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Cambridge University Press 0521539897 - A Concise History of Finland David Kirby Index More information INDEX Aalto, Aino, architect 241 Albrecht of Mecklenburg, king of Aalto, Alvar, architect 241 Sweden 10, 11, 14 Abrahams, Ray, anthropologist 299 alcohol 57–8, 193 Academic Karelia Society (AKS) 166, Alexander I, emperor of Russia 15, 64, 182, 184, 200, 201, 229, 232, 248 72, 73–9, 81, 83–5, 86, 88, 89, 90, active resistance movement 157 103, 123, 148, 165 activists 165, 181–2 Alexander II, emperor of Russia 82, Adlerberg, Nikolay, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107–8, governor-general 124 115, 121, 193 administrative reforms 284–6 Alexander III, emperor of Russia 123, Aejmelaeus, Johan, clergyman 98 125, 127–8 Agrarian Union 150, 167, 181, 184, Alexander III, pope 6, 168 185, 195, 235, 238, 248, 249, 250–3, Alexander VI, pope 16 262, 277, 318; (from 1965, Centre Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod Party) 269, 270, 272, 277, 281, 317 8, 9 Agricola, Mikael, bishop of Alfred, king of Wessex 3 Turku 40 Alkio, Santeri, author, agrarian agriculture 112–13, 187–8, politician 134, 181, 322 287, 294–9 allied control commission in Finland Ahlqvist, August, professor of Finnish 232–3, 243 99, 117, 120 Alopaeus brothers 82 Aho, Esko, prime minister 278, 281, Aminoff, Berndt, major 90 282, 291 ancient tribes (Kweni, Hornfinns, Aho, Juhani, author 134 Biarmi) 3 Ahtisaari, Martti, president 282, 284 Andersson, Sven, Swedish defence A˚ land islands 8, 14, 17, 20, 21, 83, 104, minister 267 169, 176; disputed territory 191, 202; Anjala conspiracy 64, 68–70, 321 demilitarisation 204–5, 216;as Antikainen, Toivo, communist exile 202 autonomous region 300 Anttila, Akseli, communist exile 202 Alapuro, Risto, sociologist 168–83 Arakcheyev, Aleksey, minister of war 74 Albert of Buxtehude, bishop of Riga 8 Archangel 193 architecture 241 330 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521539897 - A Concise History of Finland David Kirby Index More information Index 331 Arckenholtz, Johan, politician and Born, Viktor von, nobleman 121 historian 59 Borodkin, Mikhail, nationalist Arctic Ocean 1, 3, 9, 232 historian 124 Armfelt, Alexander, state-secretary 87, Bothnia, gulf of 1, 3, 9, 16, 18, 20, 102 101, 106, 118, 122, 125 Brahe, Per, governor-general of Armfelt, Carl, commander of the Finland 38 Finnish army 68–9, 321 Brezhnev, Leonid, Soviet leader 259, Armfelt, Gustaf, soldier, statesman 71, 262, 263, 265, 266 74, 75, 77, 80, 84, 90–1, 123, 321 Britain 211–12; and Finland 224, Arwidsson, Adolf, historian and 249, 256, 274 polemicist 89, 91, 94 Browallius, Johan, clergyman and Askola 287 natural scientist 61 associational activities 115, 130–3 Browning, Christopher, political A˚ stro¨ m, Sven-Erik, historian 47 scientist 302 athletics associations (SVUL, TUL) 217 burn-beat cultivation 21, 22, 23, 112 Auer, Va¨ino¨ , geographer 225 Bush, George, president of the United Aurora society 66 States 278 Austria 281, 282 Buxhoevden, Friedrich Wilhelm von, Axelsson Tott clan 13 commander of Russian forces in Finland 72, 73 Baltic provinces 79, 122, 125, 128 Baltic Sea 1, 4, 7, 252, 258 Cainberg, Erik, sculptor 92 Baltic states 164, 198, 205, 215, 218, Cajander, A. K., prime minister 185, 219, 242, 278–9; see also Estonia, 195, 211, 248, 320 Latvia Canada 188 Bank of Finland 110, 186, 289, Canth, Minna, author 135 290, 291 ‘Caps’, political party 46 Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail, field-marshal, Carl XIV Johan (Jean-Baptiste governor-general 84 Bernadotte), king of Sweden 78, 88 Bartlett, Robert, historian 4 Castre´n, Matthias, philologist 94, 95, Belyakov, Aleksey, Soviet ambassador 102 265, 323 Catherine II, empress of Russia 68, 79, Bengt, duke of Finland 4 82 Berg, Friedrich von, governor-general Catholic church 4, 8 102, 106–7 censorship 272–5 Bessarabia 219 Charles V, emperor 17 Bidz, Konrad, bishop of Turku 26 Chernobyl nuclear accident 278, 301 Bielke, Erik, nobleman 16, 262 Christian II, last Union king 17–18, 28 Birger Jarl, nobleman 8 Christian III, king of Denmark 28 Birgitta, saint 25 Christian of Oldenburg, king of Sweden Black Death in Northern Europe 24–5 12, 13 Bobrikov, Nikolay, governor-general Christian People’s Party 318 128–30, 138, 139–41, 142, 143, 150 Christiansen, Eric, historian 8, 10, 25 Bolsheviks 159–60, 164 Christina, queen of Sweden 38 Bomarsund, fortress 