CONTENTS
I THE I-IEIUTAGE FROM SPAIN Al'D PORTUGAL Page I
II. "OUR OLD KING OR l'ONE" .. 12
III "INDf;PENDENCE OIt DEATH" .. 30
IV. PLOUGHIt'lG THE SEA .. 56
V. THE AGE OF THE DICTATORS .. 80
VI. PERIL FROM ABROAD .. 108
VII. GHEATER STATES AND LESSEH .. 120
VJII. "ON THE MARGIN OF INTEHNATIONAL LIFE" .. 148
IX. THE HEPUBLICS OF SOUTH Al\IERICA .. 166
X. ~lEXICO IN REVOLUTION .. 196 • XI. THE REPUBLICS OF THE CARIBBEAN .. 213
XII. PAN-Al\1EH.ICANISl\1 AND THE GREAT WAR .. 227
BIBLIOGHAPHICAL NOTE .. 239
INDEX .. 243
Vll ILLUSTRATIONS
Frontispiece
IIISP.\XIC :UIERICA I~ 1783 Map by W. L G. Joerg, American Geographical Society. Facing page 2
FIUNCISCO DE lIIIR.\NDA. Engraving .. .. 16
JOSE GASPAR RODRiQUEZ DE FRANCIA Wood engraving. .. ..
HISPANIC AMERICA IX 18i!:! ;\Iap by H'. 1. G. Joerg. American Gcograpbical Society. .. ..
JUAN MANUEL DE ROSAS. Engraving. .. 68
ANTO~IO LOPEZ DE SA~T.\ ANN.\. Litho- graph. .. .. 72
PEDRO II. Lithograph. .. " 102 , PORFlRIO DIAZ. Photograph " 116
JOSE ?lIANUEL llAL:\lA CEDA. Photograph. .. " 178
HISPAI\"IC AMERICA IN l!H9 Map by W. L. G. Joerg, American Geographical Society. .. " 236
IX BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
FOR anything like a detailed study of the history of the Hispanic nations of America, obviously one must con- suIt works written in Spanish and Portuguese. There are many important books, also, in French and Ger- man ; but, with few exceptions. the recommendations for the general reader will be limited to accounts in English. A very useful outline and guide to recent literature on the subject is W. W. Pierson, ,Jr.,.Ii Syllabus af Latin- American JIistory (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1917). A brief introduction to the history and present aspects of Hispanic American civilization is W. R Shepherd, Latin America (New York, 1914). The best general accounts of the Spanish and Portuguese colonial systems will be found in Charles dc Lannoy and Herman van der Linden, Ilistoire de l' Expansion Colonialc des Peuples Europeens: Portugal et Espaqne (Brussels and Paris, I(07), and Kurt Simon, Spanien uiul Portugal als See und Kolonialmachtc (Hamburg, W13). For the Span- ish colonial regime alone, E. G. Bourne. Spain in. Amer- ica (New York, l!JO·l) is excellent. The situation in southern South America toward the close of Spauish rule is well described in Bernard Moses, South America on the Ece of Emancipation. (New York, 1(08). Among contemporary accounts of that period, Alexander von 239 240 BIDLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Humboldt and Aime Bonpland, Personal Narratiue of Tracels to the Equinoctial Regions of America, 3 vols. (London, 1881); Alexander von Humboldt, Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 4 vols. (Lon- don, 1811-18~2); and F. R. J. de Pons, Travels in South America, 2 vols. (London, 1807), are authoritative, even if not always easy to read. On the wars of independence. see the scholarly trea- tise by W. S. Robertson, Rise of the Bpanish-Amerieasi Republics as Told in the Lives of their Liberators (New York, 1918); Bartolome Mitre, The Emancipation of South America (London, 1893) - a condensed