. has very naturally aroused bitter opposition on is g enerally supposed that a hi�hly nutritive fluid is have an opportu nity to get in the one theoretically the part of the citizens in the immediate neighborhood neces�ary for the formation of the eggs ; but the sup­ annihilating 12-inch shot. of the present station. The proposition to .. remove " position is emphatically denied by Dr. HowiJ,rffi There With regard to the armament of the new battleships, the yard involves the abandonment of the dry dock, are in this country enormous tracts of marshY�rl\nd we point out that while the •• Rhode Island" and " Vir­ machine shops and other buildings at Port Royal, into which warm-blooded animals never find'their '\V'ay, ginia " will carry eight 8-iQch guns as against four which would represent a dead loss of between one and and in which mosquitoes are breeding:, in' countless 8·inch carried by the •• Georgia " class:the position of two million dollars. Moreover. the modern forts at the numbers. Instances have been -rei'lOiii'ed in which the guns of the " Georgia" on the center line of the entrance to the station, which were erected during the mosquitoes have been observed feedIng on boiled vessel will enable these ship. to deliver, both on the Spanish war, will, to a large extent, lose their military potatoes and watermelon rinds. ':Chat the�' do occa­ broadside and parallel with the keel, a weight of 8-inch value when there is no longer any station for them to sionally feed UpOD other than warm-bloodtd aniwals •• SEPTEMBER 15, I <}OO. J,itutifi, �mtri'J has been proven time and time again. They have teresting and perfect immunity from the effects of ma­ members of the party were provided with the best in­ been observed feeding upon the chrysalises of butter-­ laria. Young babies have been proved to be the most struments obtainable. flies and puncturing the heads of young fishes. infectious, the inherent presence of the malaria gradu­ ...... How far do mosquitoes fly? The question is of no ally decreasing as the child grows older, and in children SCIENCE NOTES. little importance, for if mosquitoes flygreat distances, over twelve years of a�e, cases of infection were rare­ The small planet No. 444, which was discovered by exterminative work on the breeding places near a the majority, on the other hand, appearing rather M. Coggia at Marseilles on March 31, 1899, has been house or community is of slight avail. Most writers healthy. The huts of the native villages are infested named Gyptis. mosquitoes, which during the daytime secrete agree that mosquitoes will not rise or take flight when with the The presentation of the awards of the Paris Exposi­ s in all the nooks and crannies. A white man a brisk breeze is blowing, and that even in light winds themselve tion was an elaborate ceremony. A number of decOl'a­ would enter a native hut, and, from a cursory inspec­ they keep close to the ground. That mosquitoes do tions of the Legion of Honor have been distributed. cling to the branches of trees during a wind has often tion, would conclude that it was safe. But when the been observed. They are so frail in structure that it night came on, and the mosquitoes issued frolll their The sewers of Munich discharge their contents di­ seems impossible that they should be carried great hiding places, the stranger would be attacked by the in­ rectly into the river !ser. This river flows so rapidly distances by land breezes ; for a long flight presup­ sects and would almost invariably contract the disease. and its volume is so considerable, that there has been poses an ability to battle against wind which so feeble Dr. Christophers contends that it is absolutely unsafe no sensible deterioration in the river water. As a pre­ a creature cannot ,possess. But, although mosquitoes to sleep within one hundred yards of a native village. caution, however, the building of a catch pit to remove TlIay not be carried along by winds, they are sometimes One of the observers made the experiment of sleeping heavier matter is' contemplated. transported by railway trains to the despair of many close to a village without a net, and soon experienced Dr. R. Uhlenbuth describes a simple method of pre­ country resorts. Mosquitoes are carried' in cars for the discomforts resulting frolll the attacks of the mos­ paring free hydroxylamine, which consists in heating great distances and will start to breed in localities quitoes. By displaying every precaution, ho wever, a hydroxylamine phosphate gently under reduced pres­ where m08quitoes are rare. white man lllay sleep night after night without ex­ sure. It is stated that the hydroxlyamine distills over It is a much-mooted question among entomologists periencing any ill effects. in a state of extreme purity, the distillate solidifying if whether or no mosquitoes can breed in mud. Dr. • ·e· • the receiver be surrounded by melting ice.-Annalen. THE "DEUTSCHLAND" BREAKS TWO RECORDS. Howard's experiments and investigations tend to show The panorama of the Battle of Champigny, by the The "Deutschland," of the Hamburg-American Line, that the larVal will live in wet mud for some little time great French military painters De Neuville and De­ made two records on her last westward trip, which and that they will even transform after water has been taille, has had a checkered career. When the pano­ ended on September 1. She made the voyage from added. In no case were larVal revived after the water rama ceased to pay, it was cut into pieces and the Cherbourg, a distance of 3,050 knots, in five days had been drawn offfor more than forty-eig.t hours. groups were sold separately. The central scene was twelve hours and twenty-nine minutes. This beats the • •• I • exhibited in several . French towns and was finally "Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse's" best record made ANOTHER ELECTRIC RAILWAY FOR LONDON. pawned. It is at present in the section known as "Old November 15, 1899, by four hours and fifty-eight min­ Since the advent of the Central Electric Railway in Paris," at the Exposition. London, innumerable schemes have been formulated utes. An average speed of 23'2 knots per hour was MM. Desgrez and Balthazard state that they have for a further means of rapid intercolllmunication with maintained by the" Deutschland" during the entire discovered a method of regenerating air in confined all parts of the metropolis. Some have been practi­ trip, which was a fraction better than the promise of spaces. They have submitted to the Academy of Sci­ cable and useful, while others have been simply due her builders. The record of the daily runs was 337, 566, ences aluminium diving dretlses weighing 25 pounds. to the imagination of fertile brains. But now a 570, 570, and 584 and 423 knots. The" Deutschland " They state that the diver can move in this suit for scheme has been formulated, which, if reduced to prac­ exceeded by 4 knots the greatest dista.nce ever sailed hours under water without drawing air fJ:om the sur­ tice, would prove of inestimable benefit to everyone, in twenty-four hours. The .. Kaiser Wilhelm der face. The principal regenerating a,:rent seems to be both Englishmen and foreigners. It is proposed to Grosse " made 580 knots on one occasion. The sodium dioxide. It is said that the invention is appW­ link all the termini of the various trunk lines in Lon­ "Deutschland" now holds six records. First, the voyage cable to submarine work, poisonous atmospheres in don together by means of an electric railway. Un­ from New York to Plymouth on August 14, the time mines, submarine warfare, and certain chemical indus­ fortunately, London does not possess one huge depot being fivedays eleven hours and forty-five minutes, tries. in which all the railways converge, and thus obviate which was better by two hours and twenty-one minutes much inconvenience to those passengers who desire to . than her previous record of .July 24. Second, her voy- E. Gain has examined the structure of the embryo of change from one system to another, but they are dis­ age from Plymouth to New York, completed on .July grains of wheat and barley obtained from Egyptain tributed throughout the metropolis, and in some cases 12, in five days-sixteen hours and forty-six minutes, be­ mummy caseM, and finds that although the grains are as much as four or six miles apart. ing her maiden trip. Third, her voyage from Cher­ have undergone but little change in external appear­ With a view to surmounting this difficulty, and to bourg to New York malle in five days twelve hours ance, and the reserve substances have retained their bring the termini into close communication, two lead­ and twenty-nine minutes. Fourth, her best hourly chemical composition, the chemical composition of the ing London engineers have drawn up the scheme in a average 23'32 knots recorded for the voyage ended at embryo has been completely altered, and it is no long­ terse and practicable manner. Their idea is to estab­ Plymouth August .14. Fifth, best day's run 584 knots er capable of development. The dorman t life of the lish a central station in Piccadilly Circus, and from on August 30. Sixth, the best time for a maiden trip seed must long ago have expired ; and M. Gain regards there to radiate tracks direct to the terminus of each made between .July6 and 12. On the last voyage, the this observation as entirely disposing of the apocryphal trunl( line, at a depth of 100 feet, or mOl'e, below the engines exerted 36,000 horse power and 600 tons of coal statements that thes� seeds can germinate after thous­ surface. When a train arrives at a southern terminus were burned per day. The engineers of the" Deutsch ands of years.-Comptes Rendus. with passengers desiring to cross London to a ter­ land " believe that the ship has "found herself " and After the dispersion of a French exploring expedition minus in the north, the steam locomotive will be sim­ that in a short time she ,will break more records. under M. Blanchet in the West.ern Sahara, and the im­ ply detached at the southern terminus, the train .·e • prisonment of its leaders by the Chief of Adrar, the lowered bodily by a huge electric lift to the under­ THE GREAT ARARAT. ASCENDED. French public must have learnt with satisfaction that ground system, an electric locomotiv� attached, the The Ararat Mountains 'in Armenia comprise two the three military expeditions dispatched to Lake train hauled to the northern terminus, raised to peaks situated seven miles apart. They are known as Tsad effected their junction on April 21 at Kusuri the higher level a.gain by lifts, another steam loco­ Great and Little Ararat, and are respectively 17, 260 on the Shari. Lieut. .Joalland, of the disastrous expe­ motive attached, and the passengers conveyed to their and 14,320 feet abov:e the plain. They partially belong dition originally sent out under Capt. Voulat, was the destination without experiencing all the inconveni­ to three countries, Russia, Turkey and Persia. The first to arrive. M. Foureau and Major Lamy followed ; ence and trouble of changing their carriages. mountains are covered on the tops with perpetual and when M. Gentil, coming from the south, joined It is estimated that a total length of 11 miles of rail­ snow, ice and glaciers. The summit of Great Ararat their forces, the French were in a position to bid de­ way will be necessary to connect all the termini to­ was reached in 1829 by Prof. Parrot, and on Septem­ fiance to the usurper Rabah of Bornu, whom they gether, while about 40 tunnels would ramify from Pic­ ber 2, 1900, a member of the Russian Geographical defeated in a pitched battle. Rabah himself was cadilly. In addition to the central station there will Society named Peoggenpohl ascended the peak with wounded, and, after the fashion of Duncan of Knock­ be 17 local stations. One of the objects of the railway a considerable party. The difficulties of the ascent dunder, a French tirailleur cut off his head. Major will be the rapid transit of fruit and fish to the markets are very great, and his successful expedition will be Lamy, the leader of the united forces, was mortally of Covent Garden and Billingsgate respecti.vely, the welcome news in geographical circles. Ascents are wounded. produce for which is at present conveyed through the rare, havin� been made in 1834, 1843; 1845, 1850 and The uses of monochromatic light in optical experi­ streets. The Covent Garden station will be a great 1856. Little Ararat is even more difficult to climb, as ments are so numerous that considerable interest at­ boon. About 1,600,000 tons of fruit and vegetables are its declivities are greater and steeper, its form being taches to the paper, on the means of producing such carried to this market every year, and yet there is no almost conical. It is believed to be the spot where the light, by MM. Charles Fabry and A. Perot in the railway facility to Covent Garden. Another station ark rested, but there is a tradition that Mount .Judiin .Journal de Physique for .July. After pointing out the will be established at the General Post Office for the southern Armenia was the spot. The mountain is of disadvantages of sodium light on account of the proxi­ rapid conveyance of the mails to the trunk lines'ter­ volcanic origin and was in eruption in 1785, and in mity of the D lines, the authors divide the methods of mml. The greatest beneficial effect of the railway will 1840 there was a vast discharge of sulphurous vapors producing a beam of monochromatic light into two, be that it will relieve the existent too densely crowded from its sides, and a tremendous earthquake shook the viz. : (1) Simplification of a bt>am of white light, and (2) streets of the greater part of the slow vehicular traffic. surrounding country. There is considerable literature use of light emitted by a gas. Under the later method A company is being formed for the purpose of obtain­ devoted to the mountain. are included (a) flames ; (b) gases or vapors rendered ing the necessary Parliamentary powers, and also to ••••• luminolls by electricity ; (0) induction sparks ; and (d) construct the railway. It is estimated that it will cost THE DUKE OF ABRUZZl'S .EXPEDITION REACHES the electric arc. In connection with (b) it is found about $150,000,000 to realize the scheme, but already THE HIGHEST ALTITUDE. that the quality of the rays depends on the nature of the idea has found wide financial support. AI! those who are interested in Arctic explor�tion the current exciting them, and the authors consider •••• • will be_ glad to learn of the return of the "Stella the use of (1) a coil with secondary condensers ; (2) al­ MALARIAL INFECTION ON THE EAST COAST OF Polaris " with the Duke of A bruzzi's Arctic �ploration ternating currents ; (3) continuous currents. Of these AFRICA. party. The sledge party reached a point farther north method8 the last is the best, though the second is bet­ ' l'he Malaria COlllmittee of the Royal Society of Lon­ than Nansim, 86° 33' and was gone 104 days. The ter t,han the first. While the results of these investiga­ don have received Rome startling information from .. Polaris " was caught fast in the ice and held for tions eannot be briefly summarized, we notice that the Drs. Christophers and Stephens anent malarial infec­ eleven month!!, stoving in her sides and inflictingother authors have shown the possibility of improving the tion on the east coast of Africa. According to thefr re­ damage. The members of .the principal sledge party action of Michelson's tubes. of using a modification of porls, the native races, and particularly the chiLdr!'n, suffered the usual hardships which fall to the lot of the mercury arc of Arons as a source of monochromatic are extensively responsible for the infect,ion, assisted the Arctic explorer, being forced to eat their sledge light of great intensity, of using the rays of a cer­ by the mosquito. These two doctors state that they dogs for food ; three of the party perished. Reports, tain number of metals for interferenct> ob�ervations have found no native house the children in which mea�er in their details, have been received from Trom­ where the difference of path is considerable, and, by were free from infection. The blood of the infants soe. The Dllke's equipment was admirable and he measuring the wave-lt>ngths, of adding a number of (lontains just what is essential for the tra.nsmission of did not attempt to reach the pole by the N ausen plan new fixed points on the spectrum. The paper con­ human malarial poison by the intervention of the mos­ of approaching by the open sea or by drifting, but cludes with a to,ble of wave-lengths determined by MM. quito. relied upon sled�e trips. The scientific value of the Perot and Fabry, and comparison with the determina­ By some occult means the children experience an in- Duke's expedition will probably be considerable, as the tions of Micheison. SEPTEMBER 15, 1900.

AN AUTOMATIC ACETYLENE-GENERATOR. are formed by the shallow rocky bed, over which a channel 5,400 feet long was dug in the middle of the The apparatus which we illustrate herewith is an the current passes with great speed ; in other cases bed, and from this were taken out more than 18,000 acetylene-generator of improved form, invented by Mr. the projecting rocky banks narrow the bed of the cubic yards of hard rock. The next rapids are those Oliver D. Fry, of Altoona, Pa. Fig. 1 represents the river and form rapids. The object of the work is thus of Kozla-Dojke, extending over a length of 272' miles, apparatus in perspective. Fig. 2 is a section of the to deepen the shallows and modify the too rapid cur­ and are formed by two rocky banks which extend gasometer. Gas is produced in two generator-casings, rent so that navigation will be practicable at all stages nearly across the bed of the river, here 2,400 to 2,700 A, containing water to decompose the carbide sup­ of water. In the first case, channels were dug in the feet wide. The two banks obstruct navigation at low ported in a removable basket within the upper water, and to overcome the difficulty a channel end of the casing. The removable lid of each 10,500 feet long was dug, which clears both banks ; generator-casing is held on a valved pipe, B, con­ 1 2 for these, 60,000 cubic yards of rock were removed. nected with a pipe, C, to conduct the gas to the The cataract of Izlas-Tachtalia has in one part a gasometer, F. The pipe, C, as Fig. 2 shows, opens bed of rock running across the entire width of into a separator, E, submerged in the water of the river, which causes rapids of great violence ; the gasometer tank and provided with a zig-zag farther down are the sharp points of the rocky partition, by which the gas is sufficiently retarded bed called the 'l'achtalia, then a �roup of pro­ to condense any moisture. From tbe gasometer, jecting rock, the" Wlasch." Through these rocks F, a stand-pipe, G, conducts the gas to the service­ has been pierced a channel near the Servian bank pipes. On the top of the gasometer, bearings fo!' of the river, 10,500 feet long. The amount of rock horizontal screw-rods are secured, which rods are taken out exceeds 32,500 cubic yards. From this adj ustably clamped to vertical rods, each carrying cataract a succession of rock-banks continues to at its lower end a dis placer, D, in the form of a the Greben, a high rock which advances into the vessel inc'losed in an outer receptacle connected by bed of the river and narrows it to 1,260 feet ; a pipe, K, with the generator-casing, A. Normal­ below the Greben, the river suddenly enlarges to ly, each carbide-basket is arranged with its lower 6,600 feet, and thc water pours into this basin with end above the water in the generator-casing. But a speed so great that boats can pass only with the when the supply of gas is withdrawn from the greatest effort. Here the great rock has been cut gasometer, the bell, F, falls, carrying with it the down to mean water level for a width of 450 feet, displacers, D, thereby forcing the water in the thus enlarging the river bed to 1,710 feet with a generator-casings into contact with the carbide. great diminution of the current, and to render the As the bell rises again under the pressure of the fall less abrupt a wall has been constructed from fresh supply of gas, the displacers are raised out the Greben to Milanovac, or 372' miles, keeping FRY'S ACETYLENE GENERATOR. of the water, the level of which falls away from the width constant at 1,710 feet for this distance. the carbide. The operation is entirely automatic. From the Greben 330,000 cubic yards of rock By means of the screw-rods, the displacers can be rocky bottom of 180 feet average width and 6 feet have been cut, beside a channel 3,700 feet long, contain­ adjusted up or down to regulate the supply of gas to below low water level, this depth being sufficient for ing 13,500 cubic yards. For the walls over 500,000 cubic the desired number of burners. The displacers can be boats of 1,000 tons. In the case of projecting banks, yards of rock have been used. filled with water to increase the weight on the bell, if . the rapidity of the current was diminished by the con­ The most. important of the cataracts is that called it be so desired. struction of stone dikes or jetties at high-water level, the •• Iron Gates "; it is a chain of schistic rock, the • I ••• which distributed the fall of water over a longer sec­ Prigrada, which seems to unite the Carpathian and PARIS EXPOSITION-MODELS IN HUNGARIAN SEC­ tion. Balkan chains. It traverses the Danube and forms a TION, ILLUSTRATING ENGINEERING WORK ON The cataract of Stenka is formed of granite rocks, veritahle rocky dalll, with broken points, over which LOWER DANUBE. which bar the Danube throughout its whole width of the river falls with violent whirlpools. Here has been The Hungarian section of the Civil Engineering 4,800 feet, and also of rocky projections which emerge established a channel, running along one side of the Palace contains a number of models and plans which from great depths. To render this section navigable, river, and separated from the main bed by an outer illustrate a very important piece of wall ; the channel is 5,160 feet long engineering work, carried out by alld 225 feetwide at bottom, and 9 the Hungarian government; by feet below low water level. The this means, the lower portion of the work was executed on a dry bed, or Danube, in which navigation has in still water, by the aid of a pro· been heretofore almost impossible, visory dam; a channel of the same has been brought to the condition depth was also dug as far as Orso­ of a navigable river. The extent of va, a distance of 6 miles, also an this great work is shown by the embankment 5,400 feet long to guide numerous plans and views, and by the water into the channel. For the models of the various boats the whole of the work at the " Iron used, some of which are shown in Gates," 115,000 cubic yards of rock the illustrations. were removed under water and The Lower Danube, in spite of 370,000 cubic yards from dry bed. the size and importance of the For the construction 280,000 cubic countries through which it passes, yards of rock were used and 270,000 has boen heretofore scarcely navi­ of mixed fillingma terial, not count­ gable Oil account of the rocky ob­ ing the revetment of the walls structions which occur throughout over a surface of 65,000 square a considerable portion of its length. yards. '1' he question has been considered The models shown in the illus­ ever since the time of the Romans, trations give an idea of the different who tried to pass around the rocky types of boats used in the exe­ bank called the Prigrada by con­ cution of this great work, It was structing an auxiliary channel at at first necessary to lay out an the side ; this work, which was com­ exact chart of the river bed, ob- USED IN IMPROVING THE DANUBE, menced under the Emperor Trajan, MODEL OF DRILL BOAT» tained by measurements, so as to was afterward abandoned for vari­ calculate the mass of rock to be re­ ous reasons. Matters remained thus moved and the best method of until the present century, when operation. The readings were taken Count Stephen Szechenyi made by a special boat COD!�tructed for some preliminary in this direction, the purpose. 'l'he rock was re­ but was not able to proceed with moved from the channels by blast­ an undertaking of this magnitude. ing, using boats provided with In 1871 it was the subject of the Ingel'soll drills for the mines, or by International Conference at Lon­ boats provided with rock-cutters don. which named a commission to of the Loboritz system. The broken carry out the project ; this was in­ rock was taken out by a large terrupted by the Turco-Russian war dredge of Scotch m a k e, the and other conflicts. The Congress "Vaskapu," besides smaller dredges, of Berlin, of 1878, took up the mat­ some of American make. The last ter, and it was arranged that the operation was made by the" Uni­ Austro-Hungarian nation should versal Boat," which explored the execute the project ; and by an bottom and at the same time served agreement between Austria and as rock-cutter and dredge. Hungary, the latter took up the The sounding boat, shown in the work. M. de Baross, the Hungari­ illustration, is composed of a plat­ an Minister of Commerce, had an form about 60 feet long and 30 feet eiaborate set of plans drawn up in wide, mounted on two pontoons. 1889 by a technical staff,after which It is provided with six pairs of the work was carried out by a com­ longitudinal openings, spaced 3 feet pany of capitalists and engineers. apart; each pair of openings lying It was begun in August, 1890, and between two rails. The rails sup­ finished in Sf'ptember, 1898. port two carriages which carry verti­ The obstacles to navigation of the cal graduated bars, these making Lower Danube consist of a series of the four angles of a square 3 feet cataracts which succeed each other on a side. The bars may be moved in great numbers and different in a vertical direction by pulleys, forms. In some of these, rapids MODEL OF SOUNDING BOAT, USED ON THE DANUBE, and are made strong enough not SEPTEMBER 15, 1900. titutifit �mtritatl. J to be deviated by the rapid current. Upon the car­ and 9'8 depth. Her crew numbered five. Four pilots prise the following : Cast· steel Works, at Essen ; Krupp riage is a vernier for each of the bars, placed at a de­ were aboard when the wreck occurred. Steel Works, formerl y F. Asth(}wer & Company, at termined height, 4'8 feet above the head of the rail. • tel . Annen, in Westphalia ; the Gruson Works, at Buckau, The boat being solidly fixed in the bed of the river by A SIMPLE INDICATOR FOR LOCOMOBILE WATER­ near Madgeburg ; four blast furnaces at Duisburg, vertical posts, the rail-level is taken with reference to a TANKS. N eu weid, Engers, and Rheinhausen (this latter consists given point on the bank, and then by the vernier Steam-carriages are unprovided with any means for of three furnaces with a capacity for each of 230 tons readings of each of the vertical bars, the exact depth readily ascertaining the level of the water in the sup­ per twenty-four hours) ; a foundry at Sayn ; four coal of the bottom is known, and the amount of rock to be ply tank. The ordinary method of roughly gaging mines (Hanover, Saelzer, Neuack and Hannibal), with removed is calculated. For each position of the car­ the water by thrusting a stick in the tank has its dis­ interest in other coal mines ; more than 500 iron mines riage four points are thus obtained, and the boat has a advantages, chief among which may be mentioned the near Bilbao, in northern. Spain ; shooting grounds at capacity for fifty positions of the carriage. After the necessity of fil'st removing the hot tank-cover with a Meppen, with a length of 10% miles and a possibility plans have been thus drawn up and the calculations cloth. For obviating this difficulty, a memuer of the of extension for 15 miles; three ocean steamers, several made, the rock is removed by blasting or by vertical SCIEN'.r IFIC AMERICAN staff, who has for some time stone quarries, clay and sand pits, etc. In addition, cutters. drivenla locomobile, has devised a very simple expedi­ the firm of Frederi(,k Krupp operates the Ship and The boat shown in the illustration is used to carry ent which has proven remarkably efficient. The ac­ Machine Stock Company Germania, at Berlin and the drills for the mines ; the holes are pierced in the counts of automobile improvements which we have Kiel,. under contract, says Consul General Guenther. rock from 1 to 2 yards deep. The boat is solidly fixed published in past numbers have met with sufficient The most important articles of manufacture of the by four vertical supports, two in front arid two in the approval to justify the publication of a brief dtlscrip­ cast steel works at Essen are cannons (up to the end of rear. It is kept in place by steam or hydraulic pres­ tion of this simple indicator. 1899, 38,478 had been sold), projectiles, percussion caps, sure, the boat being lifted a little above the water ammunition, etc. ; gun barrels ; armor plates and level. This boat is made in two types. In the armor sheets for all protected parts of men-of­ model shown at the Exposition the drills are war, as also for fortifications; railroad material, placed in the rear in a single line, moving upon material for shipbuilders, parts of machinery of rails, and thus one line of holes perpendicular to all kinds, steel and iron plates, rollers, steel for the channel are pierced in one position of the tools and other purposes. The steel works in 1899 boat. In another type, all the drills are placed operated about 1,700 furnaces, forge fires, etc., upon a movable carriage which may be displaced about 4,000 tool and work machines, 132 steam at will. A section of the cartridge used for the hammers of from 200 pounds to 5,000 metric tons blasting is shown in front of the boat. When force, more than 30 hydraulic presses (among them the Illines of one line of holes are charged, the • 2 of 5,000 tons each, 1 of 2,000 tons, and 1 of 1,200 vertical supports of the boat are lifted and the tons pressure), 316 stationary steam boilers, 497 boat retires a certain distance. All the mines are steam engines with an aggregate of 41,213 horse exploded at once, and the boat then comes back power, 558 cranes of from 400 to 150,000 tons lift­ to drill a second set of holes from 5 to 10 feet ing power. During the last year, the iron: mines from the former. The rock is al!'o removed by yielded an aggregate of 1,877 tons of ore per day. rock-cutting boats, which carry a heavy cutter The coal production from the mines belonging to in the form of an iron bar of sqnare section, termi­ the Krupp Company (excepting the Hannibal) nating in wedge-shaped form. The cutting edge amounted, on an average, to about 3,738 tons for is formed of a steel piece inserted in the middle. each working-day. The bar is lifted to a certain height by a steam The consumption of coal and coke in 1899 was windlass and let fall to cut the rock. It is sup­ as follows : In the cast-steel works at Essen, 952,- ported upon a derrick 40 feet high. 365 tons ; in the other works and on the steamers The Hungarian government has thus success­ of the company 622,118 tons ; in all, in round fully accomplished the work entrusted to it, and numbers, 5,000 tons per day. The consumption has received expressions of satisfaction from all A SIlIPLE WATER-INDICATOR FOR LOCOMOBILES. of water at the cast-steel works in 1899 was the sovereigns of Europe. The navigation of the 15,018, 156 cubic meters, which equals' about the Lo wer Danube, which before was carried on under great To the longer leg of a brass rod, bent at right angles, consumption of the city of Frankfort, with 229,279 in­ difficulties, has now been rendered easy, and boats may a brass float is secured which rises and falls with the habitants. The consumption of gas in the stee: works pass even at low water. As an example, before the water in the tank. The short leg of the rod passes at Essen was 18,836,050 cubic meters in 1899. work was carried out, the boats of the Lower Danube, through a brass sleeve which bridges the space be­ The electrical power plant of the works at Essen has loaded generally to a draught of 5� feet, could not tween the carriage body and the tank, and which is three machine houses, with six distributing stations, pass the I. Iron Gates " during the season, March 1 to held in place by a nut screwing upon the threaded end and supplies 877 arc lights, 6,724 incandescent lamps November 30, but for 91 days on an average. At of the sleeve. The short leg of the rod projects from and 179 electric motors. pl'esent they are able to pass for 271 days, a gain of the sleeve, and its squa.red outer end. receives a finger For the traffic of the works, railroad track!' of stand­ 180 days for navigation. This has naturally resulted or pointer which plays over a scale graduated in gal­ ard gage of about 36 miles are laid, which connect in an enormous increase of trafficand a corresponding lons. As the float falls in the tank, the pointer is with the tracks of the main railroad station at Essen. benefitto the surrounding countries. turned a corresponding distance and indicates on the Sixteen locomotives and 707 cars are operated on the