103, 104 Church Law (1869) 113 Bonde, Karl Knutsson, regent, king of Churchill, Winston, prime minister 236 Sweden 13 Chydenius brothers 60–1 Bonden Paavo (Farmer Paavo) 98, 112 Chydenius, Anders, clergyman, Boris Godunov, tsar of Muscovy 30 advocate of free trade 58, 59, 60 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521539897 - A Concise History of Finland David Kirby Index More information 332 Index Chydenius, Wilhelm, social reformer 135 economy 47–53, 109–10, 113, 289–99 civil guard defence corps education 25, 60, 66, 86–7, 102, 115, (suojeluskunta) 161, 163, 165, 166, 118–19, 173, 186, 288, 294 167, 168, 174, 178, 179–80, 212, Ehrenstro¨ m, Johan, senator, planner of 216, 217, 232 Imperial Helsinki 82, 91 civil war (1918) 161–2, 201; legacy 167, Ehrensva¨rd, Augustin, military 168, 172–4, 175, 198–9, 216, 218, architect 44 271 Ehrnrooth, Casimir, state-secretary 125 Clemenceau, Georges, French politician Ehrstro¨ m, Erik, academic 91 127 Eklund, Artur, athlete, politician 133 Cneiff, Johan, scientist 48 elections: parliamentary 158, 159, 163, Comecon 269 171, 173, 176, 178, 185, 195, 235, Committee for Finnish Affairs 78, 84–5, 238, 252, 257, 260, 261–2, 270, 284; 87, 90; reconstituted 106 presidential 165, 178, 195, 220, 234, communism in Finland 114, 169, 240, 249–50, 254, 255–60, 265–6, 170–1, 176, 177–8, 189, 218, 219, 267, 276, 284 273, 322 Elizabeth, empress of Russia 43, 44, Communist Party of the Soviet Union 65, 321 (CPSU) 247–8, 249, 250, 265, 267–8 Elleman-Jensen, Uffe, Danish foreign constitution: (1919) 164, 165, 168, 272, minister 279 283 (1999) 283–4, 301 Enckell, Carl, foreign minister 236 Craucher, Minna, demi-mondaine 322 Engel, Carl, architect 82 crusades, in northern Europe 4, 6–8, 16 Englebrektsson, Englebrekt, rebel currency 110 leader 12 Cygnaeus, Uno, educationalist 87, 102 Erik IX, king of Sweden 6, 7 Czechoslovakia 168, 237, 238, 243, Erik XIII, king of Sweden 11, 12, 26 262, 265 Erik XIV, king of Sweden 28, 30, 37 Erikskro¨ nikan, medieval Daehn, Woldemar von, state-secretary rhyme-chronicle 8 125 Erkko, Eljas, foreign minister 206–7 Daladier, Edouard, prime minister of Estlander, Carl, professor of modern France 213 literature 104, 133 Dalarna 4, 12, 17 Estonia 28, 116, 198, 232, 278; see also Danielson, J. R., historian 125 Baltic provinces, Baltic states Daugava, river 8 European Economic Community (EEC), De poesi fennica 61, 66, 92 European Union (EU) 254, 255, 302; Denmark 6–8, 11, 12, 108, 212, 252, and Finland 263–6, 269, 270, 279, 261, 263, 264, 270 280–2, 303, 323 devaluation 289 European Free Trade Area (EFTA) and Diet Act (1869) 108 Finnish membership 254, 255–6, Diet of Porvoo 60, 73–5, 77; 264, 278 interpretations of 75–6, 88–9 Diktonius, Elmer, poet 186 Fagerholm, Karl-August, social Donner, Kai, activist 165, 182 democrat 250, 251, 252, 253, 254 Dvina (northern), river 3 famine 42, 47, 112–13 February manifesto (1899) 127, eastern Finland 22, 23, 24, 40, 43, 56, 129–30, 137 59, 95, 150, 216, 256 fennomani (Finnish-mindedness) 91–3, economic integration in Europe 249, 254 96–8, 100, 120 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521539897 - A Concise History of Finland David Kirby Index More information Index 333 fiefholding and service 9, 10, 11, 12, Finland at war (1939–1945) 198, 13–16, 17, 33, 218, 242–3 208–14, 222–31, 233; battles 210; financial institutions 133, 292–3 proposed Allied intervention 211–13, Finland 213–14; Soviet peace terms 214; as part of Sweden: definition 4;asa Finnish war aims 224, 225; public frontier country 16, 56–7; eastern opinion 227; Finnish efforts to leave frontier 9, 16, 30, 42, 65; frontier the war 227, 229–30; peace wars with Russia 13, 16–17; opposition 227; Ryti–Ribbentrop relationship to the kingdom of agreement 230; Soviet offensive Sweden 19–20, 29, 43, 44, 46–7, 230–1; armistice 217, 231–2, 287 63, 65–6, 76; conscription system Finland, gulf of 2, 8, 18, 68, 224, 322 31; occupied by Russian forces Finland Proper 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 21, 43–4; fear of renewed war 70–1;as 29, 39 an issue in the riksdag 44, 58; Finlandia, symphonic poem 130 Enlightenment in Finland 59–63; ‘finlandisation’ 245, 246, 267, 280 relationship with Imperial Russia Finnish army: during the Swedish 65, 72–3 period 33, 45, 46, 53, 63–4, 68–70, as Grand Duchy: and the Russian 74, 76, 321; in the Grand Duchy Empire 76–9, 83, 87–91, 106, 102, 128, 129, 137, 140;in 