transla- tion of the author's Hisioria de San 111artln, and wholly favorable to that patriot; and F. L. Petre, Simon Bolivar (London, 1910) - impartial at the expense of the imagination. Among the numerous contemporary accounts, the following will be found serviceable: W. D. Robinson, Memoirs of the M exican Retoluiion. (Phila- delphia, 1820); J. R. Poinsett, Notes on Mexico (Lon- don, 1825); H. 1\1. Brackenridge, Voyage to South AmeT1:ca, 2 vols. (London, 18~0); VI'. B. Stevenson, Historical and Descriptiie Narrative of Twenty Years' Residence in South America, 3 vols, (London, 1825); J. Miller, Memoirs of General ~Miller in the Service of the Republic of Peru, 2 vols, (London, 1828); H. L. V. Ducoudray Holstein, Memoirs of Simon Bolivar, '2 vols. (London, 18:30), and John Armitage, History of Brazil, 2 vols. (London, 1836). The best books on the history of the republics as a whole since the attainment of independence, and written from an Hispanic American viewpoint, are F. Garcia Calderon, Latin America, its Rise and Progress (New York, 1913), and M. de Oliveira Lima, The lH13LIOGHAPHICAL NOTE 241
Erolut ion. of Brazil Compared with that of Spanish and Anqlo-Saron. America (Stanford University, California, lOB). Thc countries of Central America are dealt with by W. H. Koebel, Central America (New York, 1917), and of South America by T. C. Dawson, The South American Republics, 2 vols, (New York, W03-100·t), and C. E. Akers, History of Souili America (London, 1912), though in a manner that often confuses rather than enlightens. Among the histories and descriptions of individual countries, arranged in alphabetical order, the following are probably the most useful to the general reader: W. A. Hirst, Argentina (New York. 1910); Paul Walle, Bolivia (New York. 1914); Pierre Denis, Brazil (Ncw York, lOll); G. F. S. Elliot, cui; (New York, 1907); P. J. Eder, Colombia (New York, 1913); J.D. Calvo, The Republic oj Costa Rica (Chicago, 1890); A. G. Robinson, Cuba, Old lind New (New York, ] 915); OUo Schoen- rich, Santo Domingo (New York, 1918); C. R. Enock, Ecuador (New York, WI4); C. It Enock, Mexico (New York, 1909); W. H. Koebel, ParagullY (New York, 1917); C. R. Enoek, Peru (New York, 1910); W. H. Koebel, Uruguay (New York, 1911), and L. V. Dalton, Venezuela (New York, 1912). Of these, the books by Robinson and Eder, on Cuba and Colombia, respec- tively, are the most readable and reliable. For additional bibliographical references see South America and thc articles on individual countries in The Encgclopoxlia Britannica, 11th edition, and in Marrion Wilcox and G. E. Rines, Encyclopedia vf Latin Amer- ica (New York, 1(17).
Of contemporary or later works descriptive of thc lifc 16 242 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE and times of eminent characters in the history of the Hispanic American republics since 1830, a few may be taken as representative. Rosas: J. A. King, Twenty- four Years in the Argentine Republic (London, 1846),· and Woodbine Parish, Buenos Ayres and the Provinces oj the Rio de la Plata (London, 1852). Francia: J. R. Rengger, Reign of Dr. Joseph Gaspard Roderick [!) de Francia in Paraguay (London, 1827); J. P. and