The Phoenician Language: Remarks on the Present State of Research
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SCRIPT and LANGUAGE
SCRIPT AND LANGUAGE It seems that scholars are unanimous in regarding the Phoenician script and language as nearly complete in identity with those of the ancient Hebrew. The same alphabetic letters are used in both languages, and most scholars tend to refer to the alphabetic script as "the Canaanite–Hebrew script". and to regard the language in both as different dialects of the same language.1 The pronunciation of consonants and syllables, to our best knowledge, was identical.2 Perrot who differentiates between Hebrews and Phoenicians remarks though, that "they spoke almost the same language",3 1 Rawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 327. Harden, The Phoenicians, p. 116 Dahood, Ugaritic – Hebrew Philology, p. 2 Albright, Recent Progress In North Canaanite Research, BASOR. 70, 1938, p. 13. A Hebrew Letter From The Twelfth Century, BASOR. 73. 1939, p. 10. The North Canaanite Poems of Al'eyan Ba'al, JPOS, 1934, p. 115. Harris, A Grammar of The Phoenician Language, pp. 6, 9, 68–69. Autran, Phéniciens, p. 4. Weill, Phéniciens, Égéens et Hellénes Dans La Mediterranée Primitive, SY., (II), 1921, p. 126. Berger, La Grande Encyclopédie, Paris, Tome 26, Phénicie, pp. 620 – 621. Smith Robertson, The Religion of The Semites, Meridian Library, 1956, p. 6. Moscati, The World of The Phoenicians, pp. 91 –93. Eisfeldt, The Beginnings of Phoenician Epigraphy etc. PEQ. 1947, p. 69 (notes). Renan, L'histoire Du Peuple D'israel, tome I. pp. 11, 101, 102. Barnette, Phoenician – Punic Art, EWA, p. 295. Perrot – Chipiez, History of Art In Phoenicia And Its Dependencies, 1885, pp. 12, 13 – 14, 63. Virolleaud, Les Inscriptions Cuneiformes de Ras Shamra, SY., 1929, p. -
The Biradical Origin of Semitic Roots
Copyright by Bernice Varjick Hecker 2007 The Dissertation Committee for Bernice Varjick Hecker certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Biradical Origin of Semitic Roots Committee: Robert D. King, Supervisor Robert T. Harms Richard P. Meier Esther L. Raizen Peter F. Abboud THE BIRADICAL ORIGIN OF SEMITIC ROOTS by Bernice Varjick Hecker, M.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May, 2007 Dedication To Mark Southern, who awakened and sustained my interest in the Ancient Near East. Acknowledgments I would first like to thank Prof. Harms, who supervised my earlier paper, for teaching me that there is no way to conclusively prove a theory about an early stage of a prehistoric language but that it was possible to demonstrate its likelihood. His comments at an early stage of this work were invaluable in showing me how to go about doing so. I would also like to thank Prof. King, my dissertation supervisor, who was an unfailing font of support and who gave me excellent advice and direction. My husband, Ran Moran, was the sine qua non of this project. There is no way that I could have completed it without his help, both in accommodating to my schedule and in expending all the resources that I brought to bear on writing this dissertation. v The Biradical Origin of Semitic Roots Publication No._____________ Bernice Varjick Hecker, Ph.D. -
Young Phoenicians” and the Quest for a Lebanese Language: Between Lebanonism, Phoenicianism, and Arabism
Chapter 4 “Young Phoenicians” and the Quest for a Lebanese Language: between Lebanonism, Phoenicianism, and Arabism Franck Salameh In the context of modern Middle Eastern history, the varied peoples of the “Greater Middle East” are often viewed through simplified notions of “Arab” and “Muslim,” sometimes to the neglect of other, pre-Arab pre-Muslim Middle Easterners otherwise lapsed from the prevalent paradigms on, of, and about the modern Middle East. To non-historians, a century or more of Western aca- demic interest in the region seems to have yielded little beyond clichés and assumptions referring to “‘Arabs,’ ‘Arab’ fears, ‘Arab’ hopes, ‘Arab’ concerns, and ‘Arab’ hang-ups – ‘Arab’ being the emblematic “be all end all” of