CONTENTS I THE I-IEIUTAGE FROM SPAIN Al'D PORTUGAL Page I II. "OUR OLD KING OR l'ONE" .. 12 III "INDf;PENDENCE OIt DEATH" .. 30 IV. PLOUGHIt'lG THE SEA .. 56 V. THE AGE OF THE DICTATORS .. 80 VI. PERIL FROM ABROAD .. 108 VII. GHEATER STATES AND LESSEH .. 120 VJII. "ON THE MARGIN OF INTEHNATIONAL LIFE" .. 148 IX. THE HEPUBLICS OF SOUTH Al\IERICA .. 166 X. ~lEXICO IN REVOLUTION .. 196 • XI. THE REPUBLICS OF THE CARIBBEAN .. 213 XII. PAN-Al\1EH.ICANISl\1 AND THE GREAT WAR .. 227 BIBLIOGHAPHICAL NOTE .. 239 INDEX .. 243 Vll ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece IIISP.\XIC :UIERICA I~ 1783 Map by W. L G. Joerg, American Geographical Society. Facing page 2 FIUNCISCO DE lIIIR.\NDA. Engraving .. .. 16 JOSE GASPAR RODRiQUEZ DE FRANCIA Wood engraving. .. .. HISPANIC AMERICA IX 18i!:! ;\Iap by H'. 1. G. Joerg. American Gcograpbical Society. .. .. JUAN MANUEL DE ROSAS. Engraving. .. 68 ANTO~IO LOPEZ DE SA~T.\ ANN.\. Litho- graph. .. .. 72 PEDRO II. Lithograph. .. " 102 , PORFlRIO DIAZ. Photograph " 116 JOSE ?lIANUEL llAL:\lA CEDA. Photograph. .. " 178 HISPAI\"IC AMERICA IN l!H9 Map by W. L. G. Joerg, American Geographical Society. .. " 236 IX BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE FOR anything like a detailed study of the history of the Hispanic nations of America, obviously one must con- suIt works written in Spanish and Portuguese. There are many important books, also, in French and Ger- man ; but, with few exceptions. the recommendations for the general reader will be limited to accounts in English. A very useful outline and guide to recent literature on the subject is W. W. Pierson, ,Jr.,.Ii Syllabus af Latin- American JIistory (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1917). A brief introduction to the history and present aspects of Hispanic American civilization is W. R Shepherd, Latin America (New York, 1914). The best general accounts of the Spanish and Portuguese colonial systems will be found in Charles dc Lannoy and Herman van der Linden, Ilistoire de l' Expansion Colonialc des Peuples Europeens: Portugal et Espaqne (Brussels and Paris, I(07), and Kurt Simon, Spanien uiul Portugal als See und Kolonialmachtc (Hamburg, W13). For the Span- ish colonial regime alone, E. G. Bourne. Spain in. Amer- ica (New York, l!JO·l) is excellent. The situation in southern South America toward the close of Spauish rule is well described in Bernard Moses, South America on the Ece of Emancipation. (New York, 1(08). Among contemporary accounts of that period, Alexander von 239 240 BIDLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Humboldt and Aime Bonpland, Personal Narratiue of Tracels to the Equinoctial Regions of America, 3 vols. (London, 1881); Alexander von Humboldt, Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 4 vols. (Lon- don, 1811-18~2); and F. R. J. de Pons, Travels in South America, 2 vols. (London, 1807), are authoritative, even if not always easy to read. On the wars of independence. see the scholarly trea- tise by W. S. Robertson, Rise of the Bpanish-Amerieasi Republics as Told in the Lives of their Liberators (New York, 1918); Bartolome Mitre, The Emancipation of South America (London, 1893) - a condensed transla- tion of the author's Hisioria de San 111artln, and wholly favorable to that patriot; and F. L. Petre, Simon Bolivar (London, 1910) - impartial at the expense of the imagination. Among the numerous contemporary accounts, the following will be found serviceable: W. D. Robinson, Memoirs of the M exican Retoluiion. (Phila- delphia, 1820); J. R. Poinsett, Notes on Mexico (Lon- don, 1825); H. 1\1. Brackenridge, Voyage to South AmeT1:ca, 2 vols. (London, 18~0); VI'. B. Stevenson, Historical and Descriptiie Narrative of Twenty Years' Residence in South America, 3 vols, (London, 1825); J. Miller, Memoirs of General ~Miller in the Service of the Republic of Peru, 2 vols, (London, 1828); H. L. V. Ducoudray Holstein, Memoirs of Simon Bolivar, '2 vols. (London, 18:30), and John Armitage, History of Brazil, 2 vols. (London, 1836). The best books on the history of the republics as a whole since the attainment of independence, and written from an Hispanic American viewpoint, are F. Garcia Calderon, Latin America, its Rise and Progress (New York, 1913), and M. de Oliveira Lima, The lH13LIOGHAPHICAL NOTE 241 Erolut ion. of Brazil Compared with that of Spanish and Anqlo-Saron. America (Stanford University, California, lOB). Thc countries of Central America are dealt with by W. H. Koebel, Central America (New York, 1917), and of South America by T. C. Dawson, The South American Republics, 2 vols, (New York, W03-100·t), and C. E. Akers, History of Souili America (London, 1912), though in a manner that often confuses rather than enlightens. Among the histories and descriptions of individual countries, arranged in alphabetical order, the following are probably the most useful to the