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Introduction 1. Samuel P. Huntington, “Civilian Control of the Military: A
Notes Introduction 1. Samuel P. Huntington, “Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical State- ment,” in Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research, ed. Heinz Eulau, Samuel J. Eldersveld, and Morris Janowitz (Glencoe: Free Press, 1956), 380. Among those in agreement with Huntington are S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (New York: Praeger, 1962); Bengt Abrahamsson, Military Pro- fessionalization and Political Power (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Claude E. Welch Jr., Civilian Control of the Military (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1976); Amos Perlmutter, The Military and Politics in Modern Times (New Haven: Yale Uni- versity Press, 1977), and in The Political Influence of the Military (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980). Chapter 1 1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge: Harvard Univer- sity Press, 1957), 3. 2. Samuel P. Huntington, “Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical State- ment,” in Heinz Eulau, Samuel J. Eldersveld, and Morris Janowitz, eds., Political Be- havior: A Reader in Theory and Research (Glencoe: Free Press, 1956), 380. 3. Among those in agreement with Huntington are S. E. Finer, The Man on Horse- back: The Role of the Military in Politics (New York: Praeger, 1962); Bengt Abrahams- son, Military Professionalization and Political Power (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Claude E. Welch Jr., Civilian Control of the Military (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1976); Amos Perlmutter, The Military and Politics in Modern Times (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), and in The Political Influence of the Military (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980). -
The Cyber Defence Unit of the Estonian Defence League
The Cyber Defence Unit of the Estonian Defence League Legal, Policy and Organisational Analysis Kadri Kaska, Anna-Maria Osula, LTC Jan Stinissen Tallinn 2013 Disclaimer This publication is a product of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (the Centre) and it represents the views and interpretations of the Centre. This publication does not represent the opinions or policies of NATO and is designed to provide an independent position. Third-party sources are quoted as appropriate and the Centre is not responsible for the content of the external sources referenced in this publication. The Centre assumes no responsibility for any loss or harm arising from the use of information contained in this publication. Copies of this publication may be distributed for non-profit and non-commercial purpose only. Contact NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence Filtri tee 12, Tallinn 10132, Estonia [email protected] www.ccdcoe.org 2 Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 5 1. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 7 NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY COLLABORATION IN ESTONIA ............................................................................................... 7 ESTONIAN DEFENCE LEAGUE .................................................................................................................................... -
Democratizing Communist Militaries
Democratizing Communist Militaries Democratizing Communist Militaries The Cases of the Czech and Russian Armed Forces Marybeth Peterson Ulrich Ann Arbor To Mark, Erin, and Benjamin Copyright © by the University of Michigan 1999 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America V∞ Printed on acid-free paper 2002 2001 2000 1999 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ulrich, Marybeth Peterson. Democratizing Communist militaries : the cases of the Czech and Russian armed forces / Marybeth Peterson Ulrich. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-472-10969-3 (acid-free paper) 1. Civil-military relations—Russia (Federation) 2. Civil-military relations—Former Soviet republics. 3. Civil-military relations—Czech Republic. 4. Russia (Federation)—Armed Forces—Political activity. 5. Former Soviet republics—Armed Forces—Political activity. 6. Czech Republic—Armed Forces—Political activity. 7. Military assistance, American—Russia (Federation) 8. Military assistance, American—Former Soviet republics. 9. Military assistance, American—Czech Republic. I. Title. JN6520.C58 U45 1999 3229.5909437109049—dc21 99-6461 CIP Contents List of Tables vii Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1. A Theory of Democratic Civil-Military Relations in Postcommunist States 5 Chapter 2. A Survey of Overall U.S. -
101 Biograafiat-2021-June.Pdf