W. P. Robertson, Letters on South America, 3 vols. (London, 1843), and E. L. White, El Supremo, a novel (New York, 1916). Santa Anna: Waddy Thompson, Recollections oj Mexico (New York, 1846), and F. E. Ingles, Calderon dela Barca, LiJein Mexico (London, 1852). Juarez: U. R. Burke, Life oj Benito Juarez (London, 1894). So- lano Lopez: T. J. Hutchinson, Parana; uruh. Incidents of the Paraguayan TVar and South American Recollec- tions (London, 18(8); George Thompson, The Wa·r in Paraguay (London, 18(9); R. F. Burton, Letters from the Bouie-fields of Paraguay (London, 1870), and C. A. Washburn, The History of Paraguay, 2 vols. (Boston, 1871). Pedro II: J. C. Fletcher and D. P. Kidder, Brazil and the Brazilians (Boston, 1879), and Frank Bennett, Forty Years in Brazil (London, 1914). Garda Moreno: Frederick Hassaurek, Four Years among Spanish Americans (New York, 1867). Guzman Blanco: C. D. Dance, Recollections oj Four Years in Venezuela (London, 1876). Diaz: James Creelman, Diaz, Master of Mexico (New York, 1911). Balmaceda: 1\1. II. Hervey, Darl: Days in Chile (London, 1891-1892). Carranza: L. Gutierrez de Lara and Edgcumb Pin- chon, The Mexican People: their Struggle [or Freedom (New York, 1914). INDEX
",\ B C" Conference. 2()~-(JG Wasbington Conference (1915), ":\ B C powers," set lip prin- 208-09; "A B C" combination, ciple of balance of power, il9- 229-30, 235; neutral ill Great ~30; combination breaks down. 'Var. i35; centennial anniver- 235 sary of independence, ~3G; see Agustin the First, of Mexico, ace also Buenos Aires, La Plata Iturbide, Agllstf II de Argentina Formula, 175 "Anahuac. Congress of," 28 Argen ti ne Confederat ion.La Plata Ancon, treaty between Chile and renamed, OB;see also Argentina. Peru signed at, HI La Plata Andes, San ~\lartin crosses, ~H; Arica, 138-~2, 181-83 Bolivar crosses, 39, 59; as " Arrnv of the Andes," 34 boundary between Argent iuu.. II Arm;' of the Three Guurau- and Chile, 175-7G; statue of tees: " ·19 Christ in. 177 Art igas, Jose Gervasio. 23, 31. Angostura, Congress at. 39 3~ Antofagasta, nitrate of soda in. Asuncion, revolutionary out- 138 break in. ~~ Argentina. and Brazil. G8-{)3, 78. Atacama. desert of. 188 17·1-75; politics, 69-70. 178- Austria-Hungary and )lexieo.118 17-1; Rosas as President. 87- Ayacucho, valley of, Sucre's vic- 92; and Uruguay, 30-9i. 97. tory in, 59 IG9. 175; and Paraguay. !J5-98. 13G-37; gains position of Bahia (city). Brazil. 77 eminence. 121. 13:3-37; revolt "Balkan States" of America, 126 of 1880, 131-35; population. Balmaceda, Jose ) Ianuel, 177- 135, 172; immigration. l:l5; 180; hibliography, 2-12 finance, 135-36. 171-71; in- Banda Oriental, part of vice-
dustrv, 17'1.; II revolution" of royalty of La Plata, 21; po- 1905.-172; and Chile. 175-77; litical movements in, 2~-23; intervenes between Ecuador disputed territory. 31-32. 68- and Peru, 185; Drago formu- G9; annexed to Brazil. ~l2; lates doct rine of contract de hts. becomes republic of Uruguay, 191; refuses to recoguize II uer- 69; sec also Uruguay La government in Mexico, Barrios, Justo Rufino. President 203; offers mediation between of Guatemala, 127-29 Unile" States and ~lexico. 205; Batlle. Jose. President of Uru- "A I3 C" Conference, 206; at guny, 1G9-·70 244 INDEX