all matters Middle East.”1 Yet there exists a vibrant and venerable Middle East outside the dominant platitudes about which traditional Middle East scholarship remains largely mute. It is within this context that this paper offers the suggestion that the prevalent assumptions about an essentially Arab (or uniformly Muslim) Middle East be confronted with a more culturally and religiously diverse Middle East. In line with this, this paper focuses on the so-called “Young Phoenicians” in Lebanon who in the early twentieth century put forward another interpreta- tion of the history of the region and of their region, foregrounding non-Arab and non-Muslim interpretations of it. 1 Young Phoenicians, Old Lebanese In Lebanon, the tendency towards valorising and celebrating the longue durée of Middle Eastern history and memory is referred to by the generic term ‘Phoenicianism’. For obvious reasons, from the perspective of the keepers of Arabist orthodoxy Phoenicianism is deemed problematic, because it rel- egates “Arabness” to a period – rather than an essence – of Lebanese history. -
Copyright Content – All Rights Reserved Registration Number 284666800
Copyright Content – All Rights Reserved Registration Number 284666800 Front cover of the Book of Origins, Part II ORIGIN OF “SEMITIC” LANGUAGES REVISION 14B – 25 SEPTEMBER 2013 i ORIGIN OF “SEMITIC” LANGUAGES Original Research by: ADEL S. BISHTAWI AN AUTHORHOUSE PUBLICATION SEPTEMBER 2013 ii ORIGIN OF “SEMITIC” LANGUAGES An introductory original etymological investigation of the prehistoric an- cestral linguistic nuclei and monosyllables of “Semitic” languages, primar- ily based on Akkadian and Southern and Northern Arabic ADEL S. BISHTAWI iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF CHARTS AND PLATES vi LIST OF SYMBOLS vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii PUBLICATIONS ix ABSTRACT x PART 1 NATURAL LINGUSITICS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Characteristics of “Semitic” Roots 4 1.3 Prehistoric Genius 7 1.4 Linguistic Structure: LN, LU, DN, NC, SE, PE, LC 11 1.5 Sources of “Semitic” Origins 13 1.6 Cases and Situations 14 1.7 Historical Considerations 16 1.8 Proto-“Semitic” 19 PART 2 BEYOND LINGUISTICS 21 2.1 Historical Development 21 2.2 Etymological Tracing of History 22 2.3 Indicative Primary Roots 26 2.4 Human Consciousness 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 ARABIC 28 ENGLISH 32 TABLES 35 CHARTS AND PLATES 41 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Linguistic Clusters: Page 35 ✥ḥzzḥ ✥ḫzzḫ ✥znnz ✥zhhz Table 2 - Lingusitic Clusters: Page 36 ✥zmmz ✥knnk ✥bzzb ✥rṣṣr Table 3 - Linguistic Clusters: Page 38 ✥pggp → ✥bjjb ✥fjjf ✥fkkf ✥fqqf Table 4 - Linguistic Clusters: Page 39 ✥šʻʻš → ✥sʻʻs ✥šġ ġš ✥sġġs v LIST OF CHARTS AND PLATES 1- Linguistic Clusters ✥ʼḥḥʼ -
PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/145725 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-09 and may be subject to change. fßi The Emergence of Standard Maltese: The Arabic Factor Mathias Hubertus Prevaes Nijmegen 1993 The Emergence of Standard Maltese: The Arabic Factor een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Letteren Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in bet openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 13 januari 1994, des namiddags te 3.30 uur precies door Mathias Hubertus Prevaes geboren op 3 november 1956 te Heerlen Promotores: Prof. Dr. C.H.M. Versteegh Prof. Dr. Μ.Α. Woidich (Universiteit van Amsterdam) CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Prevaes, Mathias Hubertus The emergence of standard Maltese: the Arabic factor / Mathias Hubertus Prevaes. - [S.l. : s.n.] Proefschrift Nijmegen. - Met lit. opg., reg. ISBN 90-9006729-9 Trefw.: Maltees ; geschiedenis / Maltees en Arabische taal. β M.H. Previe, 1993 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter One: Maltese and Arabic: A Relationship in Historical Perspective 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The Study of the Origins of the Maltese Language 1 1.2 Maltese and the Arabic Dialects 4 1.3 Arabic Linguistics and Maltese Studies: Mutual Interests 8 Chapter Two: Malta: Its Arabization in Historical Context -