101 BIOGRAPHIES The 14th Riigikogu June 17, 2021 Tallinn 2021 Compiled on the basis of questionnaires completed by members of the Riigikogu / Reviewed semi-annually Compiled by Marge Allandi, Rita Hillermaa and Piret Pärgma / Translated by the Chancellery of the Riigi- kogu / Estonian edition edited by Gerli Randjärv, English edition by Piret Pärgma / Cover by Tuuli Aule / Layout by Margit Plink / Photos by Erik Peinar ISSN 2674-3205 Copyright: Chancellery of the Riigikogu, National Library of Estonia CONTENTS Members of the 14th Riigikogu 3 Members of the Riigikogu by Constituency 114 Members of the Riigikogu by Faction 117 Members of the Riigikogu by Committee 120 Members of the Riigikogu Whose Mandate Has Been Suspended or Has Terminated 124 List of Riigikogus 148 Abbreviations and Select Glossary 149 CONTENTS CONTENTS 2 Members MEMBERS OF Merry Aart Uno Kaskpeit Kristen Michal Erki Savisaar THE 14TH RIIGIKOGU Annely Akkermann Erkki Keldo Marko Mihkelson Helir-Valdor Seeder Yoko Alender Kert Kingo Madis Milling Andrus Seeme Tiiu Aro Signe Kivi Aadu Must Sven Sester Riho Breivel Toomas Kivimägi Eduard Odinets Priit Sibul Dmitri Dmitrijev Aivar Kokk Jevgeni Ossinovski Riina Sikkut Ivi Eenmaa Rene Kokk Ivari Padar Imre Sooäär Enn Eesmaa Mihhail Korb Hanno Pevkur Mihhail Stalnuhhin Peeter Ernits Andrei Korobeinik Heljo Pikhof Timo Suslov Hele Everaus Siret Kotka Õnne Pillak Margit Sutrop Kalle Grünthal Heiki Kranich Siim Pohlak Aivar Sõerd Helle-Moonika Helme Igor Kravtšenko Kristina Šmigun-Vähi Anti Poolamets Mart Helme Eerik-Niiles Kross -
Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States
Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius 1 Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius International Centre for Defence Studies Toom-Rüütli 12-6 Tallinn 10130 Estonia Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States Edited by Tony Lawrence Tomas Jermalavičius © International Centre for Defence Studies Tallinn, 2013 ISBN: 978-9949-9174-7-1 ISBN: 978-9949-9174-9-5 (PDF) ISBN: 978-9949-9174-8-8 (e-pub) ISBN 978-9949-9448-0-4 (Kindle) Design: Kristjan Mändmaa Layout and cover design: Moonika Maidre Printed: Print House OÜ Cover photograph: Flag dedication ceremony of the Baltic Peacekeeping Battalion, Ādaži, Latvia, January 1995. Courtesy of Kalev Koidumäe. Contents 5 Foreword 7 About the Contributors 9 Introduction Tomas Jermalavičius and Tony Lawrence 13 The Evolution of Baltic Security and Defence Strategies Erik Männik 45 The Baltic Quest to the West: From Total Defence to ‘Smart Defence’ (and Back?) Kęstutis Paulauskas 85 The Development of Military Cultures Holger Mölder 122 Supreme Command and Control of the Armed Forces: the Roles of Presidents, Parliaments, Governments, Ministries of Defence and Chiefs of Defence Sintija Oškalne 168 Financing Defence Kristīne Rudzīte-Stejskala 202 Participation in International Military Operations Piret Paljak 240 Baltic Military Cooperative Projects: a Record of Success Pete Ito 276 Conclusions Tony Lawrence and Tomas Jermalavičius 4 General Sir Garry Johnson Foreword The swift and total collapse of the Soviet Union may still be viewed by some in Russia as a disaster, but to those released from foreign dominance it brought freedom, hope, and a new awakening. -
The Constitution and Interpretation of the Authority Dilemma for the Leadership of the National Defence After Estonia Regained Its Independence
175 The Constitution and Interpretation of the Authority Dilemma for the Leadership of the National Defence After Estonia Regained its Independence Hellar Lill ABSTRACT After the restoration of independence in August 1991, Estonia had no national defence, defence capability or capacity for international defence cooperation. The armed forced had to be ‘invented’. However, this can be regarded as an advantage, since retraining and reorganising an existing system is usually more difficult. The main principles of national defence were established in Chapter 10 of the Constitution, which was approved in a referendum held in June 1992. This chap- ter, which was influenced by the presidential constitution of 1937/1938, did not answer the question of whether the Commander of the Defence Forces would be placed under the authority of the President, the parliament or the govern- ment. Two voluntary national defence organisations, the Defence League and the Home Guard, which competed with each other, already existed in Estonia when the Defence Forces were established. The Ministry of Defence was established even later. There were fears that subordinating the Commander of the Defence Forces to the government may lead to the politicisation of the army and uneven development due to frequent changes of government. These problems were eased by subordinating the commander to the President – however, this caused ten- sion between the Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces Headquarters. The parliament had the right to appoint and remove the Commander of the Defence Forces, but the proposal had to come from the President. This conflict culminated in summer 2000 when the Commander of the Defence Forces was removed as a result of a vote in the Riigikogu, which the President called an issue of civilian control; the removal, as well as the Defence Minister and government keeping their positions, was decided by one vote, allegedly given by accident… 176 Hellar Lill The Constitution was amended in 2011. -
2019 Parliamentary Elections in Estonia