Belgranc, Manuel, leader in La government, 10, 'l8-29, ss- Plata. 19 54, 76-79. 166-67; annexes Blanco, Antonio Guzman, Jet Banda Oriental, 3'l; under Guzman Blanco. Antonio Pedro I, 53-5!i, 77-79; pro- Bogota, Congress at, 26, 67; claimed independent of Portu- Spanish atrocities at. 30; gal, 55; and Argentina, 6H9, Boli var goes to. 65 78, 174-75; and Uruguay, 78, Bolivar, Simon, 1'18; favors cen- 90, 91. 92, 97; and Paraguay, tralized control. 25; "Libera-' 95, 96, 97, 136, 167; under tor of Venezuela." 25; as. Pedro II, 1O~--{)3; rises to posi- dictator, ~5-'l7; flees to Ja- tion of eminence, I'll. 1'l9-33; maica, ~7;expedition to Vene- abolition of slavery, 1'l9-30; zuela (1816), 37, 38-39; Pres- immigration, 130; becomes ident of Republic of Colorn- United States of Brazil (1889), bin, 39j and San Mnrt!n, 133; and Bolivia, 137; finance, 13-47; personal characteristics, 167-68; politics, 168; interven- 11-45; quoted, 56-57; and tion between Ecuador and Peru. 57-60; Bolivia named Peru, 18.1;refuses to recognize in honor of. GO; as President Huerta government in Mexico, of three republics, 61-65; pro- 'l03; offers mediation between motes Congress at Panama. United States and Mexico, 62-64; his fall. 65-67; death 205; at "A B C" Conference, (1830). 67 206; at Washington Confer- Bolivia. 21. 121; Los Cbarcas ence (1915), 1!08-09; declare. becomes, 60-61; and Bolivar. war on Germany, 23·1; rela- es, 60; boundaries, 13'7-38; tions with Portugal, 236 and Chile. 133-40, HI, B2- British Guiana, boundary dis- ).13, 181; constitution adopted pute with Venezuela. 188 (1880), B2; progress. 1'13, Buenos Aires (city). viceroy 188; at Washington Confer- deposed at, 17, 20; political ence (1915), 208; breaks off commotions, 21, 31, 89; hostile diplomatic relatious with Ger- to Montevideo. 2'l-'l3; suprem- many, 235; see 0130 Charcas acy of, 08, 69-70, 87; French Bonaparte. Joseph, 17, 19 blockade of, 90; and Lopez. Boundary disputes, Argentina 96; change in city and prov- and Brazil, 32, 68-{)9, 174-75; ince, 135; financial panic, 17~ Brazil with Paraguay and Buenos Aires (province), 70. 87, Uruguay. 96; Chile with Bo- 135 livia and Peru. 1:17-43, 181- 183; Argentina and Chile. 175- Callao, Bolivar at, 's8, 6'l 176; Peru, Brazil. and Colom- Campos Salles, ;\lanoel Ferras bia, 181; Venezuela and Britisb de. President of Brazil, 167 -68 Guiana, 188-89; Haiti and Canternc, Jose, royalist leader Dominican Republic, 2'l3 in Peru, ,18, 59. 60 Boyaca, rivulet 0(. Bolivar de- Carabobo, Battle of, 48 feats royalists at, 39 Caracas, revolution in, 1!4; and Brazil, subject to Portugal, I; Bolivar. 26, 87; assembly de- social organization, 4-9~ for- clares Venezuela 8 separate eigners in. 5; education. 9. 'lQ; state, 66 INDEX