The Damascus Psalm Fragment Oi.Uchicago.Edu
oi.uchicago.edu The Damascus Psalm Fragment oi.uchicago.edu ********** Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East (LAMINE) The new Oriental Institute series LAMINE aims to publish a variety of scholarly works, including monographs, edited volumes, critical text editions, translations, studies of corpora of documents—in short, any work that offers a significant contribution to understanding the Near East between roughly 200 and 1000 CE ********** oi.uchicago.edu The Damascus Psalm Fragment Middle Arabic and the Legacy of Old Ḥigāzī by Ahmad Al-Jallad with a contribution by Ronny Vollandt 2020 LAMINE 2 LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NEAR EAST • NUMBER 2 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO, ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2020937108 ISBN: 978-1-61491-052-7 © 2020 by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2020. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NEAR EAST • NUMBER 2 Series Editors Charissa Johnson and Steven Townshend with the assistance of Rebecca Cain Printed by M & G Graphics, Chicago, IL Cover design by Steven Townshend The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ∞ oi.uchicago.edu For Victor “Suggs” Jallad my happy thought oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Table of Contents Preface............................................................................... ix Abbreviations......................................................................... xi List of Tables and Figures ............................................................... xiii Bibliography.......................................................................... xv Contributions 1. The History of Arabic through Its Texts .......................................... 1 Ahmad Al-Jallad 2. -
The Definite Articles in the Semitic Languages: a Comparative Study
Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8435 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.46, 2018 The Definite Articles in the Semitic Languages: A Comparative Study Dr. Ali Za'al Al-Khamayseh Isra University – Jordan, Faculty of Arts and Sciences - Department of Arabic Language and Literature Abstract In languages, definite articles have great importance in revealing the essence of the speech and its connotations. These definite articles contribute to the coherence of the linguistic text because they show the purpose behind the meanings and denotations. Without them, the speakers' words would be vague and suspicious.This study aims at defining the use of definite articles in the group of Semitic languages. The language texts of the discovered archeological scripts of these languages, which were recognized as geographically Semitic, were found out by a group of specialized archeologists and orientalists, and are considered in this study.The study has completely surveyed the use of definite articles in the Semitic languages. Arabic and its main dialects used the articles (AL, HA, HN, AM), whereas Phoenician and Hebrew used (HA). Ancient Aramaic and its Assyrian vernacular used long (A~) at the endings of names. Acadian, Ugaritian, and Ethiopian, however, did not show any use of the articles. Keywords : Definite Articles, (AL) (HA) (HN) (AM), long (A~) at the endings of names. 1.1- Introduction The conflict between the world powers has never stopped to dominate each other, a legitimate struggle, although it bases on force without a right that supports it. In the way of truth, it is not supported by force, and every nation tries to maintain its foundations for its survival. -
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Representing the Name of a Were Developed, There Was No Recorded History; Phonogram Royal Or Divine Persona