ANALYSIS Tallinn 2019 Parliamentary elections in Estonia ANU TOOTS March 2019 The elections to the fourteenth Riigikogu on 3 March 2019 did not yield major changes at fi rst glance, but do indicate some structural changes. Although all political parties represented in the new parliament have been in parliament before, relative strengths are markedly different. The new parliament will be signifi cant- ly more right-wing (with 65 seats as against 36 for parties on the left). While voter turnout, at 63.7 per cent, was similar to previous elections, there is a clearly rising trend in pre-election voting, especially e-voting. Such options obviously promote a shift towards higher involve- ment on the part of voters abroad, as well as of middle and higher income voters. Election day itself is losing importance. The election campaign lacked a clear pervasive theme, but rather largely circled around centre-right and neoliberal issues. Furthermore, over the course of the campaign complex issues were simplifi ed within a populist framework, which had a direct effect on the election outcome. This of course favoured the two winners, namely the neoliberal Reform Party and the right-wing populist Conservative People’s Party (EKRE), while bringing about a demobilisation of lower-income and ethnic Russian voters. This weakened the Centre Party and to some extent the Social Democrats. The Social Democrats suffered a major defeat, losing fi ve of their 15 seats, as well as their strongholds in south-east Estonia. Due to a lack of appealing candidates and the dominant polarising, nationalistic dis- course the party failed in both agenda-setting and in getting its core messages across. -
Projektskizze Buchprojekt
1 Estonia on the Road to a European Army Viljar Veebel, Baltic Defence College Chapter in “Strategic Autonomy and the Defence of Europe: On the Road to a European Army” (Eds. Hans-Peter Bartels, Anna Maria Kellner, Uwe Optenhögel), ISBN 978-3-8012-0498-3, pp. 152-164 Country background and statistics Estonia has a population of 1.315 million, as of 1 January 2016, about 0.26 per cent of the total population of the EU (Statistics Estonia 2016a). In the past decade, on average, the annual natural birth rate has been negative, at –1,330 people, on average (Statistics Estonia 2016b). Migration involves extensive back-and-forth mobility of Estonian citizens: 52 per cent of immigrants and 69 per cent of emigrants in 2015 were citizens of Estonia. In 2015– 2016, emigration stabilised and the number of immigrants increased (Statistics Estonia 2016b). After the parliamentary elections in March 2015, six political parties exceeded the 5 per cent election threshold. The Estonian Reform Party (RE) won the elections, receiving 30 of the 101 seats in the parliament, followed by the Estonian Centre Party (KE) with 27 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SDE) got 15 seats and the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL) got 14 seats. The newcomer, the Estonian Free Party (VE), received eight seats, and the most radical party, the Conservative Peoples Party of Estonia (EKRE), got seven seats. After the elections, the Reform Party, the Social Democrats and the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union formed a coalition. A second coalition and government was formed in 23. -
Cyber Security in Estonia 2020 Contents
Cyber Security In Estonia 2020 Contents The Year of Shaping International Law . 3 Cyber Security Governance in Estonia . 5 Threats and Challenges in Civilian Networks . 8 Cybercriminals Keep Us on Our Toes . 11 Threats and Challenges to Estonia’s National Security . 14 Threats and Challenges Around the World: Russian Cyber Threat . 18 Attribution and Deterrence in Cyberspace . 23 The Challenge of 5G Networks: A View From Estonia . 26 NATO CCDCOE Training the Alliance . 28 Defending the Nation Needs Steady Planning . 32 The EDF Cyber Command: What Is It and What Does It Do? . 34 The EDL Cyber Defence Unit: Preparing For The Storm . 36 Engaging the Cyber Security Community At Home and Abroad . 38 Making I-voting Even More Secure And User-friendly . 43 Protecting Personal Data Becomes An Issue Of Trust . 46 EISA: A Collaborative Effort To Boost Estonian Cyber Potential . 48 DISCLAIMER: All chapters express the views of the respective institutions that are identified at the top of each chapter . For general inquiries and media requests regarding the publication please contact the Estonian Information System Authority at www .ria ee. For specific questions regarding topics discussed in each chapter please contact the institutions directly . 2 CYBER SECURITY IN ESTONIA 2020 The Year of Shaping International Law KERSTI KALJULAID President of the Republic of Estonia If we want cyberspace to become a safe, secure, and stable domain, then malicious cyber activities should have similar consequences as attacks carried out in the ‘analogue’ world. Part of this deterrent is also clearly stating how international law applies in cyberspace – and this is something where Estonia was able to chip in last year. -
Ave Randviir-Vellamo VIDEO GAMES AS NEW TOOLS for POLITICAL PERSUASION