Caribbean, countries of the, 1t1, 209; ":\ Il C" combination. 21:$-26; ue also names of ~t9-~m.2~5; neutral in Great coun tries \Y ar, !(35; cen tcnn ial enniver- Carlotta, wife of Maximilian, 118 sarv,23G Carranza, Vcnustinno, 'to·I.-h?: Chilo~, Island of, 61- Denmark, I g5 Fonseca Bay. part leased to Dtaz, Porfirio, 117, 119; head. United States, ~IB Mexican rebellion, al-~~; as France, and Santo Domingo. President of Mexico, 1~~-26, 13-14; San Martin retires to. 154-55, 196-~Ot; downfall, 47; blockades Argentine ports. 196, !t01-Q!t;bibliography, ~4!t 90, 91-9'l; offers mediation Dominican Republic, 108-11, between Argentina and Uru- 164-65. ~~3-~5, 234-35; ace guay. 91; war with ~lexjco. also Haiti 106;Napoleon III and Mexico, Drago. Luis Maria, 191 115-18; and Venezuela. 193, Dulce. Governor and Captain 195;attitude of Spanish Amer- General of Cuba, 11~ ica in Great War toward, 23~ Dundonald, Thomas Cochrane, Francia, Dr, Jose Gaspar Ro- Earl of, 41, 42, 77 driguez de, ~2. 32-33, 93; bib- liography. 2·H-42 .. Earthquake" republic. ~5 French Revolution, influence on Ecuador, 1~1; Quito becomes, Spanish America, 13 67; theocracy in, 99-102; hos- tility between radicals and cler- Garda Moreno. Gabriel, Presi- icals, 143, 183-84; boundary dent of Ecuador. 99-102, 143; questions, 184-85; breaks off bibliography, 242 diplomatic relations with Ger- Garibaldi, Giuseppe. 91 many, ~5; see also Guayaquil, Germans in Brazil, 130 Quito (province), Quito (town) Germany, and Venezuela, 191; Education, Spanish America. 8, attitude of Spanish America 9-10; Brazil. 29; Ecuador, toward (1918). 234-3,) 100-01; Guatemala, 127;Vene- Gomez, Jose 1\1iguel, President zuela. 146, 193; Mexico, 154; of Cuba, 221-23 Central America, ~15 Gomez, Juan Vicente, President Ensenada renamed La Plata, I~J.) of Venezuela. 19~-95 "Equator. Republic of the" Gomez, Maximo, leader of revo- (Ecuador). 67 lution in Cuba, 160 Escobedo. captor of Maximilian, Gonzalez, Alfredo. President of 118 Costa Ilica, ~Hf-20 "Grand Lodge or America," 16 Ferdinand VII of Spain, 17, 18, Great Britain, commerce with, 19,~0.27,30.38,40.48,59.74 12; influence over Portugal, II Ferriere, La." 1-1 15; acquires Trinidad, 15; Finance. Mexico, 116. 1'l5, 155; Miranda seeks aid from, 16; Argentina, 135-36, 171-7!t; sends expedition to Rio de Colombia, 144, 185; Venezuela. fa Plata, 16-17; aids Spanish 146; Dominican Republic, 16·~- American and Brazilian inde- 163; Paraguay. 171;Honduras, pendence, 38. 79; offers media- 216; Nicaragua, 218; Costa tion between Argentina and Rica, ~19-~0; Panama, l!'lQ-- Uruguay, 91; blockades Ar- 221; during Great War. 'lSS gentine ports. 91-9!l; and Florida, United States acquires. Mexico, 115, 116; and Nicara- es, 51 gua. 157, 158; arbitrates be- Fonseca, Dcodoro da, 181. 133 tween Chile and Argentina. Il\DEX Grca t Britain-Cordillllcd "Tgualn, Plan of." 4R-4H, iJO 17G; and Venezuela, IRS-HU. ] uunigration, Argent ina, 1:3;>; 190, WI, Ii):3, 195 Brazil. J ::0 Great War, relations of Hispanic Indians, B, (i-7, 13·. nations to, 231-:35 Inquisit iou abolished. 21, 8.5 "Grea tcr Republic or Centra I I nlcrna tional Conferences of America." 150 American States. U8-51, 2n Guatemala. independence ck- Isabel, Infanta. represents Spain elated, :;0-51; in "United at centennial celebration in Provinces 01 Central America," Ar"entina and Chile, 'l:J6 76: war with other Central Isabella II of Spain, tlO, 1I'l American stn tcs, 76. I'l!), 5?14~ Italy and Ycneauele, 101. 