Die Aanloop Tot En Stigting Van Orania As Groeipunt Vir 'N Afrikaner-Volkstaat

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Die Aanloop Tot En Stigting Van Orania As Groeipunt Vir 'N Afrikaner-Volkstaat DIE AANLOOP TOT EN STIGTING VAN ORANIA AS GROEIPUNT VIR ‘N AFRIKANER-VOLKSTAAT deur TERISA PIENAAR Tesis ingelewer ter gedeeltelike voldoening aan die vereistes vir die graad Magister in die Lettere en Wysbegeerte (Geskiedenis) aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch Studieleier: Dr WP Visser Maart 2007 Verklaring Ek die ondergetekende, verklaar hiermee dat die werk in hierdie tesis vervat, my eie oorspronklike werk is en dat ek dit nie vantevore in die geheel of gedeeltelik, by enige universiteit ter verkryging van ʼn graad voorgelê het nie. ______________ Terisa Pienaar ______________ Datum i OPSOMMING Die Afrikaners is deur die verloop van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis as “vreemdsoortig” beskryf. Calvinisme was een van die rigtingwysers vir hulle lewenswyse en ideologie en in hierdie opsig het hulle hulself as uitverkores van God beskou. Hulle politieke filosofie van aparte ontwikkeling was bekend as apartheid. Daardeur wou hulle die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap herskep na aanleiding van ʼn sosio-politieke ideaal wat gegrond was op die feit dat mag veiligheid tot gevolg sou hê. In hierdie tesis word ʼn oorsigtelike studie van Afrikaners gemaak betreffende hulle herkoms, die oorsprong van hulle identiteit, tot watter mate hierdie identiteit tydens die bewind van die NP- regering ontwikkel het, asook hulle identiteit in die post-apartheid Suid-Afrika. Die politieke aksies van die regse groepe word in hierdie tesis ondersoek, asook hulle wegbreek- aksies van die Nasionale Party (NP) wat hoofsaaklik daarin geleë was dat die leiers van die party afgewyk het van die oorspronklike morele en politieke beleid van hulle voorgangers. Die regse groepe het die term “nasionalisme” gelykgestel aan “Christenskap” en gevolglik was hulle van die oortuiging dat hulle nasieskap deur God geseën was. Kultuur was vir regses ʼn inklusiewe rigtingwyser vir elke aspek van hulle lewens. Die taal, Afrikaans, is beskou as die verbale en geskrewe vergestalting van hulle nasionale kultuur. In hierdie studie word die regse groep van Afrikaners se vryheidstrewe, wat vergestalt sou word deur die stigting van ʼn volkstaat, nagevors. In hierdie verband word die stigting van Orania in die Noord-Kaap ondersoek en of dit ʼn opsie vir Afrikaners in die algemeen sou wees om daar te gaan bly. Die regses is van mening dat die enigste moontlike konstitusionele oplossing vir vrede in Suid-Afrika in partisie geleë is. Die oorsprong van die volkstaatgedagte, die vroeë beplannings daarvan en die ontwikkeling van hierdie konsep word tesame met die verskillende modelle en rolspelers ondersoek. Die uitsluitlike doel van die tesis is om die moontlikheid van Orania as groeipunt vir ʼn volkstaat vir Afrikaners te ondersoek. In hierdie navorsing word die vroeë en huidige ontwikkeling van hierdie dorpie ondersoek, byvoorbeeld die aankoop, die pogings om selfbestuur te verkry, pogings om hulle konstitusionele posisie te verbeter, pogings om die gemeenskap te ontwikkel ii en Orania se beeld na buite. Gedurende ʼn besoek aan Orania in 2005 is vraelyste aan inwoners uitgedeel om ʼn sosiale profiel, verblyfstatistieke, sowel as menings oor Afrikaner-identiteit te bekom. Die slotsom van hierdie navorsing is dat alhoewel Orania in sekere opsigte suksesvol funksioneer, sal ʼn baie groter poging en ondersteuning van baie meer Afrikaners nodig wees om dit as ʼn groeipunt vir ʼn volkstaat te laat slaag. iii SUMMARY Throughout the history of South Africa, the Afrikaners have been described as a "strange society". Calvinism was a key to their lifestyle and ideology and they saw themselves as God's special instruments. Their political philosophy of separate development was to a certain extent, revolutionary and was known as "apartheid". This was an attempt to remake a society according to a socio-political ideal which was rooted in the concept of safety in power. This thesis investigates the Afrikaners with regard to their primal ancestors, the origin of their identity, their identity during the reign of the NP government and their identity in the post apartheid South Africa. Discrepancies concerning Afrikaner identity during this time are also investigated. In this thesis special emphasis is placed on the right-wing actions of the Afrikaners, their political development from the time of separation from the NP which arose from the conviction that the leaders of this party were deviating from the moral and political prescriptions of their predecessors, their ideals and visions of freedom. The right-wing tends to qualify the term “nationalism” with the term “Christian” and they therefore believe that their nationhood is widely ordained. Culture, for the right-wing means an inclusive concept which covers every aspect of their lives. Language, i.e. Afrikaans, is seen as the verbal and written expression of their national culture. This study is directed towards the right wing of Afrikaners' quest