• , . J • scale the nUll;lber of gallons of water still left in the grounds. In addition, there are narrow-gage tracks PILOT BOAT WRECKED BY A WHALE. tank. of 28 miles, with 26 locomotives and 1,209 cars. The wreck of the pilot boat " Bonita," on the night The indicator can be made even by a man of no The telegraph system of the steel works has 31 sta­ of .July20, off SanFrancisco Bay, was an incident, if great mechanical skill. The float pictured consists tions, with 58 Morse telegraphic instruments and 50 not unparalleled in maritime annals, sufficiently rare merely of an ordinary brass box, I%;in ches in diameter miles circuit. The telephone system has 328 stations, to make it worthy of record. at the ends and 1� inches high, the cover being with 335 telephones and a circuit of 200 miles. The " Bonita " was one of the finest of her class, and soldered to the body to form an air-tight joint. The On April 1, 1900, the total number of persons em­ since 1892 has been stationed off the Golden Gate, in­ brass rod is likewise soldered to the box. It will be ployed in the different. works was 46,679, viz .. 27.46! at tercepting vessels bound for that difficult and fog­ observed that all the parts, including the sleeve, are Essen, 3,475 at the Gruson Works of Buckau, 3,450 at infected harbor. made of brass to resist the action of the water. The the GerlDaniaWorks at Berlin and Kiel, 6, 164 in the On the night of the wreck the officers and crew, pointer is made preferably removable, so that it can coal mines, and 6,128 at the blast furnaces and on the with the exception of the man at the wheel, were just be detached whenever it is found that the float is not testing-grounds, at Meppen, etc. at supper. The fog was so dense that objects a cahle absolutely air-tight. ••e ... length away were invisible. Suddenly a shock of ••e, • From Europe to A.merlca Overland. sufficient violence to knock the men off their seats was Krupp Iron Works. Reuter's Agency is informed that Mr. Harry de felt throughout the ship. Supposing that a collision The annllal report of the Chamber of Commerce for Windt is leaving for the purpose of crossing Siberia to had occurred, the crew rushed to the deck, but no other the district of Essen contains statements concerning the BehrinK Straits, and thence over the straits and vessel was in sight. Sounding the pumps, it was dis­ the east-steel works of Frederick Krupp. These com- via the Mackenzie River to Winnipeg and New York covered that the .. Bonita " was sink­ Mr. de Windt attempted a land journey ing, and at the same time one of those from New York to Paris in 1896, but enormous gray whales loomed up on the was captured and imprisoned by the side of the craft and disclosed the cause Tchukehis near East Cape with such of the accident. The I, Bonita " remained results to his health that the project had afloat long enough to allow the crew to be abandoned. This time he will make time to secure their effects and launch the journey in the reverse direction. Pro­ their boats. They were subsequently ceedin� from Paris, he' will leave Moscow picked up by incoming vessels. The on August 12, and will travel by the wreck occurred about six miles southeast Trans - Siberian Railway to Irkutsk. of the Farallones, and now lies in six Thence he will go to Yakutsk to make fathoms depth of water. She may be final preparations for his journey, which raised, though the operation will be diffi­ will occupy about 18 months. The ex­ cult on account of the strong currents at plorer will carefully avoid the natives of this point. OUlUvadjek, on the Behring Strait coallt ']-,heCaliforn ia gray whalejs the largest of Siberia, who gave him so much troublfl of the species, and is seen on the Cali­ on the last occasion, and will proceed fornia coast from November until May. direct to the small settlement of East Its favorite haunt seems to be at the Cape, which is much to the southward ent�ance of San Francisco Bay, where it of his previous route. There he will is observed often in large numbers. One remain for four months, when he will caught in this vicinity forty years ago be called for by an American whaler measured 97 feet in length. Their weight and will be conveyed across the straits is prodigious. Their scientific designa­ to the Mackenzie River. Mr. de Windt tion issibbaldiu8 sulfureus. will be accompanied by his servant, The "Bonita" was built in 1892 and Harding, who has been his sole COID­ was of 75 tODS register. Her dimensions panion on most of his previous expedi- \v ere 88 feet over all, 23 feet breadth l'U.OT 1I04T SVNX BY A WHALE. tions. 166 J tttuttftt !lUttiCJu. SEPTEMBER 15, I<}OO.

THE GREATEST BUSINESS CONCERN IN THE WORLD. is necessary to consider briefly the various classes of financial statement would have exhibited a surplus The postal establ ishment of the United States is the postal matter. " First-class " matter includes letters, of $17,637,570. Or, if this matter would pay only a greatest business concern in the world, handling more postal cards, and anything sealed or otherwise closed nominal rate of eight cents a pound, ther,� .would pieces of mail, and employing more men and women than against inspection_ While the weight of first-class have been a surplus of. $5.733,836 in the year we a.re any other government or corporation. The immense matter is not very great, at the same time it furnishes considering. The amount of postage actually received size of the country, the lack of concentration of the the greater portion of the postal revenue. "Second­ for a pound of first-class matter was 85 '6 cents ; second­ inhabitants in a few lar�e cities, all help to make the class " matter includes all newspapers, periodicals, and class-matter, '8 cents ; third-class matter, 14.7 cents ; Post Office service of the first magnitude, and, as a all matter exclusively in print and regularly issued at foreign matter, 46 cents ; postal cards, 188'2. The matter of fact, only one corporation, a combination stated intervals, as frequently as four times a year. expense of the transportation of the mail matter is of railways, earns and disburses as much as the This forms the bulk of all mail matter carried and furn­ reckoned at eight cents a pound. Post Office Department. Probably no branch of the ishes only a small percentage of the revenue. ., Third­ The number of registered pieces carried was 16,086,- government service comes into as close contact with the class " matter includes printed books, pamphlets, circu­ 022. 'I' here were 29,976,371 Post Office money orders average citizen as the Post Office. The postal service lars, etc., and does not form a very large portion of the i8sued, the aggregate value being $224,958,363. The is pre-eminently one of detail, and it may, perhaps, be weight carried, although it furnishes almost twice as Dead IJ etter Office received 6,855,983 pieces of mail interesting to take the report of the Posmaster-General much revenue as enormously heavier second-class mat­ matter. Of this amount 367,469 were misdirected, and analyze some of the figures. ter. "Fourth-class " matter is all ·mailable matter not 71,919 were without an address, 4,903.700 were un­ Some idea of the wonderful perfection and system included in the preceding classes, embracing merchan­ claimed, and 113,917 had fictitious addresset!. The which makes the service possible may be obtained dise and samples of all kinds. 'f he weight of first-class number of stamps issued was 4, 917,269,025. when it is stated that a letter can be sent from Florida matter carried amounts to 128,517,992 pounds. The The total number of Post Offices in the United States to the Klondike, a distance of over 7,000 miles for two postage paid amounts to $65,987, 732. The total num­ is not far from 75. 000, and the number of employes is es­ cents, thirty days bein� consumed in its transmission. ber of letters and other pieces that are sent at letter timated at 200,000. It should be remembered in dealing If it were carried by courier the time would not be rates is 2,917, 000,000. In addition to this there were with postal figures that they are apt to be slightly lessened and the cost would be increased to something 98,092. 000 dead-head and " official business " letters sent erroneous, and in nearly every case the weights are like $300. It is this remarkable cheapness which makes through the mail as well as 573, 634,000 postal cards, greater than those which we have given, though they the service so interesting, for, of course, on this hypo­ making the total number of first-class pieces of mail are sufficientto show the wonderful magnitude of this thetical trip of the letter, its delivery in the gold fields matter 3, 588,726,000 pieces. There are 9,804,729 pieces most important branch of the government service. costs much more than was received for its transmission, of first-class matter mailed daily. This would make a ••••• but the government makes a handsome profiton much pile 39,219 feet high, or more than 7 miles high, not al­ Autollloblle NeW's. of the first-class matter; enough, in fact, almost to lowing for the compression caused by the incumbent An automobile show will be held at Madison Square weight. make good the deficit caused by transporting inferior Garden, November 3 to 10. All of the floor space has In second-class matter the total number of pieces classes of matter. been taken and the boxes on the north side of the mailed amounted to 2,1 73, 715,000. This is, however, According to the report ' of the Second Assistant Garden will be floored over to give additional space. Postmaster-General for the fiscal year ending June 30, only an estimate, though an officialesti mate ; it is, un­ There is every prospect of a successful exhibition. 1899, there were 34,298 routes of domestic mail service doubtedly, very much larger. The total weight of in operation upon that date. The total length of these matter paid at pound rates by publishers was 352,- The idea of utilizing a motor haulage in connection routes was 496,948 miles, or more than a round trip be­ 703,226 pounds. In addition to this, 62,241,700 pounds with the market gardens near the metropolis has been tween the earth and the moon, as is shown graphically were transmitted free, and 25,289,355 pieces of transient suggested in the genl'lral and automobile press of late, on our front page. The number of miles traveled per matter paid for by stamps were also transmitted, mak­ and it is satisfactory to see such a journal as The annum is 445,744,845 miles, or more than two round ing a grand total of 440,234,281 pounds. The total Gardeners' Magazine giving the notion its approval. trips to the sun. The annnal rate of expenditure for postage paid amounted to $5,091,322, and, notwith­ It recognizes that motor vehicles would obviate some the transportation of the mail is $53. 076,413. The rate standing the great weight of the material carried at of the difficulties that market gardeners have now to of cost per mile of length of the route is $106.80. The pound rates, it paid only $3,527,032 of this amount. encounter in getting their produce to market, and ra.te of cost per mile traveled is 11'90 cents ; the aver­ The enormous discrepancy between the weight carried considers that it would certainly pay some enterpris­ age number of trips per week is 8-62. and the postage paid on second-class matter is admira­ ing carrier to make the venture. The. inland service can be divided into ten classes, bly shown by our diagram. The transportation of The Schwabischer Mercier says :- " Our Swabian in­ and a comparison is made in our engraving of the second-class matter at such an excessively low rate was, dustry has a gratifying success to record. The military length of the various routes. By " star route " is meant of course, the cause of the postal deficit of $6,610,776. motor wagons manufactured by the Daimler Motor a route where the means of transportation is other There are many abuses connected with second-class Company at Cannstatt, with which, as already men­ than railway, steamboat, street car, or pneumatic mail, such as the mailing of novels, trade organs, etc., tioned, exhaustive tests were made with various kinds tube. There are 22,482 star routes and their length is which conform to the letter, but not to the spirit of of weapons by the Ministry of War in the presence of 269,452 miles. The annual rate of expenditure for this the laws. If every Postmaster-General would make officers of high rank, in the neighborhood of Quedlin­ service is $5, 114,943. The annual travel is 1il2,068,807 strenuous efforts to rectify these abuse�, it would put burg and on the Brocken, were also exhibited to the miles. The daily travel for 365 days is 361,830 miles, or this department on a paying basis. Up to the present Emperor." The Berlin local paper reports as follows : seventeen times around the world. It is upon the star time, however, there does not seem to be any prospect .. We congratulate the Daimler Motor Company, which, routes that much of the romance of the Post Office De­ of relief. as is well known, is bringing out the patents of G. partment rests, and many of the carriers have per­ The weight of third·class matter carried is 68,227, 169 Daimler, on this new and grand success. Four ben­ formed heroic deeds. pounds, and the number of pieces mailed amounts zine motor wagons have been built experimentally Next on our diagram comes the railway service, which to 747,695,000 pieces, and the postage paid is $10,093,882, for the conveyance of the baggage of the troops and amounts to 176, 726 miles, divided among 2,617 routes. from which it will be t!een that the amount of postage for the speedy conveyance of the troops. They were The annual rate of expenditure for carrying the mails paid in this class is thoroughly adequate to produce a brought to notice by Major Madlung, of the Ministry on the railroads is $31,942, 150. This does not include surplus. of War. Before exhibiting them to the Emperor they the salaries of 8,388 railway post office clerks, who The weight of fourth-class matter is 21.776,347 were carefully tested in the country. The trial began receive the sum of $8,610,732. The annual travel upon pounds. The number of pieces mailed is 66, 174,000, at Quedlinburg, and extended over the Harz territory the railroads is 296, 782,270 miles. Dividing this total the postage paid being $3,421,181. The weight of to Gernrode, Suderode, Thale, an,} Hlakenburg. The by the number of days we obtain the daily travel on foreign mail carried is 7,760,377 pounds, and the cost is baggage wagons, the largest of which was loaded with railroads, which amounts to 813,000 miles, or thirty-one $2,546,80(j. 45 cwt., had not only to travel over the good, but steep trips around the world. There were handled by rail­ The figures which have just been shown make im­ mountain roads to Harzgerode, Hexentanzplatz, and way postal clerks during the year 7, 118,422,840 pieces posing totals. The number of pieces mailed in the Friedrichsbrllnn, but had also to go over stony and of first-classma tter, and 6,233, 569,885 of all other classes fiscal year which we are considering is 6, 576, 310,000. If sandy field roads and loose plowed lands for long dis­ of matter, making a total of 13,351,992, 725 pieces, which these pieces of mail matter were placed together they tances. Two baggage and two passenger wagons, includes 519,870,465 pieces of city mail separated in rail­ would make a band seven feet wide [',round the world. heavily loaded, undertook the daring feat of crossing way post offices. In addition there were handled by The total weight carried is 664, 286.868 pounds. To the Brocken from Quedlinburg, over Hexentanzplatz, the railway postal clerks 17, 537,058 packages, cases and transport this enormous weight would require 33,214 Treseburg, and Schierke, in' which they successfully pouches of registered mail. Wi th 1,312,388 errors made freight cars, forming a train 300 miles long, hauled by competed with the Brocken Rail way. From the summit by the clerks in distributing this matter, there were 500 locomotives, aggregating 500,000 horse power, and of the Brocken the four wagons performed the jour­ over 10,000 correctly forwarded pieces of mail to every the locomotives alone would require seven miles of ney over I1senburg, and Halberstadt to Magdeburg, in error made, constit�ting a remarkable record_ There track. It should be remembered that mail matter car­ six hours. On the second day, at midday, they reached were 799 casualities during the year to railway postal ried on trains is not packed tightly, as in the vast Berlin. A large number of officersacc ompanied the trial employes, and of this number 6 were killed and 50 seri­ train we are considering, where it is estimated that 10 journey from the beginning to the end. As already men­ ously injured. tons of matter are closely packed in mail bags. As a tioned above, the driving power was a benzine motor. The number of routes of steamboat mail carriers is matter of fact, only on very few trains is the mail car­ The baggage wagon has the appearance of the goods 178, and the length is 31,169 miles. The annual travel ried in this way. Sometimes a trailer or supply car is van of a train. The passenger wagon is similar to the amounts to 4,387,028 miles and the annual rate of ex­ used, which is packed solid with mail bags, and they motor cabs in use in Berlin. The Emperor ordered penditure is $550,454. The street car service amounts are brought forward to the sorters as becomes neces­ the wagons to drive in front of the New Palace, and to 1,926 miles and includes 267 routes. The annual sary. It is impossible to make any reliable comparison made inquiries of Major Madlung as to their construc­ travel is 4,978, 130 miles and the rate of expenditure is of mail as actually carried, a.nd it is possible to assume tion. It is said that the troop wagon intended for quick $275,448. The pneumatic tube service is only 8'05 miles that only freight cars are filled with mail, for the sake service can travel 40 kilometers per hour. Mr. V. Goss­ iIi length, so that it would hardly show upon our dia­ of argument. One of our diagrams gives a !�raphic rep­ ler, the Minister of War, and General V. Hahnka were gram_ The pneumatic tube service cost $222,266, and resentation of the way second· class matter is mailed. present at the inspection. The Emperor was not sparing it is confined to the cities of Boston, New York, Brook­ It shows that five cities receive practically all the in his praise of the unusual performance." Since the lyn and Philadelphia. The service has proved highly second-class matter mailed, New York receIvmg above was written we understand, says The Automotor efficient and has done away with many thousands of 80,586,745 pounds ; Chicago, 43,461,123 pounds ; St. .TournaI, that as a result of these trials the German War miles of wagon service. Letters for branch officescan Louis, 19,295,297 pounds ; Boston, 17,478,873 pounds ; Office has placed an order for five motor lorries with be forwarded at once by the pneumatic tube instead of Philadelphia, 17,172, 533 pounds ; all other places re­ the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft. Curiously enough, being held, as formerly, for the next regularly scheduled ceiving 262,239, 710 pounds. an offer to submit the same type of vehicle to trial by wagon or car trip. The labor of closing, recording, We now corne to the financial side. The postal rev­ the British W'ar Office was curtly rejected. Before, and verifying pouches is also done away with. There enue is represented in our engraving by a pile of ten­ however, condemning the War Office, we must remem­ are several minor means of transportation known as dollar gold pieces 47, 000 f�t high. Total revenue for ber that the type of motor referred to implies an abund­ special office routes, mail messenger routes and wagon the fiscal year 1899 was $95;021,384. The tutal expendi­ ant supply of petrol. In France and Germany such a routes in cities_ While some of them are very exten­ tures amounted to $101,632,160, leaving a deficit of supply could always be relied upon, even in war time, sive they do not call for special attention. $6,610,776. Had 176,351,613 pounds of mail matter, but petrol is, we fancy, a scarce commodity in South The question of weight naturallyoc cupies the second which was really thirdcclass,-:been transmitted at the Africa, and hence a petrol motor would have but a place in interest. Before discussing this, however, it pound rate, and paid for as it should have been, the very small cha.nce of successful opera.tion. SEPTEMBER IS, 1900. J titutifit �tUtt.itauc (£orre9pon�ence. by. It has also been observed that the column of Engineering Note •• moving air is much deeper toward the rear of the train, The British Admiralty are introducing a new weapon so that if we suppose the entire volume disturbed to in to the English Navy. It is a modification of the The Armament of Our Ne", Battleships and be made visible, it would present the spectacle of an Hotchkiss. but instead of being quick-firing the breecn Cruisers. enormous wedge-shaped body, accompanying the train mechanism is self-feeding and automatic. The gun To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : at varying velocities, trailing its outer strata along throws a 3-pound shell at the rate of 400 rounds per Those of your readers " ho, like myself, are interested the roadside, and pressing the swiftly moving cur­ minute. It will probably be officially designated as in naval matters would, I think, be glad to find in your rents nearest the train into the partially rarefied col­ the 3·pound automatic gun. colulllns an expression of your views on the armament umn that follows in the rear. After the train has Field Marshal Count Von Waldersee, who is to take of our new armored cruisers and battleships. rounded a sharp curve, the inertia of the air currents commaud the allied forces in China, has taken with That of the cruisers, as given in your issue of August of carries them a consiLierable distance, on the convex him to the scene of operations a portable asbestos 11, at page 90, viz., four 8-inch guns and fourteen 5-inch, side. in a Hne tangent to the curve. and the train pro­ house, which has been placed at his disposal by the would seem to be rather feeble for vessels of 13, 500 tons ceeds seveml hundred yards before an equal body of German government. The house is packed in sections, displacement. air is collected. It would seem, at first sight, that the ready for immediate erection, and when set up pro­ So many vessels of the armored cruiser class are now accumulation and disbursement of such large volumes vides seven large and comfortably appointed rooms. built with ample protection of 6-inch Krupp armor, of air should make a serious draught on the power or' The material of which the structure is manufactured is against which the 5-inch gun is quite ineffectual and the engine, bot that such an assumption is unwarrant­ called "asbestos slate." It is proof against fire and which even the 6-inch is powerless to penetrate at the ed is shown by the fact that, among others of similar water, is as hard as slate, and yet can be nailed and ranges which would obtain in action, that the sole re­ import. the slightest breeze, blowing at any angle planed like a piece of wood. The su bstance is very light liance of these cruisers for inflicting material injury on across the track, is sufficient to reduce them, on the and is an excellent insulating material against heat vessels of their own class must be upon their 8-inch windward side, to a depth too shallow to be safely ob­ and cold. gnns, and of these they are to carry but four, while the served from the roadside. For several years scientists and chemists have been "New York," if my memory serves me, carries six and A steam or sailing snip passes through a medium the " Brooklyn " eight, and their displacement is about conducting experiments and researches, with a view many times heavier, with relation to bulk, than itself, to discover a means of utilizing immense heaps of 4,000 tons less than that of the new cruisers. A recent which is quite the reverse of a railway train, and the design for armored cruisers for the Italian Navy calls spent sand and glass, discarded as refuse by the plate work of overcoming the inertia of the water, which is glass manufacturers. Messrs. Pilkington Brothers, for a vessel of 20 knots speed, 8,000 tons displacement, forced into currents of varying directions and velocities, well protected with 6-inch Terni armor and carrying who are probably the largest glass manufacturers in is, therefore, only superficially analogous to that of a Great Britain, have an accumulation of 1,500,000 tons twelve 8-inch guns. eight of which can be brought to train and its relation to air resistance. It is easy to of this residue at their works at St. Helen, in Lan­ bear on either beam and six ahead and astern. understand how a yacht's speed may be accelerated by Such a vessel would seem to be more than a match cashire, and over 1,200 tons are added to this huge pile a correctly drawn contour ; but it is doubtful if the ad­ every week. The question of the profitable disposal of for our new cruisers, and I am eager to know what vantages of a burnished surface below the water line. reason exists for gi ving ours such inferior offensive this waste has long occupied their serious attention. if at all appreciable, have ever been accurately de­ Dr. Ormondy, however, has discovered a means of con­ power in spite of their greater size. termined. If a film of water. however thin, clings to It may be, however. that in giving in your issue of verting this refuse into serviceable bricks. He has the walls, the work expended in polishing their sur­ subjected some of the bricks that he manufactured August 11, the armament proposed for t.he cruisers of faces has surely failed of the intended result. The fast 13,500 tons, that for those of 8,000 tons, authorized by frol.Q this material to very severe tests. The experi­ ship drives the water, owing to its inertia and inter­ ments have been eminently successful, and bricks the same act, has been given. changeability, in almost all directions ; the fast train, Even should this prove to be the case, we would still manufactured from this waste will soon be placed upon when passing through an equally still medium, owing the market. The process is said to be economical seem to have designed a much less powerful vessel than to its slight inertia, draws with it an enormous body of the Italian design of the same displacement.. and cheap. The bricks are said to be of the highest air. qnality, and particularly adapted to special operations, A silllilar cl'iticism, viz., that of carrying too few 8- A speed of twenty-five or thirty miles an hour is inch guns, may be made on the battleships of the besides ordinary building purposes, for which bricks very readily attained, by properly proportioned pas­ have not hitherto been proved serviceable. " Georgia " class. senger trains, for the reason that within these limits Apparently (SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, July 28, 1900) the horse power of the engine increases with enormous In the construction of the new bridge spanning the they are, like the " Kearsarge " and "Kentucky," to rapidity, and, with late cut-offs, the limit of the boiler's River Thames at London a curious difficulty has arisen. carry but four 8-inch guns. while the " Rhode Island " capacity is soon reached. At fifty miles an hour, with When the contract.ers submitted their tender to the and "Virginia." on the same displacement, carry eight, average sized driving wheels. the best ranges of ex­ London County Council, it was expected by both the armament in all other respects being the same. pansion are necessitated, and the utmost power of the parties that it would be possible to build the West­ with the exception that the .. Rhode Island " and engine is usually attained, owing largely, at higher minster abutment upon the blue clay. Operations "Virginia " have two less 6·inch guns than the speeds, to well-known difficulties of admission. com­ have disclosed the fact, however, that no blue clay ex­ " Georgias." pression and exhaust. Nevertheless, it is a well estab­ ists at that particular spot, and examinations of the One is forced to ask what advantages the " Georgias " lished fact, that on level roads. without any substan­ abutment of the old bridge which the present struc­ possess to compensate for their inferior armament, for tial increase in power, and at very high velocities in ture will replace have revealed the fact that the abut­ inferior it certainly is. spite of serious reductions in effective cylinder pres­ ment in this case did not rest upon the'blue clay either, I hope that you may deem these matters of sufficient sures, speeds of eighty, ninety. and even one hundred as was at first supposed, but rested upon an abutment interest and importance to justify an expression of miles an hour are still possible. As every ounce of of timber. To excavate down to the blue clay would opinion thereon on the part of the SCIENTIFIC AMER- train resistance, whether atmospheric or frictional, is entail such an enormous expense that it has been de­ ICAN. EDMUND AR E M. P K R. measured with unerring accuracy, by the horse power cided to follow the plan adopted in the construction of Peterboro, N. H. developed. and, as the maximum power cannot be the old bridge to build the abutment on piles. Conse­ maintained at these excessive speeds, it follows that quently (several hundred piles have been driven into Air Resistance to Movin" Bodies. the total train resistance mnst then be correspond­ the blue clay surmounted by a thick layer of concrete To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : ingly reduced, and especially as the work of speed ac­ with big blocks of stone embedded. This unlooked-for The experimentalists who have preceded Mr. Adams celeration must also be taken into account. There is development has considerably retarded the progress in the field of air resistance to fast railway trains. have a very promising field for scientific research in this of operations, but now the work of the erection of the shown, so far as we are able to judge, from the data connection, and it is safe to say that the elucidation piers is in full swing. Owing to the exceptional strength which they have placed at our disposal, that the cone­ of these remarkable facts will not be favorable to the of the tide at this point the work is rendered somewhat shaped body of air, which is swept along in front of commonly accepted theories of air resistance. dl/Iicult. When completed the bridge will be 80 feet in width and will be ornamented only in a sufficient de­ the locomotive, is quite at! efficient as any substitute W. F. CLEVELAND. gree to make it harmonize with modern ideas. The that they are able to devise for the reduction of Moncton, N. B.. Canada. frontal air resistance to the passage of the train. If bridge is not merely an ornament, but is to be of use. they could have first satisfied themselves that nature A Po",erful Developer. Eugineers cannot fail to be interested in the paper offers this assistance to the solution of the problem of The following developer is recommended by Mr. A. read by Dr. Goldschmidt, of Essen, at the meeting of fast transportation, it is probable that, like Mr. Adams, L. Henderson, of the London and Provincial Photo­ the German Gas and Water Association, Mayence, on they would have at once abandoned this part of the graphic Association : his new welding process with thermit. This snbstance, experiment, and confined their investigations to the NO. 1. a mixture of metallic oxides with aluminium, permits