10:1 Barrios as President, 127-29; Iturbide, Aguslfo de, leader in order in. 155--50,' 157; at Mexico, 48-·l9; assumes presi- Washington Conference (1915), deney, 50; emperor, 50, 7!2-H 203-09: declares war on Ger. It uzaiugo. Battle of. 00 rnany, 234 Guayaquil. 181; Bolivar in, 43. Jamaica, 15; Bolivar in, ~7, .5G ·11; revolution in. 4:3. 1'13; San Jesuits, in Paraguay. 2~; in Ecua- )larLin in, i~.5 dor. 100; in Guatemala, 1~7 Guzman Blanco, Antonio, Presi- John Iv' of Portugal, 52-;;3 dent of Yenezucla. 11:;-47. Juarez, Benito Pablo, Mexican 183; bibliography, 212 stntesmau, 113-15, 117, liS, Ill), 121: bibliography. 24'2 Hague Pence Conferences. 1·1H, Junln, plain of, Bolivar's vidor.v 151, 152. 176.228 on ...5n lIague Tribnnal. 185, 187, 102 Haiti, Republic of, proclaims in- dependence, ]4; center of H King's Beautiful View, ., 1'~ revolutionary agitation, ]5; Bolt var in. 37; and Dominican La Guaira, seaport of Venezuela, Republic, 51. 108-()9, 2%:3; 19:3 becomes protectorate of United La Pal. Bolivar at. GO States.225-26; sec also Domini- La Pl.t tao revolts from Spain, can Republic, Santo Domingo 10-21, 23, 28, :n; becomes Hidalgo, Miguel, leader in Mexi- " United Provinces of La Plata co, 27 River ;" 21: and .Par:.lgwlY. 2-2; Honduras. 210; in "United and Banda Oricntal, 2~-2:l, Provinces of Central America." 3~; Chileans flee to, '21. :J3-:J~; 7G; wars with other Central independence declared. 31; American states, 7(i, 2].1; and San l\Iartln in, ':.J:3;and Char- Guatemala. 1'20; tries 10 form ras, '10, 60; name chang('(l "Greater Itepublic 01 Central to "Argentine Confederation." America." l:j6; neutralized, G8; see also Argentina 1/15; finance, 21G; breaks off La Plata ("illage), 1:35 diplomatic relations with Ger- La Plata Congress, :JI, DO many, 235 Latin America, sec Spanish Huerta. Victoriano, '202-03, 20·1- America 20(J, '207 "Lemonade, Count of, '. H IXDEX Lima, 58; San :'>[artin in, ,I, H. 'Ii Ire. Bartolome. 13~ -107;Bolivar at, DO; uprising in, :llonroe Doctrine. 63- 113-18; finance, 11 G, 1<.5, 155; of Central America. I, 7(J~ and .\laximili"D, 11i-18; under Zelaya in, 1.56-58. 217; Lllited Dial, 121-~6. 15·1-55; medi· States inter\'ention in, ~l..l- ates !Y;tween Central ,Imeri. :\lirandaj }'rancisco de. ].)-H,. I :\' U flel, Hafael, Presiden t of ~~-~5 Colombia. 14·\-45 IXDEX ~-l9 Ocana, constitutional convcn- Plata, Hio de h. 16 ticn at, 65 Plebiscite for Tacna and Ariea, O'Donoju, Juan, viceroy to I-! I. IS,,-i'S ~Ie,im, 49. 50 Political parties, St; Guatemala. O'lIiggin~1 Bernardo. 3·4, ··n. i 1 51; _\rf!'l~ntjn8~ C9-70, 59. 1"i3; Oribe. Manuel, 9J Chile, 71-7:2, 1S1 ~ :\le"ic."o, 73, Oriente region, lSI IOI--{)J, :()l; Central Arneri-a, iC; L'ruguay, so, 91. 9.5, sr, Pacific, War of the, 137. JSI 169: Ecuador, 143; Cub." lS(}- Psez. Jose Antonio . .37. 65 160; Brazil, IGS Palma, Tomes Estrada, IG3, IV-I Porto Rico, I.uited Stales ac- Pan a md (town), C6n~'Te.ss at quires. HH: commissioners Su- (18~G\, 6i, 64 perintend election in Domini- Panama. Republic of. JS3. 