Ancient Writing Systems Ancient is generally defined by Western culture as “before the fall of the Western Roman Empire, 476 CE.” Few remember to consider the highly developed societies of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans with their magnificent Key Concepts architecture, legal systems, epic plays, elaborate ancient boustrephedon religious rituals and myths, comfortable homes cartouche cuneiform with indoor plumbing, and carefully developed demotic script writing systems. Many believe that these societies’ hieratic script hieroglyphics technological developments would not have iconography been possible without written communication. ideograph logogram mnemonics 1.1 Cartouche of Egyptian The study of written communication is somewhat queen Cleopatra II, who ruled papyrus approximately 69–30 BCE. synonymous with the study of the history of civili- parchment A cartouche (called shenu in ancient Egyptian) is a series phonemes of hieroglyphics enclosed by zation. In prehistoric times, before writing systems phonetic an oval or rectangular band COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL representing the name of a were developed, there was no recorded history; phonogram royal or divine persona. pictograph knowledge of past events was orally communi- rebus Rosetta Stone cated from generation to generation. It is possible Semitic languages syllable that if there had never been written records, the typography history of the world would be condensed to the point that one human could commit it to memory. 696900_ch01.indd 1 6/24/2005 10:15:00 AM A T Y P O G R A P H I C W O R K B O O K Already subjective in nature, the experi- to enunciate a spoken language evolved. -
Ed. by Anthony Bonanno and Anthony ). Frendo with the Assistance of Nicholas C
EXCAVATIONS AT TAS-SILG, MALTA A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE 1996-1998 CAMPAIGNS CONDUCTED BY. THE DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MALTA ed. by Anthony Bonanno and Anthony ). Frendo with the assistance of Nicholas C. Vella INTRODUCTION" THE SITE The area known as Tas-Silg is situated in the south-eastern part of the island of Malta, close to Marsaxlokk harbour (figs. la and Ib). In reality the place name refers to the small church dedicated to Our Lady of the Snows (hence Tas-Silg) situated at the point where the narrow · road from Zejtun fo rks out in two directions: to Delimara and Xrobb il-Ghagin due south-east and la Marsaxlokk village due south-west. A British-period fort occupying the highest point of the elongated hill further south along· the first road also carries the same place name. The lower and more compact hill on which the excavations have been conducted is called 'Ta' Berikka' ,I but since it is so close to the above-mentioned church (only 50 m to the north) the tradition of calling it Tas-Silg is now well established and there is no sense in changing it.2 The site has a commanding view of the Marsaxlokk harbour to the south and overlooks two other bays, Marsascala and St Thomas's bay, to the north-east. On all sides the slope is broken up by man-made terraced fields (pi. 11: I ), There is no doubt that the topography of the site must have been a determining factor in its choice for the establishment of a religious centre in the Temple period of Maltese p rehist~ry (3000--2500 BC), though one must keep in mind that close to Tas-Silg there are three other prehistoric temple sites. -
The Phoenician Alphabet Reassessed in Light of Its Descendant Scripts and the Language of the Modern Lebanese
1 The Phoenician Alphabet Reassessed in Light of its Descendant Scripts and the Language of the Modern Lebanese Joseph Elias [email protected] 27th of May, 2010 The Phoenician Alphabet Reassessed in Light of its Descendant Scripts and the Language of the Modern Lebanese 2 The Phoenician Alphabet Reassessed in Light of its Descendant Scripts and the Language of the Modern Lebanese DISCLAIMER: THE MOTIVATION BEHIND THIS WORK IS PURELY SCIENTIFIC. HENCE, ALL ALLEGATIONS IMPOSING THIS WORK OF PROMOTING A: POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS OR ETHNIC AGENDA WILL BE REPUDIATED. Abstract The contemporary beliefs regarding the Phoenician alphabet are reviewed and challenged, in light of the characteristics found in the ancient alphabets of Phoenicia's neighbours and the language of the modern Lebanese. 