...... _ ...... determination of the ex�t of the frictional resistance Hydroquinone ...... 120grains. a fusible mass of an especially high temperature to be ...... 40 against the larger surfaces of the following train. Metoi produced qUickly and simply. This finds employment ...... � ...... 40 N atnre's ., air-splitter " aLids nothing to the weight of Aduro!. in the production of chemically pure metals free from ...... _ ...... _ ...... 27 the train, and also reduces friction to the minimum. Water ounces. carbon-chromium, manganese, vanadium, and ferro­ The writer has endeavored to show, in previous arti­ No. 2. boron-and is of great importance in ornamental iron . ••••.•.• •••• ...... • ."' ...... 2 • cles, that the minimum of frictional resistance is also Sodium sulphite : ounces work. Further, it is used for welding pipes. and rails, ...... 60 attained by the envelop of air that accompanies the Sodinm hydrate grains." ...... •..... •••....••..•.••.•..60 can be welded at any place and at any time without Potassium carbonate entire train ; that this envelop of practically conjec­ ...... 27 Water ...... ounces. having a workshop, simply by means of a melting pot, to he tural air will always be present, however smooth the Equal parts of each used. at a very small cost. The welding is said to be very walls of the train. or regular and unbroken their con­ Restrainer :-Potassium cyanide, 20 grains to 1 ounce successful, and can stand a pressure of 400 atmospheres. tour ; and that all attempts to attain a lower resist­ of water, and of which 1 ounce could be mixed with Liquid thermit poured on to an iron sheet melts it as ance will necessarily fail, because there is no available every 4 ounces of developer. hot water melts snow. Iu Essen, Brunswick, and Han­ material for the construction of housings that will take The developer may be made up in two parts, one over the tram rails are welded by this system. The the place of the light and volatile substance that Na­ without the restrainer and another with. If the image process is as follows : The melting pot is filled with ture supplies and adjusts to the best possible ad van­ flashes up too quickly in the former, the plate should be some tar oil, an inflammable mixture is added, and tage� at once transferred to the restrainer solution. then lighted with a match. Spoonfuls of thermit are If railway trains were constructed with wide extend­ In this, instead of the shadows fogging over as usual, then added, which lights of itself ; the whole is quite ing projections, of large frontal areas, so that the vol­ they will remain perfectly clear, resulting in a com­ harmlflss. and temperatures of 3,000° C. can be obtained ume of air-displacement would be materially increased, plete graduated negative. He considers this restrainer in a few minutes. The contents of the melting pot are there evidently would be something to be gained by much better than the usual bromide. then poured on the parts to be welded. The melted their removal ; but as this is not the case, it is probable • '8' • mass in the melting pot is iron. called alumino-thermo that Mr. Adams' train, like every other. carries with it, THE indigo production in Java is rapidly falling off. iron ; on the top floats melted corundum, an alu­ in still weather. a large body of air, extending many Many of the planters are growing tobacco instead. The minium oxide. The operation is carried out so quickly feet on either side of the road-bed. artificial product is steadily displacing it. A new pro­ that th\l melting pot remains cold, and can be taken A light breeze is sufficient to remove the greater part cess is being nsed, however, which permits of obtaining in the hand after being emptied. A mixture of this of this body of air from the windward side of the train; a higher percentage of-coloring matter from the leaf and kind, if not too expensive, ought to be of great value to but OD the leeward liide it iiiliowewhat e�teDded tbere- a.llio produeell a. purer� il1diijo. the iroDfounder for l.IIuuil1iiIIwa.ll defeetli ill eaitings. titutifit !tuttitau. 168 J SEPTEMBER 15. 1900. PARIS EXPOSITION-LARGE ENGINE. SOME LIVING LAMPS. of some of these insects is given by Prof. Jaeger, the 'l'he main dynamo rooms of the Electrical Palace BY CHARLES F. HOLDEB. German naturalist, who says, .. I feel particularly in­ contain a number of large engines which drive the Some years ago Dr. Raphael Dubois, of Paris, pre­ debted to these little insects because during my excur­ generators used for the lighting and power of the Ex­ sented the writer with a photograph of the bust of sions in St. Domingo they were frequently the means position. The German section has four large engines, Claude Bernard, which possesses an unusual interest, of saving my life. Often has dark night surrounded three of which are of the upright type, double and having been taken by the light of a phosphorescent me in the midst of a dense forest on the mountain, - triple expansion ; t he fourth is a cross·compound of insect an elater-by M. E. Becqueral. The experi- where the little animals were my only guide." The the horizontal type. The illustration shows the engine light giver referred to is Pyrophorus noctilucus, which built by the Nuremburg Machine Company. It is ver­ is provided with three different lights ; on each side of tical com pound and is connected directly, on on.e side, the thorax is an oval yellowish spot which emits a to a large dynamo of 1,000 kilowatts, which gives alter­ brilliant yellowish- white light, throwing the rays up­ nating current at 5,000 volts, and on the other to a ward and outward, while between the metathorax and smaller direct current generator of 350 kilowatts. The the first abdominal segment there is a lower light llIore engine, of the two· crank type, gives normally 1,400 brilliant than either ; and owing to their disposition, horse power at 94 revolutions per minute, with a pres· the light flashes almost continuously as the insect sure of 147 pounds per square inch. It is provided whirls along. The light appears to be controlled by with a water jet condenser. The diameters of the stearn the will of the anilllal, Il.S when the insect is feeding or cylinders are 34!� and 53)4' inches, with a 27·inch stroke. eating it is not seen, but becoming especially brilliant The engine is bolted to a bed-plate, which consists of when the animal flies. two part.s ; each part is cast in one piece with two I have frequently experimented with these attrac­ bearing�. The shaft has a coupling at each end for tive little creatures in the South. The light whee held connecting with the dynamos. The weight of the en­ very close to the large print of a book displayed th3 gine, without fly-wheel, is about 1,320 tons. The fly­ letters 80 that th ey could be read ; the tillle of night wheel shown on the right, between the engine and was also told by holding the insect close to the face dynamo, is provided with teeth around the periphery, of a watch. The color of the light was green. Dubois engaging with el ectrically·driven turning gear ; the states that the eggs of a specimen kept by him gave latter is driven by a direct current motor which gives out a bluish light. This naturalist found that the 10 horse power at 600 revolutions ; the motor can give eggs retained their luminosity for a week, the light re­ a complete revolution of the shaft in about five min­ viving when the eggs were placed in water. He pro· utes. The large dynamo on the left is of the three· d uced luminous water by grinding the luminous phase type, built by Lahmeyer & Company, of Frank­ organs to a powder and dissolving it in water which fort ; it has the field magnets fixed around the peri· at once assumed the appearance of molten metal. phery, and the armature, on a large exterior frame, The intensity of light is by no means in proportion completely encloses the field magnets. The diameter PHOTOGRAPH OF BUST OF CLAUDE B�RNARD, TAKEN to the size of the anilllal. of the rotating part is 18 feet 3Ys inches, and the diam­ BY THE LIGHT OF A PHOSPHORESCENT INSECT. One of the most remarkable and brilliant light givers eter of its center of gravity 15 feet 6)4 inches. The I have ever observed was a marine worm almost invisi­ fly-wheel consists of four pieces held together by bolts ments and their details which led up to this were vel'Y ble to the naked eye ; so small, in fact, that it would not and wrought iron rings ; to this the magnet·cores, of interesting, but in this connection it is sufficient to say be noticed by the casual observer. I have seen the sur­ wrought iron, are bolted ; they are provided with that the picture was produced after an exposure of an face of dark corners of a 'louthernCalif ornian bay dotted wrought iron pole-pieces. The magnets are wound hour to the rays of light of this small insect. Later M. with seellling candlelight.s, the effulgence of this minute with copper ribbon, insulated with paper, and are ex­ Becqueral succeeded in taking a successful picture in creatu re. At first it was noticed on the bottom, form­ cited by the small dynamo mounted on the outer end ing a luminous spot as large as fifty-cent piece ; this twenty minutes, and another in two minutes; all of a ' of the shaft. The exterior crown or armature is built which is suggestive of the possibilities of the light rapidly increased until a light as large and as circular up of laminated iron, held in a cast iron frame, and produced by animals. as a dinner platp. appeared. So large and brilliant a the two end-plates, with their arms, consolidate the Au excellent illustration of the splendor of the light light could seemingly be prod uced only by a large whole. The dynamo animal, but suddenly on the other side is the light began to di­ a multipolar direct minish, then rise curren t generator, fro m the bottom, with 12 poles. coming up in a zig· ••• zag course, trailing It.l ethod oC Reckon­ blue, green, yellow, Ing 'I'hoe in Spain. and white flashes be· The Queen Regent hind it u n til it h::!.s signed a deGree reached the surface, esta b lish i n g the where it rested, form· method of account· ing a phosphorescent ing time in the king· light the size of a dom, the decree to pea, but so bright take elIect January that it could be dis· 1, 1901, viz. : tinguished thirty or (1) In all railway, more feet away. On mail (including tele· certain w& rm nights g r:J.p h), telephone, I have seen the sur­ and steamship ser­ face dotted with vice in the Peninsula t hem. W hen dis· and the Ballearic Isl­ turbed the spot swam ands, and in all the off with a wriggling ministerial 0 ffi c e s , illotion, emitting as the courts, and all it went the various public works, time hued lights which shall be regulated by seemed to be thrown the time of the Green· off as a luminous wic h Observatory, fluid. Yet this bril­ commonly known as liant light giver was Western European a minute, almost in­ time. visible, worm. (2) The comp u­ The com bined light tation of the hours of noctilucre is often in the above-men­ so brilliant that by tioned services will constant irritation a be made from the light is produced by hour of midnight to which large print can the following mid· be read. A French night in hours from natu r a I ist on the 1 to 24, omitting the African coast impro­ words tarde (after­ vised a lamp of these noon) and noc h e living lights by tak· (night), heretofore in ing a tube fifteen customary use. millimeters in diame· (3) The h 0 u r of tel' and placing in midnight will be des­ it noctilucre, so that ignateci as 24. t hey formed a band (4) The interval, at the surface twenty for instance, bet ween millimeters in thick­ midnight (240) and 1 ness, when it was o'clock will be de· found that the light signated as 0'05, 0'10, was sufficient to read 0'59. large t.ype by at a ...... distance of two feet. THERE are 13,000, 000 To effect this the ani· a c res of primeval mals WE're agitated forests in Cuba. DGINE IN THE ELECTRICAL PALACE, PARIS EXPOSITION. with a stick : but if a SEPTEMBER 15, 1900. 169 large number are placed in a glass of milk they con­ LAYING A 24·INCH GAS MAIN ACROSS THE HARLEM Borough of Manhattan to the Borough of the Bronx, vert the glass into a white light the intensity of which RIVER. across the Harlem River, is about completed. 'I' he lasts several moments. BY G. H. P. X'VEY. purpose of this pipe is to supply additional illuminat­ Another interesting example of a brilliant light I ob­ The work of laying a 24-inch gas main from the ing gas to the Borough of the Bronx from the mains in served in a very small animal, in the San ' Manhattan Borough. Gabriel Valley. In walking just after night­ To complete this undertaking the Con­ fall, I noticed, by the path, an intense solidated Gas Company arranged with the white light, which was found to be a minute Seaboard Contracting Company, the latter myriapod about a tenth of an inch in length; employing a number of hands and an enor­ so small that I had difficulty in picking it mous plant to operate the work. up, t hough the light gleamed brightly. The plans of the work were designed by When it was finally secured it was seen that Mr. W. H. Bradley, Chief Engineer, and the light was upon the head, while another, Mr. Colin C. Simpson, the General Super­ half as bright, was seen upon the tail. The intendent of mains for the gas company. head light was extremely beautiful, remind­ The pipe crosses the river from a point in ing one of a blazing match, and was con­ Manhattan at One Hundred and Thirty­ tinuous. ninth Street to a point at One ,Hundred and A number of myriapods are phosphor­ Thirty-eighth Street in the Bronx, north of escent. Geophilus electric us of Europe is and adjoining the Madison A ven ue bridge. a light giver, and often makes a magnifi­ Preliminary work was commenced in the cent display, when suddenly uncovered ; M. river last April by cutting away the bulk­ Audoin describing the soil as sprinkled with head on the westerly or Manhattan shore " gold where he disturbed them. One of the and by removing about 100 feet of the ice most remarka.ble displays from these insects fender pier of the bridge. This was done to was observed by Mr. B. E. Hrodhurst, who enable the dredge and its accompanying says that the light was so brilliant that he dumping scow to operate at this point. first observed it twenty paces away. It re­ About 50 tons of rock and earth, as well as sembled an electric light in its brilliancy, a mass of timber, had to be removed from and was produced by two centipedes, and the Manhattan bulkhead, which work was the luminous train they left behind. "The done mainly by the divers. This opening in light illumined the entire body of the ani­ the bulkhead was 60 feet long, 6 feet wide, mal, and seemed to increase its diameter and from 5 to 25 feet deep. Four-inch yel­ three times. It flashed along both sides of low pine tongued and grooved sheathing, the creature in sections, there being about 25 feet long, was driven, in order to hold six from head to tail between which the up the sides and thus protect the divers light played. The light behaved precisely while they were at work, and also to pre­ like the electric light, moving, as it were, vent the trench from again filling up with perpetually in two streams, one each side, silt. and yet lighting up the whole body. The The divers who performed this dangerous trail extended from one and one· half feet duty, besides cutting away the bulkheads METHODS OF JOINING PIPE IN �HEHA�� MAll All BULKHEAD. from each centipede over the grass and and fender pier, had to make the soundings, gravel walk and it had the appel1rance of illu­ guide the suction pipe which removed the mud minating mucous." from the submarine trench, and also place the It is possible to read by the light of the hum­ wooden blocking under the pipe where ne­ ble earthworm. One of the most brilliant dis­ cessary. plays of animal phosphorescence I have ob­ To locate the direction of the trench, transit served came from such a source. Its dis­ lines were taken from each shore. The trench covery was accidental. In passing through has a fall of four feet in a hundred from both an orange grove one rainy night in Southern shores to the center of the river. It is 20 feet California, I kicked aside a large clump of wide and from 10 to 20 feet deep, according to earth, when to all intents and purposes a mass the depth of the mud and silt in the bottom of of white molten metal went flying in every di­ the river. The extreme length of the trench is rection, affording an unusual display. The 750 feet, from which 14,000 cubic yards of mud cause of the light was a single, possibly two, was dredged. earthworms, not over two inches in length. In course of time this trench will again fill The luminous matter was exuding from them up with the mud and silt deposit, thus afford· and had permeated the surrounding soil, ren­ ing ample protection to the pipe, which will lie dering it phosphorescent. The light-emitting on the hard clayey bed at a depth in the cen­ mucous came offup on my hands, and the light ter of the river of 32 feet below mean low lasted several seconds, gradually fading away. water. Possibly the most remarkable light ever used Where the surface of the bed is depressed or for purposes of reading is the beautiful Pyroso­ uneven, heavy 6 by 12 pine timbers from 3 to 10 ma, a columnar, jelly·like creature, one of the feet long were laid at right angles to the pipe free·swimming Tunicates. 'fhey are usually in order to block and grade it. This latter from one to two feet in length and three or precaution was taken in order to prevent THE LAS� LENGTH OF PIPE BEING LOWERED �O POSITION. four inches across, open straining, and also to at one end. The col­ avoid the formation of umn is an aggregation a trap or drip into of animals, each of w h i c h condensation which · takes in water would flow and settle, and expels it by an ori­ thereby choking the ficein the interior; and easy flow of the gas. this volume of water A depression of the rushing from the open pipe has been provided end propels the animal for, however, in the along. Its luminosity middle of the river, is wonderful, its name, about 35 feet below fire body, well chosen. mean low water mark. To illustrate its inten­ At this point a drip· pot sity, a Portugese sea has been provided, captain secured 6 of the which takes the place animals, which he of an ordinary length placed in glass jars of pipe. It will hold which were suspended 180 gallons. From the from the ceiling of his top of the drip-pot there cabin. By their own will extend to the sur­ light he wrote a de­ face a standpipe, by scription of their beau­ means of which the con­ ties. Bennett, the Eng­ densation will be pump­ lish naturalist, placed ed out. a deep-sea shark, of the The iron pipe used in genus Isistius, in a jar this submarine work is in his cabin and could known as Warn's flexi­ easily have read by its ble joint. Each length light, describing the ap­ is 12 feet long, 24 inches pearance of the fish as in diameter at the body truly ghastly. and 29 inches at the ••• hub or socket. The THERE are said to be iron is one inch thick at . least 5,207 motor and each length weighs cycles in France, on two tons. which the annual tax Each joint required bas been paid. KETHOD OF JOINING AND LAUNCHING THE FINISHED PIPE. 250 pounds of lead to. J ,ieutifi, jtutri'Jn. SEPTEMBER 15, 1900. calk it. It is the heaviest pipe for its diameter that sembles the familiar mushroom anchor, and is a saucer­ An Exhibition of Fire-Saving Apparatull at was ever laid. like disk of iron, upon the concave side of which are Berlin. There were sixty· five lengths used in crossing the forged lugs, to hold the shackles and ring for attaching An exhibition of fire-preventing and fire-saving river. The manner of joining the lengths was some­ the chain. Between the lugs is a hole 1� inches in arrangements will be held in Berlin during the months what novel and was as follows : The first half dozen diametel·, and it is by the direction of a strong stream of June and July, 1901, on the place where the military lengths were joined on blocking in the opening of the through this hole, against the bottom of which the con­ exercises are held at Moabit, and application for space crib work on the Manhattan shore. When the block­ vex surface of the saucer rests, that the device can be must be made by the 1st of October, 1900. Only arti­ ing was taken away the pipe hung suspended from sunk to any desired depth. The disk which was used cles which answer the purpose of the exhibition will be overhead supports. was only ten inches in diameter, and it was not con­ accepted, and they will be taken only after examina­ 1' he first length was then laid close to the place templated tha.t any conditions could arise which would tion by the managing committee. State premiums, where it would connect with the land pipe. The next demand a greater magnitude than 24 inches. The tug prizes, and· medals will be given. The rules of the ex­ fivele ngths were then lowered into the water by ropes steamed out to Ulmer Park ; a 5·inch disk was attached position seem rather severe and arbitrary, but it will and chains, while the seventh length and the four fol· to a 2· inch pipe, and lowered into the water. When undoubtedly afford an excellent opportunity for lowing were put together on the scow which had the disk struck the bottom, which is 11 feet down at American inventors to exploit their device�, and the launching ways constructed on it arranged on an in­ this point, a stream of water was sent through the medals and premiums will certainly prove of value. clined plane. pipe. The disk was sunk 12 feet in the space of five The general plan includes : When each section was properly jointed and calked minutes and thirty· eight seconds. The disk was then 1. Organization of the fire brigade, dealing with the scow was carefully drawn ahead from under the disengaged by means of an iron pipe, which was low­ clothing and equipment of fire brigades, horse equip· pipe and the completed lengths allowed to grad ually ered down, and a stream of water was again turned on. ment, dwellings for the firemen, apparatus extinguish· drop to the river bed by means of a movable launch­ A hole is made in the bottom, which releases the disk ers, escapes, apparatus for illuminating the way to and ing ways suspended frolll the stern of the scow. As so that it can be easily brought up. at the scene of fire. Chemical fireexting uishing Illeans fiveof the regular lengths were all that couid be joined The next test was that of mooring strl'ngth, and this and machinery. Water supply and firearms. on the scow at one time, the operation of launching was made near the middle of the bay, the depth of the 2. Assistance in case of necessity and danger. Ambu­ each set of lengths was continued until the river was water being 23 feet. The 10·inch disk was again used lance corps. Relieving persons and animals and trans­ almost crossed. When the Bronx shore was nearly and was lowered to a depth of 10 feet, the time required porting the same in cases of accident. Danger caused reached the section of the pipe then on the scow was being thirteen minutes and two seconds. A buoy was by water. dropped off while the length nearest the shore was then attached to the disk and the party returned for 3. Extra professional work. Cleaning streets. Water· held suspended above the river surface by means of luncheon. In an hour the vessel steamed back and a ing streets. the big dl'rrick moored alongside. '£ he lengths of pipe 4. Fire·protecting means. Fireproof building con· could no longer be joined in the usual IlJallller on the structions. Lightning conductors. Heating appa­ scow for want of room. ratus. Chimney sweeping. Fire·protecting apparatus The derrick boat and launching scow were then for dwellings, schools, hospitals, churches, factories, storehouses, mining and electrical plants, theaters, moored to a position on each side of the pipe, bridged ...... ,-, .' together, and the final lengths thus supported and [ etc., also insurance against fire. joined by aid of the overhead timbers, and from them 5. Organization for the benefit of brigades. .'�'" : : easily dropped into the now shallow trench leading to 6. Subjects of instruction, art, and hterature, 1:" l:,I " • I ... ' . the land pipe on the Bronx shore. :' II :: • I New- Forlll of Foucault PendululIl. When the complete line of pipe was laid across the !: river a tension equivalent to 75 tons was brought to w·1:I, ·--··-·-·····•�·�-· I ----······· In a paper read before the Academie des Sciences, bear on the end of the completed pipe, in order to take ,: " :)-----l1l.....lJ-l1JII M. Alphonse Berget describes a series of I'xperiments � . "i 1 up whatever looseness there might have been in the ,! : I carried out by him with an improved form of Foucault joints. This slack amounted to almost a foot after the i! pendulum. Taking a:s a base the invariability of the enormous strain, which lasted over an hour, was with­ � ! plane of the pendulum, Foucault was the first to de­ drawn. .: !. monstrate the rotation of the earth by his famous ex­ The laying of this pipe and setting the drip in the periment made in 1851 ; in this he used as a pendulum __ .� ______t L _�� ______middle of the river necessitated the temporary clOSing L � a long metal wire having at the end a heavy spherical of both channels of the strl'am,and in order to obstruct DRIP POT TO GATHER WATER OF CONDENSATION, ma.ss. A stylus, fixed under the sphere, strikes two trafficas little as possible this part of the work small heaps of sand, placed at the extremities of was performed at night. the course, and the progressive marks on the sand:as the pendulum oscillates show the direction The New-port Autonlobile Races. and magnitude of the phenomenon. The pendu­ The first automobile race meet was held at lum of Foucault, it may be remarked, is many Aquidneck Park, near Newport, R I., on Sep­ feet in length, an d rises nearly to the height of tember 6, and was one of the 1U0st interesting the Gothic vault of the Conservatoire des Arts sporting events ever held in New England. It was et Metiers, where it is now preserved. M. Berget attended by 9,000 persons, and the cottagers were wished to reprod uce the experiment, using a pen­ vrl'sent in larll:enum bers. As a result of the racl'S, dulum of but 3 feet in length, and has con­ Mr. William K. Vanderbilt, Jr., holds the first structed an instrument by which the rotation of championship of America, beating all vehicles the earth is clearly marked. A cylindrical rod of with his large French racing machine. The dis­ bronze carries at the end a copper cylinder weigh­ tance for all the races was five miles. ing about 4 pounds ; its height upon the rod is Among those who raced their machines were � made adjustable by a screw· thread. At the upper CoL J. J. Astor, Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt, Jr., Mr. � part of the rod is a knife·edge suspension, very Royal Phelps Carroll, Mr. George I. Scott, and carefully made, upon which the pendulum Mr. Peter Coopel· Hewitt. In the trial heats for � swings. Underneath the center of the pendu­ OF GAS MAIN gasolene vehicles, Mr. Vanderbilt's racing machine MAP AND SECTION . lum is fixed a horizontal graduated circle, car­ was pitted against two others. Mr. Vanderbilt rying a slide which is movable around it by a had little difficultyin vanquishing his two adversaries, %-inch chain was attached to the disk, and the power­ tangent-screw ; the slide carries a horizontal micro­ and was three·quarters of the stretch ahead in 8 min­ ful tug boat was not able to stir it, notwithstanding the scope, which may be directed to the center or near it. utes 53� sl'conds. fact that the engines were 450 horse power. The strain The slide has a vernier by which it reads to 30 seconds. In the first race the first heat was won by ·Mrs. on the chain and hawser was terrific and finally, after Three strong oak legs support the upper table carry­ Herman Oelrichs by default, and the second heat was nineteen minutes' work, the �mall disk was oislodged. ing the suspension ; the pendulum rod passes through won hy Mr. A. L. Riker, 10:44, who also won the final The members of the party were particularly well this, and the lower part, carrying the stylus, takes a heat, 13. The second race was given up to tricycles ; pleased by the demonstration and it is believed that position of repose in the central part of the divided the first heat was won by Mr. A. K. Skinner, in 10:30�; where the disk was properly .�unk, the time allowed circle, which is supported on the lower part of the tri­ the second heat was won by Mr. Charles S. Henshaw, for the hole made by the water pressure to fill in, none pod. All the parts are thus consolidated. The whole in 9:52, and the third heat by Mr. A. K. Skinner, in of the largest ships afloat would be able to dislodge it. is placed upon a monolith pillar, separated from the 9:12. In the third race the contesting vehicles were The danger to navigation caused by shifting buoys is floorof the laboratory. driven by steam and the first heat was won by Mr. L. very great, so that an invention which tends to do away The experiments were carried out in the physical T. Davis in 10:45� ; the second heat by Mr. F. H. with this danger is sure to prove of value. research laboratory of the Sorbonne. '£ he circle being