Ave Randviir-Vellamo VIDEO GAMES AS NEW TOOLS FOR POLITICAL PERSUASION: WEB GAMES OF THE ESTONIAN CENTRE PARTY Master's thesis Digital Culture University of Jyväskylä Department of Art and Culture Studies Jyväskylä 2012 UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Faculty Department Faculty of Humanities Department of Art and Culture Studies Author Ave Randviir-Vellamo Title Video Games as New Tools for Political Persuasion: Web Games of the Estonian Centre Party Subject Level Digital Culture Master's thesis Month and year Number of pages May 2012 124 (+ 12 p. appendices) Abstract This thesis studies four web games that have been released in Estonia in 2004-2011 and have been sponsored by the Estonian Centre Party. Using video games in political campaigning is a recent and not very widely spread trend. Therefore, these web games provided an opportunity to examine the ways how political messages can be inserted into video games and how the qualities that are unique to video games can form political arguments and persuade the players. The main objective of this thesis was to identify the persuasive components of Centre Party's web games and to compare the persuasive arguments that were found from the games' representative layer to those that were formed on the games' procedural layer. In order to do that, the Centre Party's web games were placed in the wider context of political videogames and analyzed with semiotics, gameplay rhetoric and procedural rhetoric. Ultimately, the goal of the thesis is to emphasize the uniqueness of video game representative qualities which seem to be superseded by the studies of rhetorical potential of game rules and provide means for "reading" and understanding ideological content in video games. -
101 BIOGRAPHIES the 13Th Riigikogu
101 BIOGRAPHIES The 13th Riigikogu January 1, 2019 Tallinn 2019 Compiled on the basis of questionnaires completed by members of the Riigikogu Reviewed semi-annually Compiled by Gerli Randjärv, Rita Hillermaa and Lii Suurpalu Translated by the Chancellery of the Riigikogu Cover by Tuuli Aule Layout by Margit Plink Photos by Erik Peinar Copyright: Chancellery of the Riigikogu, National Library of Estonia CONTENTS 3 Members of the 13th Riigikogu 113 Members of the Riigikogu by Constituency 116 Members of the Riigikogu by Faction 119 Members of the Riigikogu by Committee 123 List of Riigikogus 124 Members of the Riigikogu Whose Mandate Has Been Suspended or Has Terminated 167 Abbreviations and Select Glossary 2 MEMBERS OF THE 13TH RIIGIKOGU MEMBERS OF Arto Aas Helmen Kütt Heidy Purga Jüri Adams Ants Laaneots Raivo Põldaru th THE 13 RIIGIKOGU Raivo Aeg Kalle Laanet Henn Põlluaas Yoko Alender Viktoria Ladõnskaja-Kubits Mati Raidma January 1, 2019 Krista Aru Maris Lauri Laine Randjärv Peep Aru Heimar Lenk Valdo Randpere Maire Aunaste Jürgen Ligi Taavi Rõivas Dmitri Dmitrijev Oudekki Loone Kersti Sarapuu Enn Eesmaa Inara Luigas Erki Savisaar Peeter Ernits Lauri Luik Helir-Valdor Seeder Helmut Hallemaa Ain Lutsepp Sven Sester Hannes Hanso Jaak Madison Priit Sibul Monika Haukanõmm Jaanus Marrandi Arno Sild Mart Helme Enn Meri Mihhail Stalnuhhin Martin Helme Andres Metsoja Anne Sulling Andres Herkel Kristen Michal Märt Sults Olga Ivanova Marko Mihkelson Aivar Surva Jüri Jaanson Marianne Mikko Aivar Sõerd Toomas Jürgenstein Madis Milling Tanel Talve -
The 2019 European Parliament Elections in the Baltic States
ANALYSIS Riga The 2019 European Parliament elections in the Baltic states DR DAUNIS AUERS, UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA May 2019 The three Baltic states showed a mixed profi le in the European Parliament elections. While Estonia and Lithuania were largely occupied with domestic events, Latvia expe- rienced a long, high-profi le campaign. At the same time all three countries showed that the European and the national level are closely interlinked and do interplay with each other. Due to a preferential voting logic in a proportional representation system all estab- lished political parties put forward lists containing candidates with either extensive political experience, current MEPs or high-profi le personalities. In this way they bene- fi ted from a pronounced experience/competence versus fresh-faces/innovation di- vide. The political cleavages present in many older Western European democracies were largely absent. The campaigning focused on economy, immigration and security is- sues as well as relations with Russia. With this the mainstream parties were the big- gest winners in the region, with the centrist European Peoples Party (EPP), the Social- ists and Democrats (S&D) and The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) winning 17 of the 25 seats in the region. The Greens/European Free Alliance (G/EFA) and the European Conservatives and reformists (ECR) each won three seats. Like in prior EP-elections rightwing populist and Eurosceptic parties did not manage to achieve a decisive electoral turnout but the issue may potentially grow with more vigour in the years to come. DAUNIS AUERS | THE 2019 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ELECTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES Riga Content Introduction .