120–1, 122, 123–30; model for independent Finland 161, 163, 165, proposed Grand Duchy of 204, 232; during the Second World Lithuania 78; capital moved to War 208, 222 Helsinki 78, 84; separated from Finnish Communist Party 145, 169, Sweden 83, 90, 94; autonomous 171, 195, 234–8, 242, 243–4, 249, government 84–8, 86–7, 89, 250, 253, 258, 264, 265, 267, 270, 109–10; constitutional position 273, 315 97, 107–8, 121, 123, 124–5, 138, Finnish Diet 89, 107, 108–9, 115, 122, 148; during Crimean War 102–4, 123, 127, 129, 142, 143, 147, 157, 105; period of reform 1931 I; 321 frontier regions 131; passive Finnish language 98, 100, 101–2, resistance 137, 138, 140–1, 142; 115–17, 134, 186, 300–1; chair of in last years of Imperial rule Finnish established 101, 102; 148, 151–2; during First
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    Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Article • DOI: 10.2478/njmr-2019-0003 NJMR • 9(1) • 2019 • 99-117 The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder ‘COMPLETELY NEW CHALLENGES’?: What Is So Different About Continuity and revision in Finnish political parties’ Neuroenhancement? objectives on immigration, 1986–1991 Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic ComparisonMatti Välimäki* PharmakologischeCentre for Parliamentary und mentale Studies, Department Selbstveränderung of Philosophy, Contemporary im History and Political Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ethischen* E-mail: Vergleich [email protected] https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010Received: 13 February 2018; Accepted: 22 September 2018 received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Abstract Abstract: InThis the study concept analyses of thethe discussion aesthetic of formation four Finnish of parties knowledge – Centre andParty, its National as soon Coalition Party, Social as possibleDemocratic and success-oriented Party of Finland application,(SDP) and Finnish insights People’s and Democratic profits withoutLeague/Left the Alliance (SKDL/VAS; reference toSuomen the arguments kansan demokraattinen developed liitto around/Vasemmistoliitto 1900. The) – mainon foreign investigation workers, refugees also and asylum seekers in 1986–1991. The turn of the 1990s marked a period of substantial change in Finnish immigration policy includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current and legislation and included the first comprehensive immigration policy papers by the parties. The study version. Theirsheds function light on the as contemporary part of the literary history of portrayal Finnish party and politics narrative and discourses technique.
  • Mortars in Old Structures

    Mortars in Old Structures

    Thorborg von Konow von Thorborg Thorborg von Konow How do mortars in old masonry walls differ from those made today? Why do some Structures in Old Mortars mortars crumble and deteriorate faster than others? Based on a long history of Finnish research, this book addresses these questions and is the first Finnish publi- s cation to examine the properties of lime mortar in old structures. It is both a manual h and a guidebook for anyone attempting to select the best possible restoration r mortar - from conservators, restorers and mortar producers to modern-day masons and plasterers. The information in this book will also help property managers assess the maintenance needs of old buildings, analyse damage, and understand the reasons behind it. Designers, engineers, architects and planners will find the wealth of information in this book useful for drawing up specifications for reparation work. Lime Lime and hydraulic material Cement and lime 5 Dr Thorborg von Konow is known internationally for her work on mortar and 4 brick, which she pursued with passion until her death in 2010. Launching her own 3 company, Tureida, in 1994, she consulted widely in the field. For over thirty years she 2 researched the old structures of Suomenlinna. Number of mortar samples 1 0 Mortars The fortress has a long history as a restoration laboratory. A Unesco World Heritage Site, Suomenlinna is kept authentic through the use of traditional materials and 1750-1775 1780-1850 1850-1888 1890-1900 1915-1950 methods in its restorations. The Governing Body of Suomenlinna, working under the Ministry of Education and Culture, began consistent and comprehensive restoration in Old Structures of the fortress in 1973.