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Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar

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Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar GIFT OF SEELEY W. MUDD and GEORGE I. COCHRAN MEYER ELSASSER DR.JOHNR. HAYNES WILLIAM L. HONNOLD JAMES R. MARTIN MRS. JOSEPH F. SARTORI to the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN BRANCH : GESENIUS' HEBREW GRAMMAR: SEVENTEENTH EDITION, WITH NUMEEOUS COERECTIONS AND ADDITIONS, BY DR. E. RODIGER. TRANSLATED BY T. J. CONANT, PROFESSOR OF HEBEEW IN EOCHESTEE THEOLOGICAL SEAONAKT. WITH GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES AND A CHRESTOMATHY, BY THE TRANSLATOE. 6 2 ^ ; NEW YORK D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 346 & 348 BROADWAY. 1859. 87039 Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1856, by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In the Clerk's office of tlie District Court for tlie Southern Dist)\ct of New York. G-3 3 HE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. The apparatus for the grammatical study of the Hebrew language, contained in this volume, consists of three parts : 1) A translation of Dr. Rodiger's seventeenth edition of the Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius. 2) A course of grammatical exercises, to aid the learner in acquiring and applying a knowledge of the elementary principles of reading and inflection, and in the analysis of forms. 3) A Chrestomathy, consisting of explanatory notes on select 4", portions of the Hebrew Bible. a? The translation has been prepared from the manuscript revision for the seventeenth German edition, furnished by Dr. Rodiger in advance of its publication in Germany. This has been strictly followed in the revision of the translation, which has been in great part rewritten, so as to make it an exact repre- sentation of the original work, in its present improved form, and of the present state of Hebrew philology, as it is exhibited by Dr. Rodiger.* * In consulting the references to the grammar, in Gesenius' Hebrew Lexicon (Dr. Robinson's translation, fifth, revised edition, 1854), and in other works, it should be remembered that the numbering of the sections, in this edition, is increa- sed by one after §48, by two after §86, and by three after §126, of the former editions. X PREFACE The grammatical exercises have been entirely rewritten, on an improved plan. The attention of teachers is respectfully requested to the method of study, proposed on page fourth of the Exercises, which has been found to lighten greatly the laboi both of the teacher and learner. A new and much more extended selection has been made of Hebrew reading lessons, with grammatical and exegetical notes suited to the wants of the student. It is the plan of these notes, to repeat nothing which is contained in the grammar and lexi- con, and for the statement of which they can be referred to. On a different plan, the same information might have been spread over many times the number of pages, with no other effect than to embarrass the learner, and retard his real profi- ciency. No pains have been spared to secure perfect accuracy in the printing of the book. My thanks are due to the conductors of the press of Mr. Trow, especially to Mr. W. F. Gould, for the extraordinary care bestowed upon the proofs, before they were sent to me for examination. They have since been subjected to is several careful revisions ; and it believed that no error, of any importance, has escaped detection. — CONTENTS. Page Introduction ..... 1 Section 1. Of the Semitic Languages in General .... 1 2. Historical View of the Hebrew Language .... 7 3. Grammatical Treatment of the Hebrew Language . 12 4. Division and Arrangement ...... 14 PART L Of the Elements. Chapter I. — Of Reading and Orthography. 5. Of the Consonants, their Forms and Names . 15 6. Pronunciation and Division of Consonants 18 7. Of the Vowels in General, Vowel-Letters, and Vowel-Signs 21 8. Of the Vowel-Signs 23 9. Character and Value of the several Vowels . 27 10. Of the Half-Vowels and the Syllable-Divider (Sh^va) 32 11. Signs which affect the Reading of Consonants 34 12. Of Daghesh in General, and Daghesh Porte in Particular 35 13. Daghesh Lene ....... 35 14. Mappiq and Raphe ...... 36 15. Of the Accents ....... 37 16. Maqqeph and Methegh ..... 39 17. a<=ri and K^hibh 40 Chapter U.—Peculiarities and Changes of Letters ^ of Syllables and the Tone. 18. In General ........ 41 19. Changes of Consonants ...... 41 20. Doubling of Consonants ...... 43 21. Aspiration, and the Removal of it by Daghesh Lene . 45 22. Pecuharities of the Gutturals ..... 47 23. Of the Feebleness of the Breathings X and n . 49 24. Changes of the Feeble Letters 1 and i ... 52 - 25. Unchangeable Vowels .... 53 26. Of Syllables, and their Influence on the Quantity of Vowels 55 ' 27. Changes of Vowels, especially in Respect to their Quantity 58 28. Rise of New Vowels and Syllables .... 