McDuffee in 10:56, and the final heat was won by Mr. • • • made horizontal and its center brought under the McDuffee in 10:52. stylus, the pendulum is drawn from its position of Opening of an Andree Buoy. The fourth race, gasolene vehicles, was won by Mr. equilibrium through a very slJlall angle, by binding it At a recent meeting of the Academy of Science at William K. Vanderbilt, Jr. , in 8:58� j the second heat with a piece gf thread to a S1rew placed in the plane Stockholm, and in the presence of Arctic explorers was won by Mr. 'N. Bishop by default, as already men· of symmetry of the microscope. After all oscillation tioned above, and the final heat was won by Mr. Van­ N ordensckWld, N athorst and others, the Andree buoy, ceases, the microscope is directed upon the stylus, its derbilt, the time being 8:53�. In the final champion­ which was recently found near Iceland, was opened. point coincid;ing with the center of the cross·wires of ship, all the winning vehicles were allowed to compete, The buoy bore the inscription "Andree's Polar Ex­ the micros�ope. The thread holding the pendulum is pedition, No. 3, 1896." Though it had lost its original and the race was won by Mr. William K. Vanderbilt, then burned by a flume,and the oscillations commence ; Jr., with his gasolene racing machine, his time being color, it was quite undamaged, owing to the defective it is remarkable that from the second oscillation, or in construction of the screw of the upper portion of the 8 :54 ; Mr. A. K. Skinner, tricycle, 9:22, second ; Mr. A. four seconds after the start, the observer sees the appar­ L. Riker, electric, 10:28�, third. Mr. F. H. McDuffee, buoy; the latter could become unscrewed very easily by ent displacement of the image toward the right in the with his steam vehicle, did not finish. the waves or by pressure from the icl'. The buoy field of the instrument. As the microscope inverts the could not have fallen eit.her on land or on ice, as the •••• • real position, the stylus is displaced from right to left, A New- Mooring Device. under portion, which'is copper, bore no indentation as as theory indicates. The delicacy of the instrument is the result of such a fall. This is the first Andr6e buoy A public test of the Langston mooring device, in­ thus apparent ; it even permits of making quantita­ which has been picked up with its upper screw and vented by F. B. Langston, took place September 6, in tive measurements, which corrl'spond closely with the copper shell in their proper cODdition. These have the presence of several army and navy officers, as well theoretical values. This is done by turning the tan­ as representatives of the Lighthouse Board. The in­ hitherto been missing. gent-screw so as to bring the image back to the center spection party went aboard the tug " Albert H. Ellis," of the cross-hairs at the end of each oscillation. A and the inventor described his device, the object.. of THE RichmOl�d Locomotive Works has received its number of determinations were thus made, which gave which is primarily to keep buoys and lightships from third order for locomotives frow the Finland Street for a deviation of 10 the time 6 minutes 5 seconds, ptting out of position in a ltorw. It IOlnewhat r� Railways. which il quite nea.r the true value. SEPTEMBER 15, 1<)00. J Citutific �mtricJu. THE CLIMATE OF OUR NEW POSSESSIONS. region. Cocoa is cultivated to the greatest advantage prevailing wind. remarkably improve, although in * BY PROF. GUSTAVE MICHAUD, D.8. only from 300 to 1,500 feet above sea level ; bananas, widely different ways, the climate of many large Our knowledge of the climate of our tropical posses· from sea level to 5, 000 feet above ; coffee, from 1,500 cities in our new possessions. They are of considerable sions is derived from observations made by Spanish to 4.500 feet above sea level ; tobacco, from sea level intensity only in places situated between the sea and a.nd Weather Bureau observers. The work of the lat­ to 3,500 feet above ; Indian corn, from sea level to some highland and not more than half a score of miles ter, of course, extends over a relatively short period. 5,000 feet above ; vanilla and the rubber tree, from from either. A glance at the map will sltowthat most The series of observations made under Spanish rule sea level to 1,000 feet above. These numbers, of of the littoral cities in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and are frequently broken, but they are nearly al ways the course, are only approximative. They are the results the Philippines come within these conditions. work, if not of trained observers, at least of scientific of random observations, not of scientificin vestigations. Sea breeze results frOID the action of the rays of the persons. A few years ago, however, experiments conducted at tropical sun on the Jand. Heated by its contact with In Puerto Rico and Cuba, the work of the Weather the expense of the Costa Rican government by the the burning soil, the air rises ; air blows from the sur­ Bureau, although covering a period of only about two author of this article enabled him to ascertain, with face of the cool sea to fill the partial vacuum thus pro· years, has been remarkably thorough. Inqeed, it may more accuracy than would have been possible in the duced. Land breeze is the result of the contrary be said that the importance of the Cuban and Puerto case of other plants, that sugar eane culture for sugar action. During the night, the quick cooling of the Rican Weather Bureau Reports rises far above that of making was the most profitable from 900 to 2,500 feet soil through radiation causes in the neighboring air a mere local help given to agriculture, or even fall of temperature and thereby an increase above that of the forecasting of West Indian of pressure and of density, two circumstances r-�_ao'--,--rB_h . ...M_3lC p_r ay unB j _u�_B�pl ___OY._ hurricanes, for from the work of the sixiy­ .,h ---,A il .-----,M �J_--r--Jnl.:... A gus1 ff IJcl N Dec--.. �§ which act together to push it down toward one Pnerto Rican and Cuban meteorological the sea. Sea breeze begins to blow at about �W,'1THLY RAINFALL IN INCHES. :l:� stations the scientific world is now getting its )lEI'ER&�CE TO SlUDINCl 10 A. M:, and dies away in the evening. Land most co� plete and accurate information on breeze arises at about 8 P. M. and blows in the many peculiarities of the tropieal climate. &10 ... 2. opposite direction until dawn. Land breeze The following chart shows the fluctuations, is cold from its mode of formation and also be­ through the year, of the mean monthly tem­ cause it generally comes from high land. Sea perature in our new tropical possessions and, breeze is cool too because the sea never gets by way of comparison, in New York city, dur­ heated as land does. Both bring comfort not ing those months only in which the climate of only through their coolness but also because that city bears some analogy to that of tropical they quickly renew the layers of air in contact regions. Besides mere monthly variations of with the body and thereby increase vaporiza­ temperature, these curves show another climatic tion by the skin. feature without the knowledge of which it is Sea and land breezes modify the climate of impossible to get an adequate idea of the effect our tropical possessions in two different ways of tropical heat on the human organism ; according to the relation which those local during the dry season, which, in every island winds bear to the prevailing wind (trade wind of our tropical empire lasts about six months, in Cuba and Puerto Rico, monsoons in the the heat, whether great or not. acts on the Philippines). system about as it does in the course of our In places where the prevailing wind coincides summers, that is, the air is neither much dryer more or less in its direction with that of the nor much damper than in New England in sea breeze, it increases its velocity and de· July, but during the other half of the year the creases that of the night ·land breeze. As a atmosphere is extremely damp ; evaporation result of that action, the days cannot be hot by the skin-the only process through which and the nights cannot be cooL The climate is our organisms resist heat-is thereby restrict­ remarkable for its smail daily range of tempera­ ed, and suffering is greater than it would be in ture, that is, for its uniformity. most sections of the United States for a same If, on the contrary, the prevailing wind blows degree of temperature. In the following chart in the direction of the night land breeze, it in­ the shading of the thermic curves is propor­ creases its force and decreases or even annihil­

tional to the amount of rain fallen in the corre· 71 ates the day sea breeze, thus making the days sponding month, so that one can estimate at sultry and creating. during the night, more

a glance the amount of discomfort which may ;0 cold than one would expect to feel under the be expected in any particular month, not only NEW YORK tropics. The abundant data just furnished by from the mere intensity of the heat, but also the network of Puerto Rican meteorological from its nature, that is, from its being com­ Fig. I.-TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL IN OUR NEW POSSESSIONS. stations enable us to give the followin6" il­ paratively damp or dry. as the case may be. lustration of these facts : '.ro complet.e the information contained in In Puerto Ri co, the prevailing wind is the this chart, it is necessary to state that in none northeastern trade. On the northeastern lit­ of our new insular possessions temperature ever toral, it blows in the direction of the sea rises much above or goes much under the breeze. On the south western coast, it adds monthly averages shown by the curves. The its effect to that of the night land breeze. highest temperature ever recorded at Manila Hence two widely different climates exist on is 100, at Havana 101, and at San Juan 100. the two coasts. Continuance of heat more than its intensity On the northeastern littoral, we find four is the character, par excellence, of tropical meteorological stations : San Juan, Canovan­ climate. While a tropical and a temperate as, Luquillo and Fajardo. We have taken, fo� country may both have, for one summer month, each month of the year, the average daily maxi· averages nearly identical, there is always be­ mum and minimum of temperature of these tween the two this difference, that in the tropi­ four stations. With those two classes of month· cal country the thermometer seldom goes more ly data, we constructed two curves. The dis­ than ten degrees above or below the monthly tance extending between them, for any month, average, while, outside of the tropics, in the so­ is of course proportional to the average daily called temperate zone, a thermometric month­ range of temperature, for that month, on the ly average is generally the result of the most northeastern coast. Tho same work waf'> done extraordinary jumps above and under the for the four stations of Mayaguoz, Lajas, Yauco number expressing it. and Ponce which covers the southwestern The climates of Manila, Honolulu, Havana, coast, and both diagrams were superposed in ' and San Juan represent probably fairly enough order to allow the oye to make instantaneous the relation existing between the climates of the comparisons. Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. The data thus charted show that the daily Other places in those islands have not always, range of temperature is invariably the greater however, the climate of the capital, for besides on the southwestern littoral, and that, i·n Febru­ latitude, which, within the tropics, has not ary and July, it becomes about twice that of the much influence on the average yearly tempera­ northeastern coast. Such facts prove the im­ ture, two principal factors modify the climate portance of the combination of the local and

of tropical regions, i. e .• altitude, and in places prevailing wind as a climatic factor in our tropi· on or near the coast, sea, and land breezes cal possessions. in their combination with the prevailing The superiority of the climate of the Hawa­ wind. Fig. S.-INFLUENCE OF SE A BREEZE, LAND BREEZE, AND TRADE WIND iian archipelago over that of our other tropieal Altitude is the more important of these two ON THE DAILY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE IN PUERTO RICO. archipelagoes is due to the truly insular position factors. Every 300 feet brings a decrease of of these islands. Remoteness of land is also the about one degree in the average temperature and a cor­ above sea level and cea.sed to be remunerative above cause which makes the summer of Puerto Rico less hot responding change in the vegetation. Tropical agri­ 4,600 feet. * than that of Cuba. Again, the neighborhood of the culture differs widely according to the height of the Health resorts in Cuba., Puel'to Rico, and the Philip­ American continent, together with difference in lati· pines are places situated at heights varying from 1,500 tude, causes the Cuban winter to be somewhat cooler * The sources from which I took the data charted in the drawings are the following : feet up. Such places, however, deserve their name only than that of Puerto Rico. Of all our new territorial ac­ For Honolnlu : Manuscript ; data compiled ror me by the United during the dry season. During the other half of the quisitions, the Philippines have the hottest and. in States Weather Bureau. year, the dampness of a rarefied air lowers in some un­ summer, the dampest climate. The curve of Manila in For Puerto Rico : 1st. Puerto Rico Section of the Climate and Crop. definablema nner the vitality of the human organi!;m our first chart fully illustrates a popular saying of Publication began in May, Data was complied from all number8. 1899. and seems to be more debilitating than sojourning in the Spaniards in the Philippines : down to June, ]900. 2d. Observations made under the auspices of the Jefatura de obras pnblicas de Puerto Rico. Published in Report of tbe the hot, and also damp, but compressed air, Ilome Cuatro mese. de polvo. Chief or Weather Bureau for 1897-98. thousands of feet below. Cuatro meses de lodo. For Havana : Observations made at Belen College. Republished in Sea and land breezes, in their combination with the Cuatro meses de todo. Report of Chief Weather Burean for of 1897-98. Which , beinJr interpreted, means : Four months of For Manila : Ohservations made tbe Observatorio Meteorologico de lit lIlilnlla. Republished iI. Reportot tbe Cblef ot Weatber Bureau for 1897--118 • SOIJllNTU'lO AliIlBIOJ.N Strl'l'LIlJUIINT, No. 91lS. dwst, four montbs of mud, four month. of everythiDIir. SEPTEMBER 15. 1<)00.