185- can Republic. £-?io lSi, 21-\. «0-:11, <3-l Portug-al, extent of dominion in Pen-American Conferences, 1-IS- America, 1-~;policy in Brazil, lSI. ,U7 10-11, ::8-:?9, 5~, '>3--5.3: de- "Pan-Americanism." ~t7 et seq. j pendent upon Great Britain. Paraguay, 1~1;,part of L,a.PbLl, 15; relations with Brazil, ~J<) ofl; declares independence, :2-.2; Press, The, Ar,ceutioa, ~1, S~; population, U; under Francia, Brazil, :9, lOS; Panama, «0 «. ;,,,-33, 0<-9~j; under LOpez, Puebla (state), )lexim, capture 93-99; and Argent ina, 95-98, of (1b63), 116 136-3,; and I'ruguay, 95, 06; and Brazil, OS, se. 07, 136, "Quem's Deligbt." 14 167; after 1808, J,I; finance. Queretaro, Clbxirniliatl captured IiI; neutral in Great 'Yar, 235 at. I1S; constitutional eonven- Parana, LOpez on tbe, 96 tion at, ~10 Pat agonis. 134, 17.5 Quito (province), belongs to Pedro 1. Emperor of Brazil, 53- Peru, ';0; dispute over, 43-44, 55. ';'7-79 45. 6G;government overthrown, Pedro If, Emperor of Brazil. 79, 65; de~l"l'{'s independence un- 10:1, lOS, 131, 13;J; bibliog- der the name Ecuador, Gj; see raphy. :?H also Ecuador Pernambuco (city). Brazil, 77 Quito (town). H, ItS, IS-l Peru, 1'?]; uprising against Spain, 19-':0, ._~1-4~; gains Char cas, Rc ilroads , Cl1niC'o. 1?,;; Guate- ~~, 40; and Chile. :14, IS,- mala, I ~7 14:1.IS I-S~; royalist. 30-\0. 51; .. Rays and ~uns of RoHYar," 5'? and Quito, -l0. -13, -15; declared Religion. 8-9, S5; )lexiro, 4S; independent, 4:1; and Boliyar, Ecuador, I ()(}-{)1 Si-{j(), G~, GG, 71; at Congres.< Hio de Janeiro (cit:·), ;;, 96; at Panama, 64; "\\'ar of Portu:::ue~ rulers Nme to, ~S; tbe Pacific," 13,-\:1, 181-83; Pedro'I at, 54; tre"t,· ,,-it}, army, 1-10; political 'ituation, "\rgentina signed at, 09; up- IS3~8-1; break; off diplva;3lic ri;i,,!: (1i'S1), 7S; (18S9), 13:1 rebtions wilh Gern13n:-o, -l35; [lio Grande do :'ul (pro"in",), U'C also Lima Brazil. Grrmal15 in, 130 Pichinch3, volcano of, +l I{i\'ada"ia, Bernardino, G~, 6~ 250 INDEX Rivera, Frueluosa, 91 lie, 109-10; Isabella dethroned, Roca, Julio Argentino, 1~·1 ]]2; and Mexico. ] ]5. 116; re- Rodas, Caballero de, lit lations with Spanish America. Rosariode Cucuta, Congressut, :J9 235-~7 UOSIIS, Juan Miguel de, (;S, 87- Spanish America, extent, l-~; 9t; bibliography, ~41 population. 2-5; economic or- ganization. 0-7~ commerce, Salavarrieta, Poliearpa, 36-37 7-8; religion. 8-0; education, Salvador, ant! Mexico, 51; in 9-IO;governmenl,Ia-II;aCter "United Provinces of Central Doli var's downfall, 80 ('I aeq.; America." 7(;; relations with in 1876, 1~0-21; republics other Central American states. join in international affairs, 76, 128, 1~9J i5H, 214; part in 148 ct Mq.; during the Great United States-Nicaragua COD- War, 231-3,5; bibliography, troversy, 219; neutral in Great ~3U-42; ,'cc 0180 names of \Var, 235 countries Sun Juan de Ulua, surrender of Sucre, Antonio .lose de, '!-3-44, fortress (1825), 74 59, 60, 61, 06 San Martin, Jose de, ~:HI5,41- Sucre (city}, 01 47,57 Suffrage. HiCi-G7. 