61 29. Of the Tone Changes of the ; Tone ; and of the Pause . 63 — xii CONTENTS. PART II. Op Forms and Inflections, or op the Parts of Speech. Section Page 30. Of the Stem-Words and Roots (Biliterals, Triliterals, duadri- literals) . 66 31. Of Grammatical Structure . 70 Chapter I. — Of the Pronoun. 32. Of the Personal or Separate Pronoun ..... 71 33. Suffix Pronoun ..." 73 34. The Demonstrative Pronoun ...... 75 35. The Article 75 36. The Relative Pronoun 77 37. The Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns ... 77 Chapter II. — Of the Verb. 38-41. General View 78 I. Of the Regular Verb. 42. In General 83 A. Of the Ground-Form, or Kal. 43. Its Form and Signification ...... 83 44. Perfect of Kal and its Inflection ..... 84 45. Of the Infinitive 86 46. Of the Imperative 87 47. Of the Imperfect and its Inflection ..... 88 48. Lengthening and Shortening of the Imperfect and Imperative (Jussive and Cohortative Forms) .... 90 49. Perfect and Imperfect with i Consecutive . .92 50. Of the Participle 94 B. Derived Conjugations. 51. Niphal 95 52. Piel and Pual 97 53. Hiphil and Hophal 99 54. Hithpael 102 55. Unusual Conjugations ....... 103 56. Gluadriliterals . 105 C. Regular Verb witli Pronominal Suffixes. 57. In General 105 58. The Suffix to the Verb .106 59. The Perfect with Pronominal Suffixes 108 60. Imperfect with Pronominal Suffixes . 110 61. Infinitive. Imperative, and Participle with Suffixes . Ill . CONTENTS. XIU II. Of the Irregular Verb. A. Verbs with Gutturals. Section Page 62. In General 112 63. Verbs Pe Guttural. E. g. ^aS to stand, Parad. D . 112 64. Verbs Ayin Guttural. E. g. arna to slaughter. Parad. E 114 65. Verbs Lamedh Guttural. E.g nbo to send. Parad. F 115 B. Contracted Verbs. 66. Verbs )£). E. g. taas to approach. Parad. H 116 67. Verbs V^ . E. g. 22D to surround. Parad. G 118 C. Feeble Verbs (Verba Q,uiescentia). Feeble Verbs x"s . E. g. bsx to eat. Parad. I 121 69. Feeble Verbs "^SJ. First Class, or Verbs originally IS. E.g. 2123^ to dwell. Parad. K 123 "I's ''3 70. Feeble Verbs . Second Class, or Verbs properly Dt:^ to be good. Parad. L . 125 71. Verbs ^'s . Third Class, or Contracted Verbs ''"a . 126 nstp 72. Feeble Verbs IS . E. g. to rise up. Parad. M . 127 "^b ')'^3 73. Feeble Verbs . E. g. to perceive. Parad. N 130 74. Feeble Verbs xb. E. g. NS^ tojind. Parad. O 132 75. Feeble Verbs iib. E. g. iibs ^o reveal. Parad. P . 133 76. Verbs doubly anomalous ..... 139 77. Relation of the Irregular Verbs to one another 140 78. Defective Verbs ....... 141 Chapter III.— Of the Noun. 79. General View ..... 142 80. Of Forms which mark the Gender of Nouns 143 81. Derivation of Nouns .... 145 82. Primitive Nouns ..... 145 83. Of Verbal Nouns in General 146 84. Nouns derived from the Regular Verb 147 85. Nouns derived from the Irregular Verb 150 86. Denominative Nouns .... 152 87. Of the Plural 153 88. Of the Dual 155 89. The Genitive and the Construct State 157 90. Remains of Ancient Case-Endings [Paragogic Letters] 158 91. The Noun with Pronominal Suffixes 161 92. Vowel-changes in the Noun ..... 164 93. Paradigms of Masculine Nouns .... 168 94. Vowel-changes in the Formation of Feminine Nouns 173 95. Paradigms of Feminine Nouns .... 175 96. List of the Irregular Nouns ... 177 ——— XIV CONTENTS. Section Pagtt 97. Numerals. I. Cardinal Numbers 178 98. Numerals. II. Ordinal Numbers 181 Chapter lY.—Of the Particles. 99. General View ....... 182 100. Adverbs 183 101. Prepositions ....... 185 102. Prefix Prepositions ..... 186 103. Prepositions with Suffixes, and in the Plural Form 187 104. Conjunctions ...... 190 105. Interjections ...... 191 PART III.—Syntax. Chapter I. Syntax of the Noun. 106. Relation of the Substantive to the Adjective,—of the Abstract to the Concrete ........ 193 107. Use of the Genders 194 108. Of the Plural, and of Collective Nouns . 197 109. Use of the Article ...'... 200 110. Ditto 202 111. Ditto 203 112. Connection of the Substantive with the Adjective . 204 113. Of Apposition 205 114. Of the Genitive 206 115. Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocution . 207 116. Farther Use of the Construct State 208 117. Designation of the other Cases . '. 209 118. Use of the Accusative ....... 210 119. Modes of Expressing the Comparative and Superlative . 212 129! Syntax of the Numerals 213 Chapter II. Syntax of the Pronoun. 121. Use of the Personal Pronoun ...... 215 122. Of the Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns . 218 123. Relative Pronoun and Relative Clauses .... 219 124. Mode of Expressing those Pronouns for which the Hebrew has no Proper Forms ........ 221 Chapter III. Syntax of the Verb. 125. Use of the Tenses in General ...... 222 126. Use of the Perfect 223 127. Use of the Imperfect ....... 227 128. Use of the Lengthened and Shortened Imperfect (Cohortative and Jussive) ........ 230 — CONTENTa XV Section Page 129. Use of the Imperfect with Vav Consecutive .
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