Tel!lla'l!I Patentl!l Upheld. was prepared by the usual reaction ; this was trans­ over the surface of Lake Erie, and it is hoped to make Judge William K. Townsend recently gave, at New formed to acetate, which is but slightly soluble, by a new record for long range work. The object of the Haven, Conn., an opinion which upheld the Tesla elec­ adding acetate of sod ium in excess. The chromous display is to demonstrate to official commissions of trical patents, which had been infringed upon by sev­ acetate, freed by washing from the other salts, is de­ foreign oountries the great capabilities of American eral parties. The decision was remarkable in view of composed by the proper quantity of dilute sulphuric plants to undertake the filling of all military and the fact that it went outside the usual verbiage of the acid. After having expelled the acetic acid by ebulli­ naval orders of foreign States. Court which is used in confirming the validity of pat­ tion, the proper proportion of sulphate of ammonium •••• • ents. Judge Townsend said : "A careful study of the is added. The liquid, by concentrating and cooling, The Building Edition Cor September. evidence shows that Tesla has made a brilliant dis­ deposits blue crystals, which are separated from the The Septem ber number of the BUILDING EDITION covery. It remained to the genius of Tesla to capture mother liquor, always out of contact with air, and OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has the usual choice the unruly, unrestrained and hitherto opposing ele­ dried upon kaolin. This is the double salt of chromi­ selection of houses of various prices, and among the ments in the fields of nature and art, and to harness um and ammonium ; it appears in fine crystals of a other interesting features are ., The Scoville Memorial them to draw the machines of man. It was he who blue color, resembling copper sulphate. Analysis gives Library at Salisbury, Conn." ; "A Group of Artistic first showed how to transform the toy of Arago into an the formula CrSO. + (NH.).SO. +6H.0. Water dis­ Door Knockers," measured details of interior fittings, engine of power ; the laboratory experiment of Bailey solves this salt in considerable proportions ; it possesses .. Fireproofing Wood," and other subjects of equal into a practically successful motor ; the indicator into a the reducing · properties of the simple chromo us salts, interest. ••• t • to tbe driver. He first conceived the idea that the very im­ and in the presence of air it is transformed rapidly The Current Supplement. pediments of reversal in direction, the contradictions chromic salt. The difficulty of preserving it from con­ The current SUPPLEMENT, No. 1289, has many papers of alternatives, might, be transformed into power, pro­ tact with air does not permit the exact determination of unusual interest. .. The Proposed Abandonment of ducing rotations, a whirling field of force. What others of its crystalline form, but by its formula and external the Port Royal Naval Station " is an elaborately illus­ looked upon as only invincible barriers, impassable appearance it has a close analogy with the double salts trated article dealing with the subject which is now currents and contradictory forces, he seized and by of the magnesium series. This compound, into which agitating naval circles. . . American Engineering Com­ harmonizing their directions utilized in practical mo­ the protoxide of ch romi u m enters, shows another point petition," the ninth number of which is published in tors in distant cities the power of Niagara." of resemblance bet ween chromium and iron. the present issue, deals with locomotives. "The • 4 ...... Fleet of Allied Powers in Chinese Waters " occupies an

A New Double Salt oC Chromium and Ammonium. Ordnance at the Pan-American Exposition. entire page. .. Mechanical Stoking " begins a series on this subject. "Artillery School at Jilterbog " de� M. Charles Laurent, of Paris, has succeeded in form­ The display of ordnance and war articles at the Pan­ scribes some very curious experiments which are car­ ing a new donble salt of chromium and ammonium. American Exposition will be a most notable one and ried on at this school. .. Exchange Value of Me­ He describes his experiments in a pap!!r recently pre­ will vary from a 12-inch rifle to a pocket emergency teorites " is by L. Gratacap. .. The Automobile sented to the Academie des Sciences. It is well known ration. There will be field batteries of artillery, camp P. Wagon for Heavy Duty " is by Arthur Herschmann, that the sulphates of the magnesium series give, with equipage, mach ine and rapid-fire guns, torpedoes, . and is fully illustrated. the alkaline sulpbates, double salts whose type is the small arms, and the shipbuilding industries will be gSO. K.SO. + In fact, everything will be shown salt of magnesium and potassium, M + fully represented. Content... 6H.0. The only chromous salt of analogous form that will tend to interest foreign purchasing officers. (Illustrated articles Me marked with an ...teJ18k.) commercial one and will be en­ . 163 known at present is the double sulphate of the protox­ This exhibit will be a A bru ••i Expedition ...... _ . . .. _ 163 Infection. malarial In Afrlca...... ce yJe e ge e t r 8 U o w •. _,_.. __ .. __ .. 165 ide of chromium and of potassium, CrSO. + K.SO. + tirely distinct from the government display. ,Nearly A t n ...... n...ra. . ..o. ., ...... t .. 164 Krupp Iron work .••o ••• ••• 168 matic* 1bi Lamps, some living., .o. o 169 6H.0 ; erican countries have declared their . , __.... _. __ this salt has been prepared by Peligot. Tbe all the South Am Airir resistancea oto movin�e nd bodies.i tor MooringMain. layinjl devicebig __ ga______...... _ ..• 170 A tanks, . .ut. .mobil i ca ... intention to send a special commission to this country ...... ,.,_ ...... ,_ . . . . 165 re- experimenter states that he has been able to prepare for" . . . ___...... 170 Mosquitoes,.. ..curio __ ... us...... facts __ . . . __ 162 Andree buoy . garding another salt of the protoxide, the double sulphate or ' to investigate the war goods offered. It is planned to ...... 103 climate of. . . .. 171 Ararat, ascension of New possessioDs, ...... Automobile races ...... , ... 170 Note. and querles...... ,_ 173 chromium and ammonium. Experiments with the have a tunnel built under the bluff on which the ord­ Battleshipsment of, ....and.... cruisers,__ ...... arma,.. _.,I62 . 167 Ordnance at __Pan· ... __ American. _ ...... Ex- __ . 172 172 po.itlon. chromous salts are very difficult to carry out, as in the nance will be located. Guns will be fired through this e ti n ...... , ...._ •• _,__ •••• 170 Building di o Pendulum.b newec form of 165 Chromium and... ammoni um, don­ presence of air these are soon transformed to chromic tunnel, and the conditions will approximate as much _ ...... ,_._,_ . . _ . . 172 �a;y':f v .. ���f �� tzw�r �T;ii':': a blee.alt of 164, __...... _ . . 162 salts ; all the operations must be performed in the as possible those obtaining on governqlent proving D nub , engineering work on* abandonment•• United of St e ••• .. Deutschlandre u_ , _ ..." _,_,_breaks ... _ .. . ..two. . .. I63 Po.tal bu.ines at 161. 166 cord. .. . . presence of an inert gas. In this case carbonic acid grounds. This is undoubtedly an entirely new ven­ ...... 167 electric. London ...... 163 Developer, powerful . .. Railway...... ••• ••.. Engmes. large •.•. , ___ . __ ..__ . . . 168 Science notes 163 gas was used. Bichromate of potassium was taken as ture for an Exposition and cannot fail to prove of the _ 165 time In ...... 168 FEuropere- tol gAmerica, a rat overland,. e .,i - Spain. reckonin..: will -be l .av n •• ppa. . . ..u.. .. . xhib. . . 170 the starting point, and from this the chromous chloride greatest interest. The firing range at Buffalo tion of __ ...... ���f.1·��:r!n���:�!iii.::::::::�:: l�

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. l or with other non-electric conducting material ; or the and driving one or more traveling aprons at the rear of PNEUMATW SAFETY-GATE.-WILBUR F. HORN, A.!r;ricultural Implements. de.ign i. drawn or painted on the pattern-disk with a the .tage. .0 as to represent the background of the Carlisle, Penn. The inventor has devised improvements material which Is a non-conductor of electricity. scene. which gives the spectator. the Impression that the in railroad Bafety-gate •• whereby the gates are operate« GREEN . POULTRY NEST AND HOVER.-JoHN N. . I When an electric tracing-finger engages with the filling horses are moving forward. The apparatus was very by the direct power of currents of air. gases, or vapors Newtown, Ky. This portable poultry_coop is made en- in the· de.ign, the circuit is broken and the cutting-tool .uccessfully nsed in the play .. Ben Hnr." produced In i.suing from or entering the gates on opposite .ides of tirely of metal, whereby the c on.truction i. less cum- \ carried away from the surface. New York city, and was fully de.crlbed In the SOIEN- their axes. These currenta are proluced by pressure - brous aud heavy than heretofore, The inventor has TIFIO AMERICAN for Au/(u.t25, 1900. appliances automatically actuated at a distance by the provided good ventilation. One of the novel featnres of APPARATUS FOR REMOVING-MATERIAL FROM railway rolllng-stock. the invention is a door of greater length than width. Engineering Improvementl!l. BELOW THE SURFACE. - HERBERT F. MUNN, 56 When placed in vertical position. the door prevent. the STEAM-JET FLUE-CLEANER. - HOOKER I. COG- Beaver Street. Manhattan, New York CIty. Upon the hen from leaviug the cOOP. but allows the egress of the GESHALL. Wortendyke, N. J. Steam of high pressure i. deck of a vessel a compressor is mounted. which force. MIlllcenaneoul!I Inventionl!l. chicks through a small opening. When placed in hori­ passed through a blower-pipe into the conical head of alr downwardly through a pipe leading to the gold"bear­ ADJUSTABLE SCREW-JACK.-JoBN C. F. LoNG zontal position. the door prevents all egress, but permits the cleaner and highly heats the head. The pressure of ing .ands in a river-bed. The nozzle of this air-pipe i. and JAXES N. BIBH. St. Mary'8. Ohio. Thi. adjustable thorough ventilation. the .team cause. a current of air to be drawn between hinged .0 that it can be controlled from the deck of the screw-jack i. especially intended for service in oil-wellH CACTUS-BURNER.-LEWIs N. SNOWDEN. Tilden. .piral-wing. over the head and mingled with the .tcam­ vessel. The compressed air forces the sand through a in rai.ing and lowering .ucker-rods, polish-rod., valves, Tex. The device is nlled to de.troy the ., spines " of the jet. As the air-current mingles with the .team, the com­ second pipe adjacent to the first and discharging in a etc. It contain. a hollow screw-rod, with a head hl1ving cactus or prickly-pear ••0 a. to render it more useful as a bined jets coact to loosen and blow out the scale. tank on the vessel. The arrangement has decided an offset thereon for keeping the screw-rod from turnin/(. food for cattle. G8soleue or other volatile fuel is used, VALVE.-DAVID ILC IST. G HR Concord, N. H. This merits. ·In the first place. the gold-bearing sand is Also a set-screw in the head. nut screwing on the which is thoroughly vaporized aud burnt. The burner­ a val ve. for nse on expansion .team-engine•• con.ists of directly reached without removing the worthless superim­ screw-rod, a swivel monuted·to turn on the nut and furn­ nozzel i. so arranged that a regulated draft is created to a steam-chest connected with the ports of both the high posed .trata ; and. in the second place, the hinged­ ished with a head having a bore adjusted on a line with form a hollow or annular fiame which Is spread over the A ..nd low pressure cylinders, main valve, reciprocating nozzle can bE' readily controlled properly to discharge the bore in the head of the nut. and that in the .crew­ vaporizing-coil. The down-draft blows out of the nozzle­ in the steam-chest. is arranged to control the admis.ion the loosened material into the second pipe. rod. A set-screw is in the swivel-head. with means for tip any impurities or .cales which are liable to collect of the steam to the high-pressure cylinder. An inter­ DEVICE FOR FILLING . AND SHA PING CUSH- holding the swivel against any displacement in the head therein. A hood confines the flame to the vaporizing­ cepting-valve under control of the engineer. and operat.­ IONS.-FANNIE L. MYERS. 47 Great Jones Street, of the nut. coil nntil every part has been thoronghly heated. ing in unison with the main valve. regulates the exhanst Manhattan, New York city. Toilet or pin-cushions are TOOTHPIOK.-GEOBGE W. Jop . SEAT ATTACHMENT FOR HARROWS. - OTTO of both the high-pressure and the 10w-prellSure cylinder SOHELLENIUOH. lin held in a mold or shaping-block and the filling quickly Mo. The toothpick has a hollow tubular body W. SKOBKOWSKY, Harrah. Oklahoma Territory. It i. and the admission of the live steam to the low-pres.nre packed therein to such an exten t that it cannot .hift and .uch as a quill. One end .is clo.ed and the other is the object of thi. invention to provide an improved cylinder. that a Ilrm exterior snrface is obtained of the desired formed with point. Adjacent to this point and within wheeled attachment for harrows or like implements. VALVE.-ALBERT BROOMELL, a P. York. Penn. The .hape. the hollow body, there Is a quantity of flavoring or medi- whereby the drlver's .eat is carried and adapted for ad­ valve. although capable of general application. i. e.pe­ DRIVING APPARATUS.-WALTER J. LE BARRON. cinal .ubstance, held In place by cotton wadding or ju.tment, so as to counterbalance the draft appliance •. cially designed for use In connection with a steam-heat.­ Barre. Vt. The apparatus Is designed to ntilize the other packing. When nsing the pick these Ingredients The improved attachment comprises two bars hinged to­ ing sy.tem previously patented by Mr. Broomell. In power of the wind for driving various devices. but i. which may be glllll-camphor, licorice-root, cinuamon­ gether at their front ends and fixed to an axle which is this steam-heating sy.tem it Is desirable to open a vent best adapted to marine propulsion. The novel features bark, sirup. honey, or the like, are bronght into nse. formed of two lapped parts adapted to slide on each to the air when the �team i ••h ut off from the radiator. 1 of the invention are to be fonnd In a friction-gearing in- The purpose. of the dl'vice is to provide a snbstltute for other. Through the axle and the seat-supporting bar, a ' The valve formin/( the subject of this patent is adapted terpo.ed between the wheel and the part. to be driven. cigarettes. chewing-tobacco. etc., for the nse of which bolt is passed. which .erves to .ecure the axle parts and to vent to the atmO!'phere when it i. adjusted to close or The wlndwheel tums a rotatable plate which is eQgaged there Is a strong inclination after eating. seat.-bar in any adjustment. shut off the port leading to the .upply. by a friction-wheel. By sliding the friction-wheel to­ TOY DRUM.-MoRTON E. CO VERSE, Winchendon, ward and from the center, the .peed of transmi.sion is N Mass. The body of the drum bas metallic heads with varied. Elect rical Apparatus. Mechanlca] Devlcel!l. circular fianges extending tuward each other and .ur­ GAGED FEEDING-JOGGER. - Ross H. PRATT. CABLE-HANGER. - CLEMENT E. BEARD, Colnm- LOCK.-WALTER E. EMERY, We.t Chicago, Ill. This rounding the end. of the body. Annular flanges pro-­ Portland, Ore. Th feed-board or platen Is provided biana, Ohio. This hanger for telegraph and telephone lock is especially adapted for use in connection with e ject ontwardly from the inner ends of the cylindrical with a gage for engaging one .Ide of a sbeet ; and on the cables comprise. two members pivotally connected with switches to hold the switch-point secured. but it may be fianges. Hoops surround these cylindrical flanges and I feed-board pivoted angula!' jogger-arm is mounted op­ each other and providell. with prongs for engaging the also nsed in various other connections. The lock has a rest on the annnl .. r ones. The con.truction of the toy a posite the gage and provided at one end with a jogger cable. Hooks engage the hanger-support ; and these bolt adapted to be thrown by the key. A tumbler .erves enables the part. to be separated with facility and nested for engaging the oppo.ite side of the sheet to move that hook. are arranged to overlap when the hanger is closed. to hold the bolt in closed position and is also adaptetJ. .0 as to take very little space in transportation, and to to sheet against the gage. The jogger i. antomatically moved The hook. can uot open accidentally ; nor is the cable or be thrown by the key to relea�e the b lt. A chock-bar be readily put together and secured in their proper posi­ o outward. and i. moved inward by a spiin/(. The sheets its envelop liable to be marred. serve. to hold the bolt in open positiou during certain tion. for use. are held in proper position between the jogger and the A :"' ELECTRIC .-EDWARD A. ENR - p eriods of the operation of the l ck. keeper-plate NUT-LOCK. HoBATIO E. DOWl'llNG and IlABBy MOTOR H Y, Cre.t o gage. while moving off the feed-board ; and in case of a d adja the its t DORSETT. line, Kans. The motor Is particularly for oper- fastene cent to chock-bar limits movemen . L. Seward. Oklahoma Territory. To hold a adapted platen-press the sheets are brought in proper position, sO vibrating fan. or other device. requiring little-power. TTA HMENT FOR EMBROIDERING - nut securely SO a. to prevent any turning after it is atlng A C MA ­ that each receives the color impression at the proper CH E - JOSEPH GRUBMAN. .crewed np to the desired place. the inventors have pro-­ In this motor the armature oscillates. for which reason IN S. Brooklyn. New York place. the inventor was chiefiy concemed with devi.ing some city. The machine i. of the Bonnaz or other type; and vided the nut with a recess extending along the bore of simple form of controller which wonld periodically the attachment thereto .titches braid. chenille, tape, the nut. the bottom of the recess inclining inwardly and · Railway Contrivances. change the direction of the current. The current is cord. hand downwardly. A tapered locking-slide having an inner •• or the like upon the fabric to be embroid­ DETECTOR-BAR. - WILLIAM H. HIGGINS, Jersey fed by an angle-lever. the two arms of which altemately Shal'Jl corner and fitted to be driven home in the recess, ered in such a manner as to prodnce ruching or fiuting City. N. J. Detector-hal'B are employed to detect the enj(age two contact-plates connected with the arms- effects. Mechanically con.idered, the force. the corner inward into the threads of the bplt. attachment con­ presence of engine. or cars upon a railway-track and to tunos. The current changes in direction as the arma- .iEts A cover removably held on the nnt holds the locklng­ of a sleeve mounted to turn on a reciprocating prevent the movement of switch under the engine and lures reach the end of their travel- needle-bar. on which sleeve a carrier is pivoted. re- a �lide in place. A cars, 'l' he present invention provides such a har of any . ciprocatin nipple a d cam are mounted to tum on the ENGRAVING-MACHINE, - C HARLES CHEVALIER g n a de.ired length. The lower portion of the bar is fum­ GARMENT-TRIMMING. - RIOHARD G. MARs H, actuated b procating a Brooklyn. New York city. Heretofore the de.ign to be sleeve and y the reci nipple to imp rt IshetJ. with any de.ired number cif motion-plates. the Manhattan. New York city. The fabric fold. upon it­ an intermittent rotary motion to the cam aud cause a engraved npon a watch-case. for examr.le. has been lower snrfaca of which has movement in guides or clips .elf and form. a plait, the folded parts being Atitched to­ swinging o carrier. raised or prodnced in metal on a pattern-disk, necessi- f the to impart the desired motion to the detector-bar ; while gether by a wave-like line of stitching. The portion tatiIlj( considerable work in routing out the metal aronnd ST AGE-MACHINERY,-CLAUDE L. HAGEN. Man­ the upper snrface of the motion-plates serve. a. guides between the .titching and the folded edge on being re­ that surface which repre.ents the design. According to hattan, New York city. The apparatus is to be nsed in for the bar. acting in conjnnction with guide-surface. moved forms a .calloped edge for the plait ontlined by the present invention. the design i. cut into the metal or connection with the reproduction of hOl'Be and chariot carried by the clips in which the detector-bars have-move­ the stitching. Thi. serves to hold the plait in po.ition made in intaglioj and the cut surface Is tllied with wax ; races on the stage. It embodies means for mounting ment. over the body portion of the fabric. There can be any SEPTEMBER 15, 1900. tieutifit 1 11 �tUerita ... 73 Belt tigbte , G. E. ...•...... 657,301 desired number of plaits in a piece of material ; and any ner Travis DEVICE FOR MOISTENING AND SEALING EN­ Bicycle. G. S. Bartlett...... 657,382 kind of ornamental stitching can be placed between the VELOPS.-CHARLES L. VOSE. Westerly, Rhode Island. Bicycle parcel E. R tb l ...... 6b7tl35 carrier. J. o aerme ...•. • . ••. 'rbe Blasting, lead wire H. WIlliams • • 657,375 plaits. device comprises essentially a combined water-reser· Board. See Shovelingfor, W.a d Marine Iron Works. Chicago. Catalogue free. boF.r ...... 657,427 HOLDER FOR PICTURES. STATIONERY. OR voir and handle. the one end being provided with a Boiling meats. form for, A. Lansing .. U. S." Polisb. Indianapolis. t. H. Metal Samples free. Bolt. See Coupling bol OTHER ARTICLES. - WILLIAlII H. DICKINSON. sponge and the other with a roller. After the gummed Bookbinding, C. J. Taylor ...... •...... 657,503 Notions. G. W. i ...... ••...... 657.327 Missoula. Mont. This holder is a combination of surface has been moisteued by the sponge, it is evenly Yankee Waterbury Button Co., Waterb'y, Ct. Bottle collar, W lliams ...... 65 459 10 Bottle stopper, C. H. Seelig ...... 7. clamping. bars. and a screw having an orifice therein and sqnarely sealed by means of the roller. The entire Handle & Spoke Mcby. Ober Mfg. Co., Bell St., Box. See Cigar box. DIsplay box. Luncb box. i Chagrin E'alls, O. Mail box. Match Packing x tbrough which the clamping-bars are passed. A body­ method is so simple and So cleanly that the dev ce should durable convenient Crayon is box. bo . Paper bar holds the screw in place. the screw being moved do away with the old objectionable method of sealing Most , Metal Bo:g�vering machine, H. •...... , ...... 661,417 a Workers' Inman to engage the clamping-bars and hold tbem in con­ envelops. made by D. M. Stew rd Mfg. Co., Chattanooga. Tenn. Bracket. See Lamp bracket. Window bracket. g ll . Brake. See Wa O brake tact with the body-bar. The intention of the device Cutting every description accurately done. Brick handling d vic W...... 6 57 .2fl BILLIARD-CUE-TIP FASTENER.-WILLIAM HESS. Gear of e e. A. Norcross 4 M F...... , ...... 0 ••••• 657.12'! chi Co., Spring and Variek Ste., N. Bridge, lift, La POinte is to hold for use or display. pictures, books. stationery. Manhattan, New York city. The invention provides a The Garvin a ne Y. Broom, antiseptiC. S...... 657A:!,i The celebrated " Hornsby·Akroyd" Patent Safety Broom bolder, J. O.M mfKulmand ...... 657.1'; ,; crockery. and other articles. It is adjustable to objects fastener for the tips of cues, which will be practically Oil T. u or Engi is built by the De La Vergne Refrigerating Ma· Brusb, E. C. Collins ...... 657,0:-15 of various sizes and can be readily handled and adapted II ne F. L. indestructible and will permit new one to be applied of Bubble blowing and propelling pipe, Hig. to chine Company. Foot East l33thStreet, New gins ...... •...... 657.163 take any needed angle relatively to its support. whenever tbe old one becomes unfit for use. The fast­ York. Tbe best book for electriClans and beginners n e o b r· PICK.-WILLIAM PERRY BEVINGTON. Escondido. Cal. ener comprises a plate and a blade fixed rigidly in the i elec· l�����g � ��lz�� ��� � l��Pg �:gff �g�: . ul � � a for tricity is ., Experimental Science," o M. Hopkins. fuel and heating, S. M...... 657,228 The inventor has devised a method for fixing a handle center thereof, with its end portions extending respec­ by Ge Trapp 657.227 .• Y...... By mail, $�. Munn & Co publishers, 361 Broadway. N. Butter cutter, R. F. Stewart to a pick so as to keep the pick or point from working tively beyond the faces of the plate. The lower end Button, R. H. Lewis ...... 657,271 IY'"" ...... •...••...... 657 347 to Send for new and complete catalogue of SCientific Cabinet, W. Homan . loose. To help secure this object. the clamping parts ...... 657 463 part of the blade is adapted enter the cue-stlck to • 36 by Munn & Co • 1 B y, Cabinet, portable, C. , and otber Books for sale roadwa Cable. submarine. rr.G. Simpson ...... 657.196 are made entirely of metal, tbns obviatinl( the tendency hold the plate in place. The upper end portion of the Guilleaume 1I1'ge application. Morley .....••••....•...•... 657,437 . New York. on Camera. focusing, J. D. to looseness, a defect which prevails where wedges or bl�de is driven into the ti;> to secure it Can. See Oil can. . , .... , ...... 657.151. 657.152 other tigbteninl(s engage wooden surfaces. The clamp­ Can filler. E. Aue . . THILL-COUPLING. - RICHARD ECCLBS. Anburn, J. Hawkins ...... 657,216 Can wiping machine. M. J...... 657,454 inl(.devices consist of two members, one of which fits N. Y. In this invention the shaft·shackle has the eye ad­ cattle. E. Rykovskoff . . Car...... •...... 657.180 over the handle, the other of which receives the pick. Car fender, R. F. Preusser justable to any size of pivot so as to permit quick shift­ Car seat. rl\ B. Cann ...... 657,480. 657,481 Both members are formed with mating.slots through ...... 657.�90 ing and prevent the accidenta1 dropping off of the eye Car seat, D. M. Houston, }lj...... ••••..... 657,501 which a pin is passed and held in place by a wedge. The Car seat cushion. W. Ricbardson from the pivot. The shaft-strap has an eye at one end, Car seat striker arm. J. S. Johnston ...... 657,198 two members, when thus keyed and wedged together, Car underframe siB. W. P. B tt nd f ...... 657.154 which eye has a hinged section. A bolt is hinged to e e or Car wheel, H. W. Libbey ...... • • . .. 657.123 firmly clamp the pick to the handle. J...... 657.276 the strap and extends through the hinged section of the Carpet fastener, stair, S. Jardine ...... ••.••..•...•. 657,371 VALVE FOR PNEUMA'rIC TIRES OF BICYCLES. tbe Carrier and feeder, D. Webre eye. A nut on bolt is adapted to be seated on the HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. k •• . ...••..•••.•••... 657,134 Cas . barrel, or keg, G. H. Ricke -FRANZ RICHTER. Cologne, Germany. The construc­ One e Names and Addre Cbair. See Dental chair. hinged eye section. arm of th nut engages the .... must accompany all letters k ...... •.•.•••..... 657,475 other, Cbeck protector. G. C. Ba er tion of the valve is simple. The essential part consists eye portion of the hinged section, the tbe strap. or no attentIOn will be paid thereto. ThIS is for our ...... 657.143 Churn, R. P. Tompkins ...... of an elastic flat tube carried in a suitable manner by the information and not for publication. CIgar packmg. & M. B r ....•••.•..... 657,385 COMBINATION PULLEY AND SASH BUCKLE. KeCerence.. fo box or L. erge to rmer articles or answers should Cigar or cigarette, N. Du Bru!...... ••..•...... 657,403 valve-box connected with the pnenmatic tire. This -JULIUS BROWER. Mauhattan, New York city. Tbe !live date of paper and page or number of question. Cleaner. See Grain cleaner. Inquiries . " ...... •..... 657.(1;4 tuhe has an elltptically-shaped hole narrower at the invention not answered in reasonable time should Clipper. hair. D. J. Archer. object of this is readily to permit the change ..•...... 657 . 117 be repeated ; correspondents will bear in mind that ('lock. geographical, Johnson & bottom than at the top and not lying in the middle of the Jameson.. . , ..... , .....• of the device from a pulley-buckle to a sash. buckle, or Clod fender d uste . S. E. Clapp . . . 657.333 some answers require not a htUe researcb, and, a j r F. .... 657,300 tube, so that a narrower slit with two adjacent lips of vice versa. to Cloth finishingmachine. pneumatic, Stiner The bnckles comprise separable body-mem_ though we endeavor to reply all either by letter K. ... . "".,... , ...... •...... 657 244 Clutcb, W. Liggett . different sizes is formed. The lower slit permits the air or in this department, each must take his turn. J...... 657 185 bers furnished with guides which receive the connect­ Buyers Clutcb. friction, L. 'l'aylor . . .. . , Coal washer. E. ... " .. , ...... ••..•...... 657.1 to enter; bnt when the pump is stopped, back-pressure a wishing to purchase any article not advertiSEd A. Stewart 84 ing straps when the buckle is used as pulley-buckle. waste. W. II...... 57,319 in our columns will be furnished witb addresses of Cock, stop and Rawe . . . 6 of the air in the tire presses the smaller lip against the . . " ... ,., .., ...... 657.2:l6 Clasp devices unite the body-members when the buckle houses manufacturing or carrying the same. Collar, horse. C. A. French Special Written InformatIon Collar seam dampening machine, G. Binder ...... 657.388 broader, so that no air can escape. on matters of is used with a sash. The clasp and guide being mov­ CoUar stiffenerfabriC. !\tIann & Stumpe ... .••• . ... 657,171 personal rather than general interest caD not be H. . 657.200 BROOM. - HOMER W. HODGE, Atlanta, Ga. This able. one can be adjnsted ont of the way of the other. Colter, rolling, C. Melvin ...... expected without remnneration...... 657 103 in Scientific American SUP lements Commode attachment. J. A. Hackenberg . . . broom is designed for use cotton and woolen fac­ vice versa. l' ...... 657.461 and referred CompositIOn of matter, J. K. P. Shelton . tories and around machinery. With this end in view, to may be had at th� office. Prtce 10 cents each. Condenser and feed water heater, steam, R. H. Books to , ...... 65 3 APPAREL·DRAWERS. - JOSEPH R. WHITE, st. referred promptly supplied on receipt of Smith., ... , " , ...... , ...... 7. 66 the broom is made with metallic shields arranged iu a price. Cookiil�, heating, etc., apparatus for, E. Josephs, Mo. This garment has a body and a waist­ W. 57, Mlne .. als is 6 4 manner to strengthen the broom and protect it from sent for examination should be distinctly o � � : ·coniaiiiing· antimony· 1); band. the latter lying closely around the waist, with its c pt � f om ·';oilitlnn.;! as dama/ting centact with machine-frames. marked or labeled. an impurity. refining,Klepetko' & Morrow . ... t:.17.119 upper portion beneath the corset. The body of the Corkscrew. R. W. Jorres ...... , . .... fi57.421 FOLDING BED.-LEWIS B. JEFFCOTT, Manhattan, drawers is formed at each side with approximating ver­ Corset, apparel. C. Guillot ...... 657.2:17 . . 1 ug a (7958) W. E. S. asks : 1. Which system Corset, apparel, J. A. Redick ...... 657. 33 New York city. The bed proper has a section pivoted tical slits produci rear fiap. The upper edge of this ..... 651.286 Cot or couch, gimbaled. Hitchens & Mayhew of dwelling house heating is most desirable. reliable and ...... • ' .... 657.225 to the bed.casiug at one end. To this section an end flap ends at the lower edge of the waist-band, which Cotton compress. C. E. Mallett ...... 657.084 healthful : steam, hot water or air ? A. Each of the Cotton gin feed, J. E. Ch sm n section is hinged, extending into the casing. The latter leaves the flaps free of the corset. The flap can be reo Coupling. See Fender coupling.ee a three systems named are desirable, reliable and health­ Thill or pole section bas cam· faces, which are engaged by rollers in leased without disturbing the waist-band. The waist· coupllng. /� ••.••..•... 657,297 ful if properly installed on sanitary lines. All three sys­ Couplmg bolt. threaded, G.' Sheffield the casing when the bed is folded. The weight of the band of the garment under the corset is thus capable of T...... P...••...... •...... 657.390 Crate. bottle, Booker, tems are largely in Ilse and each is selected to meet the G. Evans ...... 657,313 bed bolds the several sections in an innermost folded po · being worn without interfering with the unrestricted use Cultivator, E...... G...... 657.269 tastes of house owners or fir.t eeouomy of erection. The Curtain fixture, H. �'orsytb, . .. . sition, as the pivot is located at the lower, outermost of the drawers. Cushion. See Car seat cushion...... 657.210 corner of the bed. Hence no springs, weights, or other hot water circulating system is prob. bly the highest in Cut off,tripping. Bradbury & ashi t TOY.-THALEON BLAKE, Philadelphia, Penti. The operate, and most convenient Cutter. See Butter cutter. StalkW cutter.ng on devices are necessaryto hold the bed in a folded position a first cost. cheapto a sys­ E. t,oy comprises a barrel which carries picture. A wheel Dehorning. stock for holding cattle while, C. Bakken, ...... , ...... 657.379 within the casing. tem to regulate in moderate weather. Steam is best mouuted therein bas a non·continnous web which ex­ Dental chair, F. Ritter...... , ...... 657,360 suited to a cold climate where an active element of heat Dental purposes, electric o , B. E. COCK.-JOHN MORRISON, Dubuque, Iowa. The in­ poses the picture as the wheel turns. To provide for �amp f r Law· is required. The hot air fmnace is so much a universal ton .... , . . " ...... ' ...... " ...... 657,199 vention provides a mechanism for permitting the adjust­ rapid revolutions, there are means for assisting the ap­ Diamonds, etc.• in metal holders, setting. G. heating agent that but little can be said against its use­ Anderson...... '" ...... 657.262 ment of the plugs of stop and waste cocks, so that the plication of a hlast of air to the wings carried by the fulness and couvenience in small and medium-sized Dish washing machine. E. Sandstrom ...... 657,251 ...... 6 plug may be rendered rigbt or left handed in operation. wheel. 'rhe.picture appears wilen the barrel is turned Display box, S. Ivins ...... , . , , . . 65'<.11 houses. With any of these systems used in modern Distributing maW.chine. F. B. Co s . 657.309 according to the desire of the user or to the position of and is invisible when the barrel is at rest. nver e Jr ...... 657. 2 dwellings ample ventilation is had from open fireplaces Dofferblade. A. Conkling ...... 21 ....•... , .. . . 657 126 the cock. The essence of the invention is to be found Door fastener, portable, C. L. Lingle . , a novel PAPER BOX.-JOSEPH T. CRAW, Jersey City, N. J. and windows. Where there are no fireplaces ventilat­ Drawer for card indexes. D. E. H nt r ..•...... 657,415 in alrangement of cap aud casing, wbereby the u e 657.247 ·This device provides a slide-box for tacks or other small ing registers near ceiling and floor with flues to the roof Dredging apparatus, A. McDougall "" ...... Dr ss ...... •...... 657.172 plug is always prevented from describing an angle greater It are 2. e protector, Mann & Stumpe articles. is constructed from a single piece of material, in order. How shonld veutilation be provided if '1'...... •..... 657,205 Drill jar and coupl ng, Seevers than ninety degrees. m Du.t pan. A. R. Leibi , . ... , .." ...... ••...... 657.243 and so folds and connects certain mem bers of the piece water or steam is used;? Would it he sufficient to pnt b tray is Dyeing apparatus, J. C. Tbickins...... ,...... , .. 657,323 WIRE-GRlP.-HARRY A. MOSSMAN, Manderson, that a tube and a slidinl(-tray are obtained. T e main hall on first floor of two -story house, for ventila­ Dyeing machine, Morgan & Menzies.·...... 657,293 657 10 S. D. The device is to be used for gripping and stretch­ capable of entire withdrawal from the tube and then boxed Ear mull, W. H. Hartmann ...... , 9 tion, seventy -five square feet of heating surface H...... 657,285 the Egg case filler. W. Hansell .. .. . ing fence-wires. On opposite edgcs of stock con­ spreads apart, so that the contents are made accessi ble .to in and connected to fresh-air flue of one-half square foot Egg separator, A. Lindsay, .. , ...... ••...... •.... 657.125 B...... 657.202 vergent cheek-plates are mounted. Against the cheek­ inspection. When the tray is withdrawn from the tube 19,000 Electric furnace, C. McBrair . . .. area ? The house contains about cubic feet of Electric lock. H. G. Carleton, ... o ••••• , ••••••••••••• 657.211 plates jaws are movable. Guide-plates and a stop-plate and spread, it can be quickly restored to its position space and is occupied by six persons, use electric light Electrical conductors, stringing ...... , .., ...... or supporting, 657,10� are also provided. The jaws are moved forward ; and o r L. HackethaI.. within the tube. and also a few kerosene lamps, say one for six h u s in Jj� levator. See Water e vato . to le r the inclined cheek-plates cause the jaws be moved in Elevator, Co & W. D. Baldwin...... 657.380 APPAREL-BELT.-AMAND WmHARD. Jersey City. twenty-four. A. Artificial ventilation by a radiator a W. by Elevator controller. L. W. Southgate ...... 657.4Ji5 toward each other. Then means of a suitable stretch­ r N. J. The belt contains two main sections. tile rear one flue closure is not needed, except in buildings of com­ Elevato.r speed controller, electriC. J. D. Ihlder . . 657,416 ing device drawiug longitudinally upon the g ipper, the i end whicb 3. Elevaturs, automatic safety cut offfor, G. G. & h having loops at ts through the sections slide. plex structure. Where would be the best place for A. G. Guenther ... " ...... , ...... , ... , .... " 657.195 wire may be stretched. The greater the pull on t e de· tbe H. K...... 6b7,003 There are clips on the rear euds of sections with "n foul-air fiue, and what size ? If at bottom of room, how End gate or shoveling board, Crissey vice, the greater will be the clamping effect of the jaws Engine. See Explosive engine. Gas engine. Ro- elastic attached to the clips aud also to the rear seNion. A will current outside be kept from entering ? A. Foul tary engine. Steam engine. u von the wire. ribbon or tape is connected with the clips and to the rear air flues, if properly provided above the roof, will seldom Engine. L. Schulz ...... 657.458 Engine cooling means, explosive. S. W. Rea . .... 657,451 draw down when the house is heated. Summer drafts . ENVELOP.-HENRY TRENCHARD, JR., Manhattan, section, being between the elastic and this section. It is Envelop, D. M. Emory ...... 657 ,214 ...... 657.439 New York city. In tension-envelops " of the type in adapted mainly to waist-bands for women's wear. It may be occasionally downward for the same cause as Envelop fastener, office.J. O. Muenich Kxplosive engine, S. F. Beetz ...... 657,384 which a cord IS secured to the back of the envelop by yields lengthwise, thuB secllring a snug and easy fit. with cold chimneys. Heated rooms will always cause au Explosive motor, multiple piston, M. If. Mar- 4. means of a tubular rivet, dust and dirt sometimes enter up-dratlght in a ventilating flue. Can you /tive rule monier ...... 657,226 WINDMILL-WHEEL. - JOHN E. ALBERS. Wisner, ...... 657 18. e Eye protector. E. G. Stevens . . . and thns soil the contents of the �nvelop. Moreover for findiug size of singl and donble belts for transmit­ . Neb. The wiugs of this apparlttllS cau be readily set at Fabric. See Collar stiffener ab ic T. W.f r ...... 657,322 the exposed inner end of the rivet is allt to scratch the ting power and also size of shaft, where speed and Fat skinning machine, Taliaferro n o any angle, accordiug to the force of the wind. For a is Faucet, Hannifin & Huck...... 657.107 contents. To obviate these difficulties, the inve t r a and purifier. T...... 657,238 strong wind, weight is shifted in toward the fulcrum of power known ? A. The rules for belting are some­ Feed water heater Gunning employs a capwpiece in connection with an inner washer what complicated by the angle of contact, tension i a a lever. For a light one. the operator moves the weight . r. Wfg�!iis.::::.:::::::·:::::::::::::: ��:�� to cover the inner end of the rivet. r quality and kind of belting used. The rules for shafts �::��lFence spacer���t �: bar. wire. W. McCloskey...... 657,128 outward on the lever. This insures a uniform unning fOITll Fiber forming machine, C. M. & C. Terrell ..... 657.206- heavy and belts are fully set forth in tabulated and con­ O. ORNAMENTAL OBJEC'r. -EMILE BICK and winds, and without requiring Fiftb wheel, H. C. Fouts ...... , ...... , ...... 657.406 in ligbt or the turn_ H II. dition8� in Kent's Mechanical Engineer's Pocket Book," Fiftb E'. K WilcOx, ...... , ...... 657,231 CHARLES HAHN, 1417 State Street, New Haven, Conn . wheel ont of the course in which the wheel, o ing of tbe wind is $5 File. bill, J. S. Sammons .. " ...... , ...... ". 657.455 The principal object of the inventi u is to ornament ar­ the which we can furnish for by moil. A general fIlle for .• E. L ...... 657.317 blowing. By this arrangement wind-wheel is never File for proof. copy. etc N. ancaster •.... , . " ...... C. , ...... 657.158 ticles in imitation of tree-bark, with knots projectitl){ single leather belts is to allow 144 square feet of belt pass­ FIlter, J. Davi ,. , unduly strained. Filtration apparatus. J. E. \VilJia s ....•...... 657.140 r g m on ing a given point per minute to equal one horse power. ; ...... 657.337 from the surface. This effect is secured by cove in the T. Fish hook. C. Bew ...... 178 A 40 ...... , ....•...... 65 . 4 papier-miiche HORSE-CHECK.-RoBERT GEER. West 94th double belt is about per cent greater in power than Fish trap. J. Sharpless 7 00 object with while in a plastic state and Fishing float,O. L. P. Gibson ...... " ... 657,4,07 Street. Manhattan, New York city. This simple greater papier-mache a single belt of same WIdth, but must have teu­ .. .. 657 278 embedding iu the rIngs of wood which Flushing apparatus, Hutomatic, A. W. Barton , are horse-check comprises practically two parts, a bracket· Fruit gatherer, Keefer & Karr...... 657,118 project and also covered with papier-mache. sion. Theof rules for shaftingro also vary very much with Fuel, machine for making straw or peat, B nk strap and a check-rein. so arrauged that a pull upon the tbe kind metal as i n, cold-rolled iron, steel and the & Horn" , . . ",.,., ... , ... ,." ...... u er 657,157 APPARATUS FOR IMPREGNATING WATER check-rein will cause the hracket-strap to bring pressure c<:mditions of nse ; which are fully set forth in formulas Fuel preparing and feeding-apparatus, A. A. Day, WITH GAS. -- EDWIN C. WORNS, Manhattan, New 657,398, 657.399 There upou the glands of the neck which lie jnst back of the and tables in Kent's pocket book, telltale. C. B ld ...... "., .... 657,080 York city. are one or more receivers for the t Funnel. W...... e en ...... 657,138 jaw-bones and constitute the most sensi ive part of a Furnace, W. Smethurst water to be impregnated. The gas is taken from one or Fuse. R. Hundhausen ...... , ...... 657.4H A. Cbristensen ...... 65 331 U horse's neck. So efficient is the device that a horse illuminator, 7, Gage N...... more bottles " by pipes to the water. receivers, and the is in­ Game apparatus, G. E. Allen ...... 657.233 or can be checked almost instantly. The check INDEX OF INVENTIONS ...... 65·7.�02 water is then charged with the gas. The aerated impreg. from Garment supporter� J. V. Washburne visible and detJacts in no way the appearance of Gas engine, explosive, Starr & Cogswell ...... 657,140 nated waters are to he dispensed from the receivers by For which Letters Patent of the Gas generator. G. Woods ...... 657,376 the animal or harness. The device is now being manu­ ... 657,209 pipes. A chamber containing gravel is interposed be­ United States were Issued Gas generator, acetylene, Blauvelt & Cranston factur�d. W...... 657,100 Gas generator, acetylene, M. Crow . . tween the dispensing pipes ; and the water is caused to ...... 657,364 for the Week Ending Gas generator. acetylene, W. E. Scofield . . . Gas ... .. 657,150 pass through this chamber, the gravel therein serving to generat.or,ace tylene, Wormald & Ames . Designs. Gas holder. 1\ W. Marsden ...... 657,173 break the water into separate globules or drops. Gas mantles, reinforcing incandescent, M. SEPTEMBER. 4, 1900, ...... , ...... O. 657,142 SHOE.··- JAMEs H. SPARKS, Chicago, Ill. The fasten­ Thowless., PIPE-COUPLING. - CARL EIBEE, Brooklyn, New l The ing liue is extended in a compound curve across the in­ AND B A C H BEA R I NO T HAT 0 ATE. Gas i 657.303 York city. mating sections in this apparatus Can be b����.i��. �.���l.��: .��. �.������?gate. �.�: .�: .���� step, with the two ends terminating at opposite sides of Gate. See End Sliding � water gate...... quickly locked together and made or fiuid proof. [See note at list about copies . ] o. ..., ...... •... 657,395 center of the shoe. end of of these patents Gate. G. Culver the front Gate, W. N. Simpkins ...... •...... , ...... 657,462 They can be readily separated under all weather condi­ Gear. reversing, ]�. S. S]oan ...... 657,464 .... 657.2R6 ...... 657 349 tions. These sectious have a transverse tongue.and­ PICTURE-FRAME. -WILLIAM H. HOLTZ, Brooklyn. Adding machine. typographical, A. S. D is ari g. worm, C. M. Jones ...... J. enn Ge n . ... . New York city. The design consis!>! of a Viking ship, Adjustable rol1er. E. Gulick ...... 657.488 Generator. See Gas generator. grooved connection. The part provided with a tongue Alumina, obtaining. M..E. Rothberg ...... 657.45H C. A. 657.097 of Glass blower's machine, Dunbar ...... has an offset bottom sllrface adapted for use when the seated in the stern which is a cupid holding a torch. e i tbe is 1�f��I·t��� W�H�·I!ri�e�.�:::::::::::::::::::::: �+:�� g���r�?:a n�:.r�� p��j��;,:.��. �::::::::::.::::::. �+:� sections are to be uncoupled, the other has offsct faces In sail an opening to receive the picture. Orna­ :::::::: ments are llSed to heighten the artistic effect of the �.c�:::it·e ::::::::::::::::: ��+:�� g�:t� �����,O��d:.IH�r���::: :::: ::::::::::::' adapted to be engaged by a clamping device and a latch ����!tgbil: w: B: : ::: :;gi:= e L te between the two SEctions. whole. i g�� . �n:il���r;,·E:M:·Goid��·ith:::::::::::::::::: ��f��'b�\� at;� ��� �e�. l� �ii;lsied::::::::::: :i� S. i e e e ggi:��f BADGE.-BENJAlIIIN HARRIS, Manhattan, New York GAS BURNER.-LEWIS BROWN, Columbus. Ohio. �:ii�:��\��e:!::� ��r�:, tv:· p: Ciotwortiiy::::.': M:�die b·a��:dru s�a�e�E.��;taiidis:::::::::::::: ...... gg+:N�r C. . . . ��:�657,215 The body of the burner is annular and is provided with Baling press. J. Johnson ...... 657.287 Harvester. & M.aul...... city. This article has the ribbon-supporting rod pivoted press, II. Moshier...... 657,3.13 corn, E�arran Bahng Harvester aut.omatic a removable flanged centerpiece. The constrnctlon is Barrel washing machine,C. l ...... 657,354 Warder ...... reel ,,, ...... adjustment. S. M. at one end of the badge. A fastening-pin is parallel with J. Mu ler ' ...... 6.';7.229 the ...... 657.413 to Battery element hanger. J. L. Hayes . Hasp ast . Milam .....•...... , ...... 657.434 the rod and pivoted the badge between the pivot of "uch that interior of the burner can be readily . f ener N. Bearing, disk, H. Melvin...... C. 657.201 Hat fastener, E. Dashwood ...... 657,337 cleaned, Bearin�, disk, S. D...... 657.204 the rod and the opposite end of the badge. There is a Poole . . . . . Heat into work, apparatus F. rod Bed coucb. J. h ps ...... 657.469 Burger" ,.,...... ,.,." for...... converting,...... 657.992 connection between the and the pin. The end por- NOTE.-Copies of auy of these patents can he fur­ T om on & i tlous of a front plate are tnrned back behind the hack uished by Munn Co. for ten cents each. Please state P iag.;;.:·i:.)i: ·Han dY:::::::.:: Mg���st��� �� �����i: �il�!: ��¥f.e�e · e : :: �i:� ���F .i'.?,,:w� n�I.i'�:rc.;: �H6� 1 n. nl y:: of to date u e t : Horseshoe. tread, S e haa ...... 657,298 plate and engaged with the ends the front one, the name of the patentee, title of the invention, and �:�� ��?: �'.. : spring O. W. i ben r , ����� & 1�1:�fd' ��: . . � . ���.���: : �f:&:I liold them of this Bell.�:�� N. N. ....••. .•••••••••••••••••..•.• on together. I paper. bicycle. Hili 657.346 (Continued page 174) SEPTEMBER 15, 1900. 174 J Citutific �tUttitatt. ot air furnace. C. Olsted ...... 657.131 HHydrocarbon vaporizing burner, Politsky & or METAL Agust ...... •...... 657.447 Incandescent mantle. O. M. Tllowless...... 657.141 Workers Incandescent mantle or hood, refra.ctory. G. . WOOD Daubellspeck...... 657.235 Withoutuse Steam Power should Incubator egg tray, J. L. COusins...... 657,OStl oar Foot and Hand Power Indicator. See Street and station indicator. Machinery. Send for Catalogues Indigo white and makin� same, stable. A. J. Machinery, Stiegelmanll...... 6 57 .320 A-Woad·working Jndigo wbite compound and making same, M. B-Lathes, etc. lIazlen...... 657.007 SENECA FALLS MFG. CO...... Inbaler. P. '1'. Donovan ...... 657.40'.l Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Jl��;i!ii . . . . . H57.17 9 695 Y. Ink. making. D. J. Ogilvy ...... Ironillg macbine. collar or cuffedge, G. Binder... 657.389 Jar. See Drill jar. AMERICAN PATENT:::;. - AN INTER- Joint. See Piping jOint. Rail joint. Journa] box dust guurd. P. Brown...... 657.082 ei"tinganct valuable table sbowing the number of patents . 657.182 THE "FORTIS" Jlrantedtor the various subjects upon wbicb petitions Knitting macbine. Circular. B. rr. Steber...... 657.410 KUittlllg machine knot actuated stop,...... \V. Green. 657.489 bave been flJedfrom the be�inninQ' down toI DecemberSuP­ Lamp. acetylene �as. l£. Hoffmann al. lsru. A E C . .. 657.423 C�ntalned in SCIENTU'IC10 M R AN Lamp bracket. B. � . Kent ...... PLEMENT. No. 1002. Price cents. '1'0 be bad at Lamp. electric arc. T . . K Drohan ...... 657.485 this officeand froru all newsdealers. Lamp. electric arc. J. Melzer...... 657.432. 657.43.'1 LI.l.mp.electric arc. 1. R. Prentiss ...... , ...... 057.450 ElectriC Exerciser. . 657,502 SHOP OuTF"ITS. W. A. . NGINE.&.FOQ:V MACHINE. Lamp support. elect.ric,, �wan...... 657,4,s6 l) TOOLSANO Lamp. suspension. W. 14- ahndrich ...... SUPPlIES,-r;n"< V a�� wall, W. D. Taber ...... Olds Motor Works, oalriit,lv.,l v fire·proof. Pedal rubber, �". T. Robinson ...... 657,275 .• 657.189 418. sq uare feet. Pen. etc cattle. Wood & Williams ...... Box Detroit. Mich. �""'''' genuine 'l'rinidad Pen. fountain, A. '1\ Cross ...... 657.483 The Dairy Farmer Write for pur­ G...... 657.370 Penbolder. C. Wardhll ...... 657.280 " WOLVERINE" to Phonograph. W. B o e The produ{"ts or tine Warren Chemical & Mfg. Co., Fulton St., New York. UnUie<1 86 Piano �ction or other keyboard instrument. T. total dairyt O t),tates Gas and Gasoline Engines · Thed:����'h �:� ����e�hi�f.f. and . Pia�����e·aii·,j�· a:eLi'Oli:'�riiIi(C A: ·i·iickei::::::··· · �+-Ni butiter farmers in the b'roadestcream sense 657:368 STATIONARY and MARINE. are THE EUREKA CLIP Pile spreader. '1'.J. Steal'"]s...... :::·. They ul tivat large Jar e herds of Pin. See Safety pin. ' "W'olverine" 1s the only reversible c e needfarlllS. for their carry work geverything J. 657.372 cows. and 'l'he most useful article ever invented Piping joint. \\. \,yhU:ins...... MarineGusis Engine on the market.for thati anye tssteady, other fa.rmer needs. h tor tbe purpose. Indispensable to Law­ Pith a�d fiberof cornstalks. apparatus for sepa- It the lightest enlZine its Their ncom notintermittant. T ey buy ! yers. Editors, Student.s. Bankers. Insur. ratmg. S. Oyer:.; ...... : ...: ...... 657.:Ul power. Requires no licensed en­ goods the round. For these reasons. they ance Companies and business men gen­ Planter and ferlllizer distributer, combined. A. gineer. Abso!uteby sate. Mfd. by year "1"<1 II and paper clip. H. Wootten...... 657.149 WOLVERINE MOTOR WORKS, The of aU farmers,of are most desirahlearetbe customers. most y. Rook marker .. readers HOARD'S DAIRYMAN ·oos not mutilate tbe paper. Can be Planter, automatic cbeck row corn. L. J. I 657.241) lIt...ron Street, intelligent progressI e farmers, the lead­ , 100 250. J. .. indsay. ro7.245 12 and v \.qell re eated.JY. In boxes of for Planter. check row c()rll, L. Lindsay ...... Grand Rapids, llIicll. ers in thougbt anda.ction. � l o o corn. L. E. \Yaterman ...... 657.474 is admittedly t e one author­ 1 Planter, . . HOARD'S DAIRYMANt h � ;d ��tig� 3:��r�. g:-�;��tl ���� ����� Plow. J. J. Marick...... 657.4U4 ity on all ques ions affectingthe dau'Y farm­ ...{ price. Sample card, by mall.free. Man. Pneumalic dispatcb tube appuratus, J. '1'. Cow- er. his cows, crops.buildings and tools. t e ley ...... 657.090 to 657.0!l2 can any agricultural e t er to the l ilox��r1fl!�:::E:ld����Y: .. ro7 070 far s whoadv r is afford miss l ,ri�� c� .� Pue1:.lmatictranSit tube carrier, B. C. Bat.cbeJler . -AND- 30.000 emer read HOARD'S DAIRY­ Pnelur.atic transmission system carrier, B. C. llAN! S nd for a specimen copy and judge lIatcbeller...... 6 57.07 7 CUTTING·OFF MACHINES for yoursel f the class of farmers that read it. Pneuinntlc tube carrier. B. C. Batcheller...... , .. 657.076 . 657,:nO Botb Hand and Power. e r .g �t oyte ...... Sizes 1 to 6 inches. �g;t ls�: �':l��I�� o . C Water. Gas. and Steam Flt- 1I0ARD'S DAIRYMAN PreCious metnls from their ores. separating. H. in i ...... , ...... I't, AtkInson, WIs...... "'...... -.J : . . ��;b��1�r� !ro�f: ��:8 pre�:r���:I�:pa���i �s·.· \".'A: 8b·el·don:.·. '. '. : '. : '. : . : ��:�� umiv.,·sally acknowled(ledto be Press. See Bal i ng press. THE BEST. arSendforcatalog. .651.254. 6[.7.289 THE ARMSTRONG MFG. CO. Printer's furniture. 'V. G. Slauson...... 657.252. 657,253 Pr!nT�r'S quoi.n, W. G. Slauson Brida-eport, Conn. NOW READY. Prllltln�. toldlug. and delivery mechanism. G. R. Wllhs...... 657.147 -- ec l i i . KROMSKOP ro � .��� I I . 6.57.248 p � hi�\���·.�.����. . . ��:.. ..���I��.� .��: .� �: a MANUFACTURE BICYCLES. - A ���e�l�o�:�� ( ���::�:�o:I::::::: :::::::::: ::: *U� Photography G s Engine OF � : : Color s : seems of P 1 I 1 ( i •• 657.27 2 Nat'Wre's Rettex! ''It almost a rniracl.e!" very comprehensive article givine: tbe det�tils 5 con· l ��:3.:: .. .��.��.I��: ..l�� .�. �.��.�.t��.. ��.����I.� �: .. '1'0the al,eudy long list of marvelous devices wbich of r f e c . h ...... 657,352 · use be ������l�� ���: Rap jOint ..\V. �.for Moreland will come into common every·daygift must added c��t��� �� S��:�10 T::� �� ER�ci; N H.al]s.devlCe preventing creeping of, J. L. tbis last and most leasing of science." C ons t ruct. Ion PLEMENT. No. 9418. Price cents. '1'0 be bad at tbis Pope...... 1]57.295 l officeand from all newsdealers. .. 657.3J1. 1i57,484 C�!�;���:: Ra�lway. closed. conduit electric, L. Dion .... t1.57,330 re!l; mog�lae.l�n�ta�:1J:\�:ktr. '1'. Cbnndler...... IVES IHtOMSKOP COlllPANY, By HENRY V. PARSELL. Mem. A. I. Elec. Eng., Ra�lway. �Iectrtc, P. . fi57.17 0 Incorporated. A. Ir., J. W. . lta!lway sIg!lal system.. automatic...... Lattig...... n57.00!) 1324 Chestnut Street, Phila,lelphia. RaIlway sWltcb. G. H. F'aircbild and ARTHUR J. WEED, M. E. ltailway system electric. �. J:1'rischmutb...... li57.481 i �i:j� PROFUSELY ILLU�TRATED. �:�l�h�{��e�h�·A':"P����� ��::::::::::::::::::::::.. Razor .blade safety gouardattachment. J . Flinker Asbesto­ Price, $2.50, postpaid. 11.853 Ref��l::�t�r' car' 'venti'lati'riJi''Ils'teb: ' Ii:'M: ·Me: .. . . 657.441 '1'blsbook treats of tbe subject more from tbe stand· Intosb ...... Metallic point of practice tban tbat of tneory. 'l'beJ'rlnclPles of s · :: : : : ::: ::::::: �f:�J f n a �:r� ��Ji·d�·C� E�lW�ft·co·m·b::::: ::: �gr�b��?�8 th���t� f�f::lrio�s����\�n �f a��f!6 �:; ��]�cist a e Dillon:: : :::: ::: : : : :: :::: : :: �i:�� power engine is taken up. 0 �i ���lt�oft���. J: : �-��-�'KA � O·' �., i ••::"" �. , � Packings First come directions for making the patterns; this is A USEFUL ATTACHMENT t i . r : :::: . by of ______i1��� �ak������� �i;!: � 'l� ,�!1�1iims:: ::::::: �+:��� followed all tbe details tbe mecbanical operations __ e s Andrews ...... 657,378 SHEETING, GASKETS. TAPE and PISTON PACKINGS. of finiShingup and fitting the CRStlngS. It Is vrofuselk One of tbe most useful appliances In TJ·RVeJ·seconnection lllil­with Rgfi��� g::����:[:�l� ��e�: e h e e a or t i S t l our 8-incb lerPrecision LatbeGrinder is tbe Rotary engine. A. H. Gou]d...... 657.409 b;X:�ur:��v'1;� � ��.ifJ}��.U;-:n;�I� �� ��: �t. l�U�;'�:���s���o���  :8d:! �f g�u�k������r�i��, and wblcn mills and their .• n s t a Rubber. f!"llt�a percha. and compositions, C. W. TRA1NK[{ MFG. GO (Est.18H), 88 Pearl St.. BostoD, U. S. A. �?:1,tl� S r treatlllJlmdlu. Hornung & Hausel...... M7.240 :�gwi� � t�l�fi,J��J';��':J I:re c��o� �¥�h:��g��� f����. 1� � '��a'�;�l� Jigfstg6 657 27 7 Ditnensioned working drawings give clearly k ti e \ . the sizes and CorDIS of the various detnils. ;:,�� k��!� �t'tt�g��e£��l gif:s�06f ���g:� �����S. �·H�J��g�l�:e · o'i ·endiess · ban