1~3 H Sa ns Souci," ] 4 Sanla Anna, Antonio Lopez tie, Tacnn-Aricn question, 138-4t, 73,104,105; bibliography, 242 181-83 Santa Marla, Bolivar retires to Tampico. American sailors ar- estate near, 07 rested ut (1914),205 Santiago, takes lead in revolt Tarapac.i (province), 138, 139, against Spain, 23; O'Higgins 141,181,182 at, ~H;in civil war, 180 Ten Years' "'ar. ns, IM~ Santo Domingo, 13-15, 51, lOS, Texas, revolt in, 105 3CC also Dominican Republic, Tierra del Fuego di vided between Haiti Argentina and Chile, 175 Siio Paulo (city), Brazil, 77 Transportation, ,.ec Railroads S,]o Paulo (province), Brazil, 54 Trinidad, Great Britain acquires, Sarmiento. Domingo Faustino, 15,28; Miranda and, 16 134 Tucuman, Congress at, 31, 56 Slave trade, abolished iu La Tuxtepec, Plan of, 121 Plata, 2l; topic for discussion at Panama Congress, 04 "United Kingdom of Portugal, Sillvery, 3, 80, 103, Ill, 12!1-:10 Brazil, and the Algarves," 52 Sola no Lopez, Francisco, .'lee U)- United Mexican States, H pez, Francisco Solano .1 United Provinces in South Spain, extent of dominions in America, " 31 America, 1-2; under influence "Uniled Provinces of Central of France, ] 5; and Napoleon, America, " 75. 1to 17. S,:;; possessions in 18]'1.28; United Provinces oC La Plata sends Morillo to Venezuela. River, 21, United Slates-foll/inllcd Valparai ....o nlld BalnJa('f'lla. 179. 213; attitude of Spanish Amcr- ISO ica toward. {is. 'l::lO-31; and Ycnczucln. l'il; experli t ious o( ~Iexieo, 100. I 18. 20~, 201, )liranda to. Hi; declared in- 20;;, >!OO, 20S-IO; effect of dependent. 2,1: Bolivar ill, ~.5"- Ci vil War on Monroe Doc- 2(1, :17-38, :39, -1:1. 07: )Iorillo trine, 108 ct scq.: and Domini- ill, 30, 38; separates from can Republic. Ill, HH-().-j. Colombia, G5, (lfi; rcorgaui- 2~4-25; seeks to mediate be- zal ion (l86·1). 145; under tween Chile 311d Peru. 140; Guzman Blanco, l-I5-47, 188; calls Pan-American Confer- boundary dispute with Great ence, H8-j 1: and Cuba, 153. Britain. ISS-SO; under Castro, UO, 101. Ill>!, 10:1, Hil. 5!~I- 180-95; forc ign relations, 100-- 2~3; and Panama, 15:3, 185-86, I~H; eleventh constitution l!i0-5!1; and Central America. adopted (191-1), 19·1: under l57, 21~~ct seq.: acquires Porto Gomez. ID4-95; neutral in Him, 162; boundary decision Great War, l:3,;; see also Co- for Brazil and Argent ina, 175; lombia. New Granada. United intervention between Ecuador Stales of Vcnez ucla and Peru. 185; and Colombia, Vera Cruz. 7,1, 1H. 205. 20(J 18G-87; and Ycnezucln, 188, Yict oria, Guadalupe. President 191-92, 19:1. 195; "A B C" of :\1 exico, T~ Conference, 205-06; and Nica- Yillu, Francisco or .. Pancho, ,. ragua, 21'\,217-19; and Haiti, l07-l)8, ~O"' 10 2:lG; commerce with Hispanic Villa Hayes (['amgua.,'). 1;17 republics, 233; war with Ger- many. 23·~ \\"ashington. conference of South United States of Brazil, 133; see American powers at (1015). 'also Brazil \C08-0:>; Pnn-Atncr-icnn finu n- "United States of Venezuela," cial conference (1915).23;1 145; see also Venezuela West I ndies 51; sec also Cuba, Urquiza, Justo Jose de, 92 Haiti, Jamaica. Porto Hico, Uruguay. H!l; inrlcpenrlenee I Trinidad recognized: 69; and Brazil, 7S. Weyler, Valeriano, Spanish gen- 90, 91. 92. 97; and Argentina. eral in Cuba. 160-61 00-02, 07, 169. 175; politics, 90; civil war in. 91, 136, 109; and Paraguay, D~'j. OG; under Ypiranga, Pedro 11 at the, 54; Batlle, IGS-71; at Washing- Cry of. 55 ton Conference (1915). 208: attitude in Great War. 2:14, Zapata, Emiliano, 20S ~;l5; see also Banda Oriental Zelaya •. Jose Santos. dictator of Uspallatu Pass. ~~, 177 Nicaragua, iss-sa. :ll,\