for a "volkstaat" (state nation) and specifically the foundation of Orania in the Northern Cape and investigates whether it is a viable option for Afrikaners in general to live. The right-wingers believe that the only feasible constitutional option for peace in South Africa lies in partition The origin of the volkstaat idea , the early thoughts and the development of this concept are also investigated as well as the different models and role players. The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the success of Orania as a possible growing point of a "volkstaat" for Afrikaners. The early stages in the development of this small town e.g. the purchase, their efforts in achieving autonomy, their constitutional rights, their efforts in developing their community as well as their image to the outside world are investigated. During iv a visit to Orania in 2005 questionnaires were handed out to residents in order to compose a social profile and to investigate domicile statistics as well as views on Afrikaner identity. Ultimately this thesis indicates that although Orania functions successfully in most instances the possibility of it serving as a growing point of a “volkstaat” needs a much larger effort and larger support from other Afrikaners. v ERKENNINGS Ek wil graag ʼn dankwoord rig aan die volgende persone en instansies vir besondere ondersteuning en medewerking in die voltooiing van hierdie studie. Aan dr. Wessel Visser, my promotor en studieleier wat deur sy geduldige leiding vir my gehelp het om hierdie spesifieke onderwerp te definieer, te ontleed en te dokumenteer. Die wyse waarop hy dit gedoen het, getuig van ʼn historikus met insig en begrip veral vir die eiesoortige probleme van my as student. As ʼn voltydse Biologie-onderwyser het hy my voortdurend aangemoedig en saam met sy persoonlike aandag en vermoë om te vertolk, het hy die studie ʼn uitdaging gemaak. Aan die personeel van die Departement Geskiedenis wat ʼn aandeel daaraan gehad het om hierdie rowwe diamant te slyp, soos prof. Albert Grundling en dr. Anton Ehlers, en aan me. Corinne Harmsen vir haar vriendelikheid en aanmoediging, asook vir haar professionele bydrae tot die finale produk, ʼn groot dank. Aan Neil Hendricks, vakbibliotekaris verbonde aan die J.S. Gericke Biblioteek, wat geen steen onaangeroer sou laat vir bronne-identifisering, die uitsoek en kopiëring van studie-materiaal en sy moeite om dit selfs na Bellville toe aan te stuur nie, baie dankie. Ek bedank ook vir prof. Bun Booyens, wat sonder dat hy daarvan bewus was, by my as jong student ʼn liefde vir die vak aangewakker het deur sy boeiende lesings en die skoolhoof van die Hoërskool Stellenberg vir vergunnings in tye wanneer omstandighede dit vereis het. Aan die leierskorps van Orania, baie dankie vir die geleenthede wat vir my geskep is tydens my navorsingsbesoek aldaar. Ek verwys in hierdie opsig spesifiek na dr. Manie Opperman, lid van die Verteenwoordigende Raad van Orania wat die grootste deel van my besoek en onderhoude gereël het, vir sy moeite, vriendelikheid en gasvryheid. Aan Carel Boshoff IV en Frans de Klerk wat ook ʼn bydrae in hierdie verband gelewer het en aan al die inwoners wat bereid was om vraelyste in te vul en onderhoude toe te staan en wat sodoende ʼn belangrike bydrae tot hierdie navorsing gelewer het, eweneens baie dankie. vi Aan my gesin is ek dank verskuldig vir hulle volgehoue ondersteuning en aanmoediging. My man, Sam wat bereid was om saam met my Orania toe te gaan vir die navorsing, sy volgehoue aanmoediging en sy inspirerende gesprekvoering oor die onderwerp, asook sy liefde en begrip. Aan my dogters, Martie, Anneke en Koekedoes vir hulle liefde, belangstelling, aanmoediging en voortdurende inspirasie. Aan my kleinkinders, Wessel, SP, Anna-Mart, Aldo en Theo vir hulle onvoorwaardelike liefde en vir wie hierdie navorsing dalk eendag iets kan nalaat van Afrikaner- wees en Afrikanerskap. Aan Boesman, my seun, wie se vroegtydige “vertrek” op die ouderdom van 11 jaar my eintlike inspirasie vir hierdie studie was. Omdat ek nooit antwoorde daarvoor kon vind nie was dit terapeuties en helend om na ander, meer konkrete antwoorde te soek. Aan my ouers, alhoewel beide reeds oorlede is, het hulle my opgevoed om begrip en respek te hê vir my taal en kultuur. Aan God, my Hemelse Vader van Wie ek al die krag wat ek nodig gehad het, ontvang het. Aan Hom al die eer. vii INHOUDSOPGAWE Bladsy No OPSOMMING i SUMMARY iii ERKENNINGS v VOORWOORD ix Probleemstelling Doel van studie Benadering Relevante literatuur Metodologie HOOFSTUK 1 ʼn OORSIGTELIKE BESPREKING VAN DIE BEGRIPPE “IDENTITEIT” EN “AFRIKANER-IDENTITEIT”. 1 1.1 ʼn Ontleding van die begrip identiteit. 1 1.2 Beskouinge oor Afrikaner-identiteit. 10 HOOFSTUK 2 DIE AFRIKANER EN DIE VOLKSTAATGEDAGTE. 26 2.1 Die regse politiek en die ontstaan van die Volkstaatgedagte. 26 2.2 Die vroeë modelle en beplanning in die ontwikkeling van die Volkstaatgedagte. 50 HOOFSTUK 3 DIE TOTSTANDKOMING VAN ORANIA. 57 3.1 Die aankoop van grond en die vroeë ontwikkeling van Orania. 57 3.2 Orania se pogings om gemeenskapselfstandigheid in die 21 ste eeu uit te leef.
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