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1940Er Jahre Als Gegenstand Des Denkmalschutzes in Russland

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1940Er Jahre Als Gegenstand Des Denkmalschutzes in Russland DAS „FREMDE“ ERBE Grenzsicherungsanlagen der 1920er – 1940er Jahre als Gegenstand des Denkmalschutzes in Russland Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Dimitrij Davydov aus Leningrad Bonn 2014 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Heinrich-Josef Klein (Vorsitzender) PD Dr. Katharina Corsepius (Betreuerin und Gutachterin) Prof. Dr. Dittmar Dahlmann (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Karin Leonhard (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 10.12.2014 VORWORT Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Wintersemester 2014/2015 von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn als Dissertation angenommen. Das Manuskript wurde im März 2014 im Wesentlichen abgeschlossen und im Oktober 2014 aktualisiert. Besonderer Dank gebührt meiner Doktormutter, Frau PD Dr. Katharina Corsepius, die meine Forschungsinteressen – auch in den Randbereichen der Kunstgeschichte – stets unterstützt und auch in der Wahl des Themas dieser Arbeit bestärkt hat. Herzlich danken möchte ich auch Herrn Prof. Dr. Dittmar Dahlmann für seine spontane Bereitschaft zur Zweitbegutachtung der Arbeit. Zum großen Dank bin ich außerdem all denjenigen verpflichtet, die mich bei der Erfassung und Erforschung militärhistorischer Relikte in St. Petersburg und Umgebung unterstützt haben, insbesondere Herrn Grigorij Žytnickij und Herrn Dipl. Ing. Evgenij Glesin, Frau Dr. Ekaterina Mel’nikova von der Europäischen Universität St. Petersburg und Frau Elena Minčenok von der Initiative „Lebendige Stadt“. Einen großen Beitrag zum Gelingen der Arbeit haben schließlich meine geschätzten Kolleginnen und Kollegen aus dem Denkmalpflegeamt des Landschaftsverbandes Westfalen- Lippe, insbesondere Frau Dr. Barbara Seifen, Herr Dr. David Gropp und Herr Dipl. Ing. Christian Steinmeier geleistet, denen ebenfalls mein Dank gebührt. Besonders danken möchte ich schließlich meiner Familie für ihre schier unerschöpfliche Geduld. INHALT INHALT ..................................................................................................................... I EINFÜHRUNG ......................................................................................................... 1 1. Anlass und Gegenstand der Arbeit.................................................................... 1 2. Gang der Untersuchung..................................................................................... 4 TEIL I. DIE ERHALTUNG DES ERBES IN RUSSLAND..................................... 6 1. Die Genese des Erhaltungsgedankens............................................................... 6 1.1 Das Interesse des Staates............................................................................. 6 1.2 Das Interesse der Gesellschaft................................................................... 10 1.3 Denkmallehre und Denkmalbegriff........................................................... 13 1.3.1 Alter und Erkenntniswert ................................................................... 14 1.3.2 Identifikationswert.............................................................................. 16 1.3.3 Erinnerungswert ................................................................................. 17 1.4 Resümee .................................................................................................... 20 2. Transformationen des Erhaltungsgedankens in der Sowjetära........................ 20 2.1 Das Erbe im postrevolutionären Russland ................................................ 21 2.1.1 Sowjetische Kulturpolitik und das kulturelle Erbe............................. 21 2.1.2 Denkmalschutz und Denkmalerfassung ............................................. 25 2.1.3 Denkmalschutz und Ideologie ............................................................ 28 2.2 Das Erbe unter Stalin................................................................................. 30 2.2.1 Neubewertung des Erbes .................................................................... 30 2.2.2 Metamorphosen des Denkmalbegriffs................................................ 33 2.2.3 Denkmalschutz und Sowjetpatriotismus ............................................ 35 2.2.4 Der Krieg und seine Folgen................................................................ 37 2.2.4.1 Denkmalschutz als Propagandawerkzeug ................................... 37 2.2.4.2 Das Erbe im Kontext des Wiederaufbaus.................................... 39 2.3 Das Erbe im „entwickelten Sozialismus“.................................................. 42 2.3.1 Denkmalschutz und staatliche Erinnerungskultur.............................. 