�U�� El ct and Power Equipment. I n ust r a l Railwaft. Sewing machine motor attacbment. F. P. ��·. :�k d ..1. F. .. . fl57.R18 THE HARRISON CONVEYOR Overhead- e ric OLigbtable Systems, Coa Station Conveyors. etc., Eccentrioi Sewmg macbme sprm� motor Oliver .f157 .. . ft�7 l and Ash ShakiDll' SewinJlmacblne tension. L. A. Mi Jer...... a50 &51 s e i a e c i les, o Sbade bolding mecbanism. G. H. �'orsytb1 .... .' ... : 657:�68 ���:���rl���,��'ii::v� G�� :��G�fii�; E�:r��!��o�� a�al����l a�d�kr�,�d 3::S���I�a�� ;ac��r;:a� H Wft PQl/e BORDEN SELLECK CO.. LAKE STREET. CHICACO. ILL. (Continued on 115) ell. 48-50 SEPTEMBER 15, 1900. j 1 titutifit �mttitJu. 75 i r .. ���'!: rt�;'f.e�: .F: .� ll.� : ::::::::::::::::::::::: ��:� Sboe tonj{uepiece. E. H. Cbristensell ...... 657,085 ...... ti57.4�l Shovel, W. S. Judd...... �������f�S�����: �.!fl.�:Ir� :bUI:Y::::::::::::::::: �+:t� Shutter slat operatiuJl device, l'. �t�lfck...... t)a'j.ati7 ..... ti57 .448 t p u Shutter worker, S. L. PowelL...... ti.?'j,217 ��������'t ��:�!�� � �� fe� �� �� �� Sign. \V. Heeren ...... at borneby mail to Skirt supporter and waist bolder, combined, J. C. . . . . 051,425 l �!���!!�1L�,S::,�:��::�N BeCOIDe un El een"jeal Engineel' KiIusey ...... ti57,:l9! Sliding I!a.te, ],. A. Cooper...... w7,:l24 or to learn Ele('tric Uail ways, Smoke cOJl8umiuI!furnace. rrhornton & Smilb ...... 657 ,aoa THE ESTERBROOK STEEL PEN CO. Electric Lighting, 'l'elephony; Sprinklinlldevice, J. \.y. Sanderson ...... Works, Camden, N. J. 26 John St., New York. . 657,411 a g ln Stalk cutter. J. Hamm ...... �l!�ba�r� r:,'i:� in�� :l���. f: Stamp. band. J. 1:+'. Lehner ...... G.�i.�12 Edison endor�e8 our Institute. t)'�7,144 to Stampinl!and printing macbllle. rehef, 1:+'. 'Vaite. Fit yoursel! start in new pro· ...... 057,;)97 fession at a bette .. salary.u 8tal.lchioll, oo.ttle, S. A. Curtis ...... oun' il.tustrated. Stave trimming. dressing, and planing machine, YEA RS' WirU;e jor j-ree ...... Hm,:112 50 book, entitled. "Can Become an A. Dunbar...... EX PER IENCE Efec"fAical Enqinee,,' �I " Steam engine. 1 . N. Holm...... tii>7.na ...... H57 ,2tj.) Stearn trap.J. L. Chapman...... Steamer, chainless contilluous fabric, E. A. Rus· den...... 6i}7.362 WHEELS. Stone, making artificial. S. Scbougaal'd. 057, j TYPE MODELSNE.W -: D a..tXPERIMENTAL WORK_&MALLMAGH1"ERY Stopper. See BoUle stopper. 296 ._�la.. ETC. . STENCIL WDRKS 100 NASSAU 8! N.T. n ta n l 657. 175 �����; �o� i�� ���c�\��:. fti��'r�!����� '�'. ' A: EX PER IMENTAL WOR K. b·isller...... fii>7,043 MODELS InventiOIl"& developed. Special ¥achlnerY. . . . t�7.2J8 ...... Submariue apparatus, A. VOIl HoO·malln ...... E. V. BAILLARD, Fox Bldg .. Frallklin Square, New York . •1111 ...... IIIIIII. .. �•• �...... Subway construction, Clamp.. ti57.2li4 YOUR SALARY RAISED H. H.. Swing, K K. Hayes...... tim.ll!S8 Swing. cba.ir, W. Witter ... 657,l Month and Expenses; no experience BY HOME STUDY Switch. See Railway8. switcb. needed; pO ition permanent; self-seller, I ...... PEASE S Syrill!(e,W. P. A lien ...... G57.:l28 MFG. Co.,Stat'nlO.Clnclnnatl. O. F S tiD7.:j2;j $75 'l'elegraphy receiving device. 1. Kltsee. .. Telegrapby. wireless or space. Kitsee ... . 657.222, 057.224 ql���I�n:s�������f sk c t lRlfoIfL�9T�P�Al�!HIP I 'l'e'epbone lines from deleterious1. electrical ;ur ���1f��� t�� ����};e�:� INVENTIONS PERFECTED. E ectrica1,Mechanica a ne 6.57,305 invention is probably patentable. Communica· I,M d , EN � . cbarges. mealls for relieving-,C. 1-:1. Arnold.... Accurate Model and Tool Work. Write for Circular. Statlonary or Locomotive GI NEERING S. . . . 657,315 tions strictly contldentia1. Handbook on Patents I N 'l'e]epbone switchin� apparatus. D. Hultlsh . sent free. Oldest agencv for securing pat-ents. PARSELL WEED, 129·131 West 31st St., New York. American School of Corre!pondence, Telephone system, cent.ral battery, \V. Dean. 657,BHS & Bosten, Mass. 'W. W. Pa.tents taken tbrou�h Munl1 &. Co. receive • 'l'elephollesystem plug and socket. 'V. Dean. 1i57,iti!1 special noN,ce. •••••••• 1•• ...-...... without charge, in the R 'l'elepbone transmi�teJ:'arm, G. R. Kennedy ...... 1.i57.288 M7.BW Telepbone trunk circuit. D. S. J1ulfish...... G R I N DIN G MILL S �� arAd�� :!{��ptE,.� : . iibi.496 �. G. F. SI!lIP. 'render COuplmg, E. "V. Palmquist ...... versal Eccentric Mill. Address J. & HE ...... 657,:-159 SON, ZR Rodney Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. whole history of the 'l'bermostat. H. m. Reeve ...... Sci�ntific }fm�rican. or C. . . 657,446 illustrated weekly. 'l'hill pipe coupling, J. PerKins...... A handsomely Largest cir­ . 657.373 $3 'l'hresber aud clealler, pea. S. H. Williams ...... culatIon of any scientific journal. 'l'erms, a T 651,467 $1. 'l'bresbing machine feeder attacbment, H. 'l'ank. year; four montbs. Sold by all lIewsdealers. world is written and pic­ .• ...... IJ57.H55 'ride motor 1. Nagler �� Tie. See Railway tie. Broadway, GAS GASOLINE ENGINES 657.174 CO.361 'l'iles, manufacture of dovetailed, W. P. Meeker .. MUNN & New York WATE.R MOTOR.� tured week by week in Collier's •. C. 'Timeindtcating device. H. Kin.2'...... f.i57.ltji Branch Office.b� �]i-OS t Washington, D. BACKUS WAH 'l' ime recordin2 sys'em, P. G. Giroud...... 657,lti2 R MOT II,GO. NE.WARK N J. U. !> A 'rire, H ..\1itchel1...... Weekly. So well written and rl'ire valve.\V. pneumatic, C.. J. .... Mea ...d...... 6.�7.4t1nli57,4Hl Tool. combination, A. L. Schultz ...... ti57,1;�j 'l'rain control system. E. Rice, Jr. (reissue)... 11.852 Exoerimental & Model Work ,�/. trup. Gir. ad1!ice free. Wm. ,45-51 Rose 'l'rap. See A nimal trap. Insh trap. Steam &: Gardam & Son St.. N. Y...... 657,2W so well pictured that it is now 'l'rolley, J. K Connolly ...... 657,342 rl'rolley catcher, Ii'. J. �'aircbild . . . 657,132 'l'rolley track. '1'. C. Prouty ...... NOVELTIES & PATENTED ARTICLES the leading illustrated record of e Ei � �hlles ...... 657,166 Manufactured by Contract. Pnnching Dies SpeCial Ma­ �l: �g��h.W%� 'e t�:���?I'ig r ·u . cbinery. E. Konigslow & Bro., lSI Seneca St.,'cleveland,O. rrruck antifriction bearing-, car. J. S. Patten. . .. 657,445 ...... 657.129 rrruck, roHer. B. [I'. McCollister.... current events and has the larg­ 'rruss, bernial, G. }i'ancher...... li57.404 'l'ub. See Wasbtub. 'l' uning stem for stringed instruments. \V. A...... est circulation of any periodical �q ...... rr ype machinery ejectiqg mecbanism, F. B. Co - �- LETTERS COPIED WHILE WR.ITING...... n 657,282 ar verse. ,Jr ...... Send for Circular "M." .. 657.194 no press ; no water; 'l'ypewritercover fastening device. "Y. R ....·ox . Keep a copy of all letters ; JAS. LEFFEL CO in the world that sells for three . H57 ,438 & rl'ypewriter keyboard mechanism. C. P. Mosher . no brush; no work. Any ink ; any pen; any paper. T U R. B I N ES Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 'l'ypewriter pencil tray attachment, E.L. Hamil- ...... (;;)7.]0;') Our Pen-Carbon never smuts ; our clip holds paper ton ...... Pen­ AUTOiUATIC MACHINERY BUILT doIIars or more per year. Typewriters,.. band. stamps,. etc., nbbon. feed. . for,. firm. Write with no extra pressure, and our line are ti57 1ti CarooD leiter Book produces a copy. to order. OUI' facilities and e erience in this IV. J. �:ng-1isb...... , ! pe1:fecl w e correspondence 1' ypewritiug. linotype, nnd type settin� machine Can be used anywhere. If your stationer does i����\IJ'l':�f���t7t':t��a] de;t�:�� or other keyboard printing instrnmentality. not keep it;write forfru specimen of work. Agents f;�:rOT'l'. !lIERGEN 'l'HALElt COMPANY, ...... r.5'i ,47S at 10 rl\ Cabill...... wanted. PEN·CARBON MANIFOLD CO., On sale all newsstands. Price cents per . . 657.]5:1 Incorporated, Ba]timore, Md. Typewritin2 machiue. 'N. J. Barron ...... • 11.850 Centre Street, New cOpy. Sample copy free. Address CO LLIER'S 'l'ypewritillg macbine, H. J. Fisber (reissue)...... Department I. 145 York West ...... 657.187 WEEKLY, 525 13th Street, New York City. 'l'ypewriting macbine, G. B. Webb ...... O. L. .HOLO£N 'l'ypewl'iting- rnacbmeor other keyboard printing illstrurnentality.rr. Cabill...... 657.479 S 1336 BEACH St� PHILADELPHIA PA . 'l'ypewritlllg machine, platen. C. F. IJallallke .. ..' 657,121 They Stand High Pressure. 65 tl8 Valve, bydraulic or other. Lal & H.ainforth...... , relief, U . . 657.472i l Valve. locomotive S. M. Vauclatn ...... Ai;�h:l�������: ����l:�p���fle; f��a���:� REGEALEo. ICE MACHINES ...... 651,080 Va1ve, safety. J. M. Coalp...... Traps, Receivers. CondellSl!rs. Stt':l.lIl Pumps, S[[ rlRST PA E 5(.IENTlrlC. AM[RI(AN SlPT. 2. 139(} Vapor tube heater, Kitl;Qn (reissue) ...... 11,851 orl�llIul -- -- .. _------A. :lor burners. etc. The !'e:l(JIiI;'!'s goods. Not Vaporizing attachment 1. L. Ham- imitations. C:ltalo�l1� Free. S ...... 6.::'7.412 No. 2 end us your addr ... mond.. \\'010.80, Springfield, J\lass. and we will,howyou Vehicle driving mechanism. 'V. RuttIer ...... 651,281 HERCULES FLOAT a ay ure how io make a3 adaJ' Vehicle running frame. H. P. Maxim ...... 6.57,430 S absolut.ely sure; Vehicle, self·propelled. H. Wilcke...... 657,260 t ac we ...... 657,200 ONE-HALF YOUR . furnish th? work and e h you free, you work iD Veterinary forceps, "V . Neumeier, Jr 'he localIty where you live. Send us your address and a .. . 657,220 S 3 D we will We make specialty or gllt·edged �Uning Wagon brake, self-operating. E. Jenkins ...... We Tell You How. �xpla.in th;e business fully, remem ...... 657.314 � , ber we gua.ranteea. clearprofit; Stocks in such properties only as we hav� \V asbing rnacbine, B. �"reedlnall ���:I b ely e ::;!: � �::: thoroughly investigated 'with our own exp'erts, "Vushtub for lauudries. stationary, C. Brunner ()57,;ms Rochester Radiator Co. Furnace St. Rochester,N.Y. fl o')�lLr �1NYU�\lUTUUI� G scb�: s�ro � 354, l and can recommend to our customers as bei�g . l S Ob E. SAVE 26 FUEL ����;�rev�:c;� �g ;npr�·s�ed �i·r, T: :i.'i)eill·ores·t. ·. : ��:�� . . . fi5'i'.32\J \tVatergHf!e guard, Bruoks & li'ischer...... di b t a LEGITIMATE ENTERPRISES "Vater purifying apparatus. \tV . TweeddaJe...... 657.470 P������;;lfe':,��fslM. 8Jj ?��J:i a�g��:� lt ��:M;;:::� 'B�!�rlu P;,�t;rel� ...... 657.J64 Watering troue:h.automatic ho�. '1'. Horton perfectly safe for family as weB as sportsmen's use. Sans. centerboards. rudders. conducted on business principles ; namely : calf, ... 657.232 "working mines, developed llroperties '¥eanillg device, H. Zimmerman ...... Packs In small case. Send6c. for catalog, .so engravings. King Fo lding Canvas Boat Co., Kalamazoo,Mich" U.S. and dividend payers. ,"Veighing apparatus, automatic. W. Ii:. Nicker- 'Webave yetto make ...... ••...... 657,178 our first mistake,and our customers are recetv­ SOil 1 3 Wbeel. See Car wheel. Fifth wbeel. Propeller Jug dividends of from to per cent. monthly wheel. H r er ...... 657,112 GAS and GASOLINE ENGINES. :�� �g2 ou such mining stocks as we have thus far hand­ IVbeel resiliency device, G. Hayes ...... lVindmill, . . ti57,420 HIGHEST GRADE ENGINES FOR ALL POWER PURPOSES. led as ilscalagents, in addition to large profits ,). IV. Jaycox ...... of 657,4h8 Largest Exclusive Gas Engine Factory in AUlcrica. in the selling value the principal invested. WindmW pump connection, J. C. 'l'aylor...... Window bracket. W. B. li'oucb...... ti57,193 Engines heJd in stock in principal cities for quick (!�livery. Wrench. See Nut lock wrench. Ratchet wrench. SEND FOR OUR NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE i>. $800 PROFIT ON EACH $100 65 i)!lt Wrench, '1' . H. Brosniban...... 7. FOOS CAS ENCINE CO., TATION A, SPRINGFIELD O. . . . . 657.424 S 14 ,V rencb. C. B. Ketchum ...... Wakefield . . 65"1,321i FUUS invested is the record of new mines opene.-! last year, the lowest showing $100 profit and Wrench, J. K ...... the highest $2,400, the ave!'age of tbe 14 being over $800 net profit on each $100 invested in "I{awkins' New 1900 Catechism" their stocks. No investment o1l'ers gl'eater DESIGNS. OF THE STEAM ENGINE. TEL£GRAPHY taughi thoroughly. Total Cost, Tuition (telegraphy and type­ opportunities for unusual proftts thau mining . . . 3B,175 PRICE, ing) bonrd and room, Dlontl18' eourl!le Con Advertising case. 1\ G. Da]y ...... $2.00. writ , 6 '82. legitimately conducted as a business on a busi­ . . . " ...... &'1.155 reduced one-half; ereatdentolld fo r operator,,; c l Badg-e.Mertz & Davis...... Postpaid to any address. A practical book on be s hoo Dess basis and not as a stock speculation. . Valparais Badge frame, J. Eschelbacber ...... 33,151) valve etc. organized 1874. Catalog free. Dodge's lustltute, o, lod. . . . . engine running, Bettin�, Strictly up­ The 15th and 25th of each mor.th regularly are Binder tab, F'. 1.'aft...... 33,16(; to·date. Money refunded if not satisfactory. . . . 3:{,15�} Buttonhole opener. J. R. S. yoder ...... aa 1 8 THEO. AUDEL CO., Fifth Ave .. New York City. THE BICYCLE : ITS INFLUENCE IN Cabinet. 'Withington & Shanklill ...... 7 63 THE TWO DIVIDEND DAYS, Cuft· bolder. link. G. Kalkbrenner...... im .100 HealtlJ and Disease.-By G. M. Hammond, M.D. val­ for the several selected mining investments we uable and interesling paper in whicb the subjectA is ex- handle as exclusive Fiscal Agents and orders �I:��rr� �����tt s����t�1:ve·�,· E: S: 'Bald�i'1:::::::: ��:}�� Keep Your Horse Healthy s e a fO O s a d n must reach us prior to tbese dates to secure l r r 1 See that his stable Is fittedwith ¥,�� ��� �� :� : ;;gl :b��e���ns �� ���ftb : E. ��� ��� li In;�1''b���� tt'� ��il�e�.I:· .��. : �: .�:. ��. .���:::::::::: �:{ LOGAN'S AT ENT STALL DRAIN e ed C the current mon thly dividends...... 33.174 P ��:����J ���� �·o.cro�ri� J� c� I1� N;eI:ls� Send for our new booklets of dividend Filtering vessel. D. O. Joinville...... oII ��� i��b��Y .. . ,'j,1 ,153 which curries all fllthand bad odors.- To payers and fun particulars of high inter­ Game apparal us caSing. (3. V. Cornell ...... be had at this officeand from all newsdealers. buard. . . �3,15t s n a est-bearing, absolutely safe investments. Game H. BOggis ...... r�:e:nl�al�� l�f� a�d'illid€s io it��i�fuSj � Game board, E. F. Hawkins...... 3.1 .152 . 3..1.164 I DOUGLAS, LACEY CO. , Halter ring, K 'I'. Rugg...... ����n�llf����\!::: 'Stnl1 CompullY, - L GHT M�NUFACTURING &£XP£RI"1EN.TAL WORK &. i y n . Broodwuy. New York. B� • BANKERS AND BROKERS, 1632 PUNCHES&DIES. ����:11: �: f.r·lf� � � ::::: . : .. ::.:::::::::::::::: ::: :Jj\:l� '-SH££TM£TAL5TAMPING - DIVIDEND PAYING MINING STOCKS, Hose bracket side frame, E. Cliff...... •...... X3,J72 UTOMOBILESANo'PA RTSroR ...... Ra.162 High Angle A SAME NEW YORK, Inner sole, J . ...'enner The Perfect 1·12th INQUIRllS 66 17 ... .15 .sPECIAL MA CHIN£RY. SOLICITED Broadway and New St., d Lace fastener. J. I Poalk ...... 33 7 Homo. 1m. Objective, l v la , W. . :l .'j,171 $30,00. O 5T \Vestern Branch: Chamber of Commerce, C e e n O. Nozzle. 1i. Dewar...... TTO KONIG,SLOW-4� MICHIGAN tLlVELAND,O. . . 33,100 Special price to CoJIegee. Paper cutter. ';Y. Hathaway...... Pipe coupling, J. J. Lawler ...... :i3,liH Send for Micro. Bargain LiRt !lIODEL ENGINE boiler. . . . 33.17fi wanted with or wi�bout Polishiug iron. J. G. Grall ...... No. 12. D" Zi>4 W. 13i>th St., New York. . . . . 33.170 State price. RailwHY spike, C . 1. "chultz ...... Rein loop, bitch, C. RozelL ...... 3Ut;,; Williams. Brown Earle, . .. . :18 .JtlS & A MONTH Shelf bracket, J. D. Jobnston ...... t or aa.154 Dep't C. Philadelphia, U. S. A. A BUSINESS MAN S AND EXPENSES Spoon Similar article, bandle for a, If. Pretat ... :e��r�r u����\Y J'a ���e,s . 167 li n s e $250.00 MADE. Type holder, D. La Du...... 33 r��:p'�rt t'h e�� p:ter ;::s �y ��:ntr O't���:i�::��]: ft al�Ei o e e r�T6�J\l� iJ'!:x �41.r�I�;!,e":�e, Colorado. LABELS. IMPORTED from BELFAS T Magic A substitute for �tained Gins ... d " Acme Roned Wbite Oats," for roned wbite oats, I H AV E t'-y ���-ltn��!fc!t�Ng!c���� ��:i� Pi1lsbury-Wasbburu F]our Mills Company ..•... 7,710 i r n neer, and wish to make arrangements for puttinll same .. Best Cijzarette Pasteless rl'ubes." for Cigarette G LACI E R ��a�i ��r Ut�� c��� f;v�;]r�l.j ���;tfg; on the market. Will selJ one-third interest cheap. Lamp . . 7.774 prices and samples. Mention dimen�ions. o r .. Goldtubes, Russian American rl'ube Company. ... . :���:�s� tgI: �X