3 The Phoenician Alphabet Reassessed in Light of its Descendant Scripts and the Language of the Modern Lebanese Introduction The Phoenician alphabet, as it is understood today, is a 22 letter abjad with a one-to-one letter to phoneme relationship [see Table 1].1 Credited for being the world's first alphabet and mother of all modern alphabets, it is believed to have been inspired by the older hieroglyphics system of nearby Egypt and/or the syllabaries of Cyprus, Crete, and/or the Byblos syllabary - to which the Phoenician alphabet appears to be a graphical subset of.2 3 Table 1: The contemporary decipherment of the Phoenician alphabet. Letter Name Glyph Phonetic Value (in IPA) a aleph [ʔ] b beth [b] g gamil [g] d daleth [d] h he [h] w waw [w] z zayin [z] H heth [ħ] T teth [tʕ] y yodh [j] k kaph [k] l lamedh [l] m mem [m] n nun [n] Z samekh [s] o ayin [ʕ] p pe [p] S tsade [sʕ] q qoph [q] r resh [r] s shin [ʃ] t tau [t] 1 F. -
Epigraphy, Philology, and the Hebrew Bible
EPIGRAPHY, PHILOLOGY, & THE HEBREW BIBLE Methodological Perspectives on Philological & Comparative Study of the Hebrew Bible in Honor of Jo Ann Hackett Edited by Jeremy M. Hutton and Aaron D. Rubin Ancient Near East Monographs – Monografías sobre el Antiguo Cercano Oriente Society of Biblical Literature Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente (UCA) EPIGRAPHY, PHILOLOGY, AND THE HEBREW BIBLE Ancient Near East Monographs General Editors Ehud Ben Zvi Roxana Flammini Alan Lenzi Juan Manuel Tebes Editorial Board: Reinhard Achenbach Esther J. Hamori Steven W. Holloway René Krüger Steven L. McKenzie Martti Nissinen Graciela Gestoso Singer Number 12 EPIGRAPHY, PHILOLOGY, AND THE HEBREW BIBLE Methodological Perspectives on Philological and Comparative Study of the Hebrew Bible in Honor of Jo Ann Hackett Edited by Jeremy M. Hutton and Aaron D. Rubin SBL Press Atlanta Copyright © 2015 by SBL Press All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Hous- ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress has catologued the print edition: Names: Hackett, Jo Ann, honouree. | Hutton, Jeremy Michael, editor. | Rubin, Aaron D., 1976- editor. Title: Epigraphy, philology, and the Hebrew Bible : methodological perspectives on philological and comparative study of the Hebrew Bible in honor of Jo Ann Hackett / edited by Jeremy M. -
Lectures on the Science of Language by Max Müller
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lectures on The Science of Language by Max Müller This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: Lectures on The Science of Language Author: Max Müller Release Date: June 17, 2010 [Ebook 32856] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE*** Lectures on The Science of Language Delivered At The Royal Institution of Great Britain In April, May, and June, 1861. By Max Müller, M. A. Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford; Correspondence Member of the Imperial Institute of France. From the Second London Edition, Revised. New York: Charles Scribner, 124 Grand Street. 1862 Contents Dedication . .2 Preface. .3 Lecture I. The Science Of Language One Of The Physical Sciences. .4 Lecture II. The Growth Of Language In Contradistinction To The History Of Language. 26 Lecture III. The Empirical Stage. 67 Lecture IV. The Classificatory Stage. 91 Lecture V. Genealogical Classification Of Languages. 136 Lecture VI. Comparative Grammar. 177 Lecture VII. The Constituent Elements Of Language. 208 Lecture VIII. Morphological Classification. 229 Lecture IX. The Theoretical Stage, And The Origin Of Language. 287 Appendix. 329 Index. 335 Footnotes . 387 [v] Dedication Dedicated To The Members Of The University Of Oxford, Both Resident And Non-Resident, To Whom I Am Indebted For Numerous Proofs Of Sympathy And Kindness During The Last Twelve Years, In Grateful Acknowledgment Of Their Generous Support On The 7th Of December, 1860.