43 2.3.2 Denkmalschutz und Gesellschaft ....................................................... 49 I 2.3.3 Denkmaltheorie und Denkmalbegriff................................................. 53 2.4 Resümee .................................................................................................... 56 3. Das Erbe im postsowjetischen Russland ......................................................... 58 3.1 Die Rolle des Staates................................................................................. 58 3.1.1 Kulturpolitische Rahmenbedingungen ............................................... 58 3.1.2 Kulturerbepolitik ................................................................................ 59 3.1.3 Die Entwicklung des Rechts............................................................... 63 3.1.3.1 Denkmalbegriff............................................................................ 64 3.1.3.2 Denkmalschutz und Denkmalpflege............................................ 66 3.2 Die Rolle der Öffentlichkeit ...................................................................... 69 3.3 Die Entwicklung der Wissenschaft............................................................ 72 3.3.1 Das Erbe ............................................................................................. 73 3.3.1.1 Charakteristika des Erbes ............................................................ 73 3.3.1.2 Subjekte des Erbes....................................................................... 79 3.3.1.3 Objekte des Erbes........................................................................ 83 3.3.2 Der Umgang mit dem Erbe................................................................. 86 3.3.2.1 Verewigungspraktiken................................................................. 86 3.3.2.2 Intention....................................................................................... 89 3.4 Kriegserinnerung und Erinnerungskriege................................................. 92 3.4.1 Fragmentierung der Erinnerung ......................................................... 92 3.4.2 Steuerung der Erinnerung................................................................... 97 3.4.2.1 Steuerung der Geschichtsschreibung........................................... 98 3.4.2.2 Anti-Geschichtsfälschungskampagne........................................ 100 3.4.2.3 Erinnerung und Machtlegitimation............................................ 102 3.4.3 Erinnerungsarchäologie.................................................................... 104 3.5 Resümee .................................................................................................. 106 TEIL II. DAS ERBE DER FINNISCH-RUSSISCHEN GRENZREGION.......... 108 1. Geographische Standortbestimmung............................................................. 108 2. Die Ursprünge der Grenzfrage ...................................................................... 110 2.1 Ausgangslage........................................................................................... 110 II 2.2 Grenzziehung und Grenzverschiebung................................................... 112 2.2.1 Schwedische Expansion in Karelien (13. – 17. Jh.) ......................... 112 2.2.2 Der Kampf um die Ostseeherrschaft (18. – 19. Jh.)......................... 116 2.2.3 Das Großfürstentum Finnland (1809 – 1917) .................................. 117 2.3 Die Grenzfrage im 20. Jahrhundert ......................................................... 119 2.3.1 Sezession und Krieg (1917 – 1919).................................................. 119 2.3.2 Die Sicherheitsfrage (1926 – 1939).................................................. 123 2.3.3 Der Winterkrieg (1939 – 1940) ........................................................ 126 2.3.4. Der „Fortsetzungskrieg“ (1941 – 1944) .......................................... 129 2.3.4.1 Beginn und Verlauf ................................................................... 129 2.3.4.2 Sowjetische Offensive und Kriegsende..................................... 131 2.3.5 Sowjetisierung und Eingliederung ................................................... 132 2.4 Die Grenzfrage als Geschichtsproblem................................................... 134 2.4.1 Gründe für den finnischen Kriegseintritt.......................................... 134 2.4.2 Charakter der finnischen Kriegsführung .......................................... 136 2.4.3 Finnland und die Blockade Leningrads............................................ 138 2.4.4 Gesellschaftliche Resonanz.............................................................. 139 3. Historische Grenzsicherungsanlagen............................................................
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