Young men and women lookIng for employ­ For Ladies and Gentlemen who want the best. ment should send for our new ctreular - "Support Yourself While Learning Pro· They are "'everWA TC"set" HESthe p et and every a. set" and cannot In ock , watch fession." is free. tells how you can is so marked that auy one cau tell its quality. No dealer can deceive you secure a positionIt at goodIt pay, and while sup­ Perfection in Every when you purchase a Dueber-Hampden Watch. Look for the name Dueber porting YO!lrself prepare for a professional in the case. Look for these trade marks engraved on the movements. career. You can become a "The • • • • • • • • 400" for ladles Detail ____ "John Hancock," Jewels • • • • for gentlemen 21 Mechanical Engineer etc. The fact that the most scrupulous care is taken the "Special Railway," 21 and 23 Jewels, for railway men, mechanical incon­ Send for our "Oulde to Watch Buyers." Electrician struction of the DUEBER=HAMPDEN WATCH WORKS, Canton, O. Architect Winton 200,000 students and graduates in Moehanlcal, Electrical, Steam. Iltvil and Mining Engineering ; Motor Architecture; Drawing and Desi�ning; Chemistry; BLUESTONE Telegraphy; Telephony; Stenography; Book·keeping; Carriage Dainty Watches English Branche,. insures its popn-.. HIGH PRESSURE PACKING Whcn writing, IItate subjcct in which interested. in colored enamels For Steam, �:�\�'u �l:�afu�� Hot or Cold INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS a s Water $1,200. No Agents. and .Price �ge�� , ���r a� a to match dress Air. Established 1891. Capital $1,500,000. permanent strength. Speed can be regulated al will. Packs equal­ B01 942, Seranton, Pa.. Hydro-carbon system. rr Write tor Catalogue. ly well for all. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO., Cleveland, Ohio. effects. '.rhereis no Ea,stern Department, Broadway, New York City. e 120 Send for our " Blue Book" -free. f�;��ff{�:�t as long or N CATALOGUE now READY. Co. AUTOMOB ILE PATENTS THE NEW ENGLAND WATCH witbstand as Wil l be mailed on r.eceipt well the ac­ E 37 Maiden Lane 149 State Street tion of steam W UN EXPLOITATION COMPANY. New York of two-cent stamp. UNDERTAKES :-The Chicago heat. manufacture of Automobiles and Motor­ THE H. & D. FOLSOM RMS CO., B'way, New York. Cycles. The examination of Automobile patents. To enlist capital Gutta Percha & Rubber Mfg. Co .. 130 Duane St., N. Y. /l 316 d io s G iJ l . F li�ISli���;:c��li��t t� make thorouj?h examinations of patents Expi'rts to test motors and automobiles. Opportunities to . Inventors to pri'seut properly their proposit Ons to concerns willing l COMBINATION TOOL; DRIL�ING to considi'r and to undertake the same. PURClIASES:-AII VISE, DRILL, � meritorious patent." , licenses and inventions "9.6 WE L-L Machmes relating to motor-cycles, motors, gears, automobiles and tbi'ir parts. CLAMP, Etc. \\r UUam St., "g A9.1 _ �: Over 70 sizes and styles, for drilling either deep or HYDE, Secretary. .a U b� F. B. 21 New York. "'2" shallOW wells in any .kindof soil or rock. Mounted Also other Com- ..I1l� - on wheels or on Bills. With engines or horse powers. bination Tools. �� . Strong, simple and durable. Any mechanic can operate them easily. Send· for catalog. ,_ t� ,_ all' WILLIAMS BROS., Ithaca, N. Y. lar S. A...... - THE BROAD BROOKS TOOL COMPANY, Batavia, N, Y.

SUPPlY you. All sizes CHARTER Gasoline Engine AC E T Y LEN E IIUmOllllled, always DO YOU KNOW that the most Ii!l'ht,least trouble, ��J�::;��t'�t,;'��;,P:�r�:'�;�:::ki�r �l� :�e� ANY PLACE t s o C s 0 purposes. catalocrue. BY ANYONE �;:: t:s� �:>n"! r t� �. il'��� I1'w'l"lf li,�0 �8*'ti'�'it The CLEVELAND STONE CO. FOR ANY PURPOSE Write, inclosine- 25 cents. for sample. varietlesat lowest prlCes. Best Railroad .• 2d Floor. Wilshire. Cleveland, O. AU STATE ],INE TALC CO., Chattanooga, Tenn U. S. A. o o es Stationn-ries. Portables, !f:�\��s-:� �rt?�ie�� i'i!'c l��� g'a���: USEDEnKiues and Pumps. Sewing Machines, Bicycles, To 1s. efc. Sav .. , Money. Lists Free. ..0 Chicago. your Power Needs. CHICAGO SCALE Co 111. ar State Scalos • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• "The WorkingWhether cheap or costly. Rule common or of uncommon, Every belong·ng to Toolevery trade " : CROSS TEST: Eastman Kodak Co.'s and profess lon, exhaustively described and accurately illustrated in IS Leveling is lndi- LEVEL. ! cated every way without moving the ! MONTGOMERY & CO.'S TOOL CATALOGUE • tool. Weighs Ounces. Size in. 31n. : BRO WNIE. • 3 2 x the new. Improved and reVIsed edition for lQOO. Printed from new type, X�irrPJ1 t';.�·.i}� ToOl.>!fre.e. . • THE O with hundreds ot new plctures ann explanations of the latest tools manu· • L. S STARRETT C • CAMERAS • Box 13, AT"Ji OL, MAS factured tor every known purpose. A book that all should have for refer S., U. S. A • • � .. � .•.•••...... ence and study. sent free by mail tor 25 cents. MONTC OMERY CO., FULTON ST., NEW YORK &. 105 CITY a:n�IJ�!.2 $ 1 JESSOP'S STEEL ParIs. 1900, � for Excellence in Quality and WorkmanshIp. NEW YORK OFFICE, - 91 JOHN STREE'l'.

you want the best CHUCKS, buy Westcott's Have you not an idea worth working out? Does If Double Grip Ghomistry of lannfit actcouldnrin[ do Dot your experience show that you Little Giant this, or if you had that, your business would be benefitted1 If BO, I can be of assistance to you, as I have heen to many others. PETER T. AUSTEN, 52 Beaver Street, NEW YORK.

Make .u pictures x .7.(inches. Load In Daylight with our six exposure film cartridges and are so simple they can be easily Operated by Any School Soy or Girl. NOW READY. Fitted with fine Meniscus lenses and our improved rotary shutters for snap shots or time exposures. AN AMERICAN BOOK ON Strongly made, covered with imitation leather, have nickeled fittings and produce the best results. Brownie Camera, tor 2� x 2� plctnres, • • • x ,1.00 Transparent-li'llm Cartl'ldge, G exposnres, 2}( 2;£, . .15 Horseless Vehicles, Brownie Developing and Printing Outfit, .. .. :15 fiat field, well lighted and clear np-Nnittlm Ask your deale1" 01' wy""t� us fo r a Brownie Camera Club sta�e condenser on a new system. Co nstitution. $S OO'.OO in Kodak prizes to the membeys. catalogue, etc., free. EASTMAN KODAK CO • • CO., e t t .. Philadelphia, Pa. QUEEN &. 1010 Ch s nu St Automobiles and Rochester, N. Y. 12-inch Pipe cut off and ACCOUNTANTS Threaded with ease by one who use the Comptometer Motor Cycles. man and a have no trouble with their balance. Has ever oc" trial it FORBES OPERATED curred to you that by getting BY one you might save lots of Steam, Hyaro-Carbon, Electric - and Pneumatic time, avoid mista�es and not PATENT DIE STOCK. HOW TO MAKE AN ELECTRICAL ruin your nerves ? al s s natelY Furnacefor Amateur's Use.-'rheutilization of volt ea�;.' k% a �� J':�f.?:�? electric circuits for small furnace work. By N. 'M.onroe110 Motors. Write for Pamphlet. By GARDNER D. HISCOX, .M . FELT TARRANT MFQ THE CURTIS CURTIS Hopkins. 1'his valuable article is accompanied by de­ E. &. eo. & co., ­ Garllen Street. Bridgeport, Conn. tailed working drawings on a large scale, and the fur Autbo," of "Gas, Ga801ene and Vapor Engines," nace can be mil de by any amateur who is versed in the on Bnd "l\leclumlcul l\foven�ellt8, Device8 use of tools. This article is contained in SCIENTIFIC EN GINES e c nnd Appliances." i�E�l�t� ��V� l"6': ')l�r!a���;, §�; Y��k b¥{;: or by any bookseller or newsdealer_ PRICE POSTPAID. If made by Witte are all $3.00 right. They are simple, safe. durable, and guar­ This work is written on a broad basis, and comprises its scope a full illustrated description with details of anteed for 5 years. Just In write for Calalogue A, the progress and manufacturing advance of one of the and see. most important innovatiens of the times, contributing WITTE IRON WORKS CO. to the pleasure and business convenience of mankind. 519 West 5tb Street. The wake-up and management of Automobile Vehicles Kansas City, Mo. of all kinds is liberally treated, aridin a way tbat will be appreCiated by those who are reacbing out for a better knowledge of the new era locomotion. The book Is up to date andIn very fully Illustrated with various types of Horseless Carriages, Automobiles and Motor Cycles, with details of the same.

LarKe 8vo. About 400 paKes. Very Fnlly INVENTORS-----a. Illustrated. willfind It to their advantage to have their patents manufactured and Introduced the trade by tb.e Send for circular ot contents. INVENTORS' MERCA NTILE BUREAUto . IT No advance fee. Correspondents In all foreign conntrles. 320 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY. MUNN & CO. 361 Broadway, New York