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A Dissertation Antiquity Hebrew Language, L E T T E R S A Dissertation concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language, L E T T E R S, V O W E L P O I N T S, and A C C E N T S. —————————————————————— By John Gill, D.D. —————————————————————— Imo vero censeo, nullius mortalis, licet in Hebraeis literis docte versati, tantum esse acumen, peritiam, perspicaciam, ut prophetae nostro (Jesaiae) longe pluribus locis reddere potuerit genuinum suum sensum; nisi lectio antiqua synagogica per traditionem in scholis Hebraeorum suisset conservata, ut eam nunc Masoretharum punctulis expressam habemus: quorum proinde studium et laborem nemo pro merito depraedicet. Quod enim in hoc viridario deliciari possimus, ipsis debemus, viris perinde doctis et acri judicio praeditis. - Vitringa, Praesat. ad Comment. in Jesaiam, Vol. 1. p. 5. __________________ LONDON, Printed: M.DCC.LXVII. And sold by G. Keith, in Gracechurch-Street; J. Fletcher, at Oxford; T. and J. Merrill, at Cambridge; A. Donaldson and W. Gray, at Edinborgh; J. Bryce, at Glasgow; A. Angus, at Aberdeen; and P. Wilson, at Dublin. The Preface. The following Dissertation has been long held by me. It was written at first with no intent to publish it to the world, but was written in my leisure hours for my own amusement, and by way of essay to see how far back the antiquity of the things treated in it could be carried. And what has prevailed upon me now to let it go into the world, is the confidence which some recent writers on the opposite side have expressed. They have contempt for others that differ from them, and the air of triumph they have assumed, as if victory was proclaimed on their side, and the controversy at an end. This is far from being the case. What seeming advantages are obtained, are chiefly owing to the indolence and sloth of men, who read only one side of the question. They write one after another, and take things upon trust, without examining them for themselves, either through lack of ability, or through unwillingness to be concerned about it. I have been offended to observe the Jews called by such contemptuous names, as villains, and wilful corrupters of the Hebrew text. It must be owned indeed, that they are very ignorant of divine things, and therefore the more to be pitied. Many of them are, no doubt, very immoral persons; but have we not such of both sorts among ourselves? However, as bad as the Jews are, the worst among them, I believe, would sooner die, than wilfully corrupt any part of the Hebrew Bible. We should not bear false witness against our neighbours, let them be as bad as they may be in other things. I have never, as yet, seen nor read anything, that has convinced me that they have wilfully corrupted any one passage in the sacred text; {1} not even that celebrated one in Ps 22:16. Their copiers indeed may have made mistakes in transcribing, which are common to all writings. The Jews meeting with variant readings have preferred one to another, which reflected most on their own sentiments. This is not to be wondered about, nor are they to be blamed for it. It is incumbent upon us to rectify the mistake, and confirm the true reading. It does not appear, that there ever was any period of time, in which the Jews would or could have corrupted the Hebrew text. They could not have corrupted the text before the coming of Christ, for they would have no desire to do this then. To attempt it would have been to have risked the credit of the prophecies in it. They would have no advantage in corrupting it after the coming of Christ, since it was not in their power to do so without detection. From the beginning of his ministry, the twelve apostles of Christ, the seventy disciples preaching his gospel, besides many thousands of Jews in Jerusalem, all believed in him over a short time. Can it be supposed that all these were without a Hebrew Bible? Particularly, the apostle Paul, who was brought up at the feet of the learned Rabbi Gamaliel, who, out of those sacred writings, convinced so many that Jesus was the Christ. He speaks of the Jews as having the privilege of the oracles of God committed to them. {Ro 3:1,2} Paul does not charge them in the least with the corruption of the text. Neither did Christ or any of the apostles ever charge them with anything of this kind. In addition, there were multitudes of the Jews in all parts of the world at that time, with whom the apostles met and converted many to Christ. These Jews, like their fathers, had lived in a state of dispersion for many years. Can it be thought, that they would have been without copies of the Hebrew Bible? Whatever use they were supposed to have made of the Greek version, it seems incredible, that the Jews should have it in their power or inclination to corrupt the text without detection. And here I must quote a passage from Jerome, {2} who observed, in answer to those who say the Hebrew books were corrupted by the Jews, what Origin said: “Christ and his apostles, who reproved the Jews for other crimes, are quite silent about this, the greatest of all” Jerome added: 2 “if they should say, that they were corrupted after the coming of the Lord, the Saviour, and the preaching of the apostles; I cannot forbear laughing, that the Saviour, the evangelists and apostles should so produce testimonies that the Jews afterwards should corrupt the text.” The Jews are a people always tenacious of their own writings, and of preserving them pure and incorrupt. For example, they had their Targums or paraphrases for hundreds of years before they were known by Christians. It lay in their power to make alterations in them as they pleased. If they had been addicted to such practices, it is marvellous they did not do this. There were many things in them, that Christians were capable of using against them should they come into their hands. In fact, this the Christians have done and yet the Jews never dared to make any alterations in them. Had they done any thing of this kind, it seems reasonable that they would have altered the passages relating to the Messiah. Yet those many passages stand fully against them. Indeed, according to Origen, {3} some think the Targums were known very early, and were used against the Jews to prove that Jesus was the true Messiah. This agrees with the sense of the prophets who mention a dispute between Jason, a Hebrew Christian, supposed to be the same one as in Ac 17:5 and Papiscus, a Jew. In it Origen states that the Christian showed from the Jewish writings that the prophecies concerning Christ agreed with Jesus. Also, Dr. Allix {4} asked what could he mean by the Jewish writings, but the Targums? Although it is possible the writings of the Old Testament may be meant, the apostle Paul also proved that Jesus was the Christ. However, if the Targums are meant, they do not afterwards appear to have been known by Christian writers for some hundreds of years. Perhaps the Jews are self-condemned. It may be proved out of their own mouths and writings, that they have in some places wilfully corrupted the Hebrew text. There are thirteen places in which they admit to have changed it. The account of Ptolemy, king of Egypt, and what they call Tikkun Sopherim, the ordination of the scribes, and Ittur Sopherim, the removal of the scribes. The first of these, it is true, that they say, {5} when Ptolemy king of Egypt desired to have their law and seventy men sent to translate it, that they made alterations in the copy they sent. However, it should be noted, that they do not say they made any alteration in their own copies, only in that one they sent to him. It appears also to be a mere fable of the Talmudists, and that in fact no such alterations were made. In fact the story was invented, partly to bring into disgrace the Greek version of the Seventy translators, as though they had made it from a corrupt copy, and partly to settle the minds of their own people. Because the people disapproved of that work, they kept a fast for that occasion. {6} My reason for this is, because the Greek version does not correspond with the pretended alterations. There are only two places out of the thirteen, which agree with them. One place is in Ge 2:2 which the Seventy translate, and on the sixth day God ended his work. The other place is in Nu 16:15 which they render, I have not taken the desire of any one of them, instead of one ass from them. Neither of these passages seem to arise from a bad copy before them, but from some other cause. The first of them is not peculiar to the Septuagint; it is the same in the Samaritan Pentateuch. The latter plainly arises from the similarity of the letters Daleth and Resh. There is a third, Ex 12:40 in which there is some agreement, but not exactly. In writing of this affair of Ptolemy, neither Philo the Jew, or Josephus, made mention of these alterations, in the copy sent to Ptolemy, or in the translation of it. They observe, there were no changes made in the sacred writings, from the time in which they were written to the age in which they lived.
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    The Unicode® Standard Version 12.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2019 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 12.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-22-1 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/) 1.
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