general reader: W. A. Hirst, Argentina (New York. 1910); Paul Walle, Bolivia (New York. 1914); Pierre Denis, Brazil (Ncw York, lOll); G. F. S. Elliot, cui; (New York, 1907); P. J. Eder, Colombia (New York, 1913); J.D. Calvo, The Republic oj Costa Rica (Chicago, 1890); A. G. Robinson, Cuba, Old lind New (New York, ] 915); OUo Schoen- rich, Santo Domingo (New York, 1918); C. R. Enock, Ecuador (New York, WI4); C. It Enock, Mexico (New York, 1909); W. H. Koebel, ParagullY (New York, 1917); C. R. Enoek, Peru (New York, 1910); W. H. Koebel, Uruguay (New York, 1911), and L. V. Dalton, Venezuela (New York, 1912). Of these, the books by Robinson and Eder, on Cuba and Colombia, respec- tively, are the most readable and reliable. For additional bibliographical references see South America and thc articles on individual countries in The Encgclopoxlia Britannica, 11th edition, and in Marrion Wilcox and G. E. Rines, Encyclopedia vf Latin Amer- ica (New York, 1(17). Of contemporary or later works descriptive of thc lifc 16 242 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE and times of eminent characters in the history of the Hispanic American republics since 1830, a few may be taken as representative. Rosas: J. A. King, Twenty- four Years in the Argentine Republic (London, 1846),· and Woodbine Parish, Buenos Ayres and the Provinces oj the Rio de la Plata (London, 1852). Francia: J. R. Rengger, Reign of Dr. Joseph Gaspard Roderick [!) de Francia in Paraguay (London, 1827); J. P. and W. P. Robertson, Letters on South America, 3 vols. (London, 1843), and E. L. White, El Supremo, a novel (New York, 1916). Santa Anna: Waddy Thompson, Recollections oj Mexico (New York, 1846), and F. E. Ingles, Calderon dela Barca, LiJein Mexico (London, 1852). Juarez: U. R. Burke, Life oj Benito Juarez (London, 1894). So- lano Lopez: T. J. Hutchinson, Parana; uruh. Incidents of the Paraguayan TVar and South American Recollec- tions (London, 18(8); George Thompson, The Wa·r in Paraguay (London, 18(9); R. F. Burton, Letters from the Bouie-fields of Paraguay (London, 1870), and C. A. Washburn, The History of Paraguay, 2 vols. (Boston, 1871). Pedro II: J. C. Fletcher and D. P. Kidder, Brazil and the Brazilians (Boston, 1879), and Frank Bennett, Forty Years in Brazil (London, 1914). Garda Moreno: Frederick Hassaurek, Four Years among Spanish Americans (New York, 1867). Guzman Blanco: C. D. Dance, Recollections oj Four Years in Venezuela (London, 1876). Diaz: James Creelman, Diaz, Master of Mexico (New York, 1911). Balmaceda: 1\1. II. Hervey, Darl: Days in Chile (London, 1891-1892). Carranza: L. Gutierrez de Lara and Edgcumb Pin- chon, The Mexican People: their Struggle [or Freedom (New York, 1914). INDEX ",\ B C" Conference. 2()~-(JG Wasbington Conference (1915), ":\ B C powers," set lip prin- 208-09; "A B C" combination, ciple of balance of power, il9- 229-30, 235; neutral ill Great ~30; combination breaks down. 'Var. i35; centennial anniver- 235 sary of independence, ~3G; see Agustin the First, of Mexico, ace also Buenos Aires, La Plata Iturbide, Agllstf II de Argentina Formula, 175 "Anahuac. Congress of," 28 Argen ti ne Confederat ion.La Plata Ancon, treaty between Chile and renamed, OB;see also Argentina. Peru signed at, HI La Plata Andes, San ~\lartin crosses, ~H; Arica, 138-~2, 181-83 Bolivar crosses, 39, 59; as " Arrnv of the Andes," 34 boundary between Argent iuu.. II Arm;' of the Three Guurau- and Chile, 175-7G; statue of tees: " ·19 Christ in. 177 Art igas, Jose Gervasio. 23, 31. Angostura, Congress at. 39 3~ Antofagasta, nitrate of soda in. Asuncion, revolutionary out- 138 break in. ~~ Argentina. and Brazil. G8-{)3, 78. Atacama. desert of. 188 17·1-75; politics, 69-70. 178- Austria-Hungary and )lexieo.118 17-1; Rosas as President. 87- Ayacucho, valley of, Sucre's vic- 92; and Uruguay, 30-9i. 97. tory in, 59 IG9. 175; and Paraguay. !J5-98. 13G-37; gains position of Bahia (city). Brazil. 77 eminence. 121. 13:3-37; revolt "Balkan States" of America, 126 of 1880, 131-35; population. Balmaceda, Jose ) Ianuel, 177- 135, 172; immigration. l:l5; 180; hibliography, 2-12 finance, 135-36. 171-71; in- Banda Oriental, part of vice- dustrv, 17'1.; II revolution" of royalty of La Plata, 21; po- 1905.-172; and Chile. 175-77; litical movements in, 2~-23; intervenes between Ecuador disputed territory. 31-32. 68- and Peru, 185; Drago formu- G9; annexed to Brazil. ~l2; lates doct rine of contract de hts. becomes republic of Uruguay, 191; refuses to recoguize II uer- 69; sec also Uruguay La government in Mexico, Barrios, Justo Rufino. President 203; offers mediation between of Guatemala, 127-29 Unile" States and ~lexico. 205; Batlle. Jose. President of Uru- "A I3 C" Conference, 206; at guny, 1G9-·70 244 INDEX Belgranc, Manuel, leader in La government, 10, 'l8-29, ss- Plata. 19 54, 76-79. 166-67; annexes Blanco, Antonio Guzman, Jet Banda Oriental, 3'l; under Guzman Blanco.