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Notes Introduction 1. Samuel P. Huntington, “Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical State- ment,” in Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research, ed. Heinz Eulau, Samuel J. Eldersveld, and Morris Janowitz (Glencoe: Free Press, 1956), 380. Among those in agreement with Huntington are S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (New York: Praeger, 1962); Bengt Abrahamsson, Military Pro- fessionalization and Political Power (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Claude E. Welch Jr., Civilian Control of the Military (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1976); Amos Perlmutter, The Military and Politics in Modern Times (New Haven: Yale Uni- versity Press, 1977), and in The Political Influence of the Military (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980). Chapter 1 1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge: Harvard Univer- sity Press, 1957), 3. 2. Samuel P. Huntington, “Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical State- ment,” in Heinz Eulau, Samuel J. Eldersveld, and Morris Janowitz, eds., Political Be- havior: A Reader in Theory and Research (Glencoe: Free Press, 1956), 380. 3. Among those in agreement with Huntington are S. E. Finer, The Man on Horse- back: The Role of the Military in Politics (New York: Praeger, 1962); Bengt Abrahams- son, Military Professionalization and Political Power (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Claude E. Welch Jr., Civilian Control of the Military (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1976); Amos Perlmutter, The Military and Politics in Modern Times (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), and in The Political Influence of the Military (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980). 4. Alfred Stepan, The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), 7–8, 54. 5. Welch, Civilian Control of the Military, 1. 6. Huntington, The Soldier and the State, 80–83. 7. Ibid., 80–83. 8. Ibid., 83–85. 9. Ibid., 85. 10. Ibid. 11. W. H. Morris Jones pointed out the unlikelihood of the military officer cohort 219 220 Notes to Pages 8–15 always acting as perfectly obedient neutral instruments in the hands of policymakers in his essay “Armed Forces and the State,” Public Administration 35 (winter 1957): 411– 16, also found in Amos Perlmutter and Valerie Plave Bennett, The Political Influence of the Military: A Comparative Reader (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 51–55. 12. Samuel P. Huntington, “Reforming Civil-Military Relations,” in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Civil-Military Relations and Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 3–11. 13. Huntington, The Soldier and the State, 8. 14. Robert K. Angwin, Capt., “Professionalism: A Model,” An Introduction to the Military Profession (West Point, NY: U.S. Military Academy, 1984). This article has also been excerpted for use in Foundations of the Military Profession, a course book used in Military Arts and Science 220, a core course for all cadets at the U.S. Air Force Acad- emy. 15. Zolton D. Barany, Soldiers and Politics in Eastern Europe, 1945–1990 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), 11. 16. Roman Kolkowicz, “Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Commu- nist (Hegemonial) Systems,” in Soldiers, Peasants, and Bureaucrats, ed. Roman Kolkowicz and Andrzej Korbonski (London: Allen and Unwin, 1982), 233. 17. Elmer J. Mahoney, “The Constitutional Framework of Civil-Military Relations,” in Civil-Military Relations, ed. Charles L. Cochran (New York: The Free Press, 1974), 35, 45. 18. Welch, Civilian Control of the Military, 6–8. 19. Mahoney, “The Constitutional Framework of Civil-Military Relations,” 49. 20. Huntington, The Soldier and the State, 163. 21. Welch, Civilian Control of the Military, 8. 22. Giovanni Sartori, Democratic Theory (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1962), 90. 23. Welch, Civilian Control of the Military, 8. 24. Ellen Jones, Red Army and Society (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1985), 23. 25. Roman Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 15–18. 26. Jones, Red Army and Society, 2. 27. Bruce Parrott, “Political Change and Civil-Military Relations,” in Soldiers and the Soviet State, ed. Timothy J. Colton and Thane Gustafson (Princeton: Princeton Uni- versity Press, 1990), 59–60; Jones, Red Army and Society, 105. 28. Bradley R. Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Europe (New York: Greenwood Press, 1992), 54. For more information on the role of KGB and state security services see Jonathan Adelman, ed., Terror and Communist Politics: The Role of the Secret Police in Communist States (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983) and Amy W. Knight, “The KGB’s Special Departments in the Soviet Armed Forces,” Orbis 28 (sum- mer 1984): 257–80. 29. Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Europe, 52. 30. Ibid., 51. 31. Barany, Soldiers and Politics in Eastern Europe, 9–10. 32. Jonathan R. Adelman, “Toward a Typology of Communist Civil-Military Rela- tions,” in Communist Parties in Politics, ed. Jonathan R. Adelman (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982), 6–8. Notes to Pages 15–27 221 33. Ibid., 7–8. 34. John F. Brown, “Détente and Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe,” Survey 20 (spring/summer 1974), 46–58; Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Eu- rope, 28. 35. See Huntington, The Soldier and the State, 428; Morris Janowitz, The Profes- sional Soldier (New York: The Free Press, 1971), 348. 36. Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, 363–66. 37. Ibid., 367–69. 38. Harold D. Lasswell, National Security and Individual Freedom (New York: Mc- Graw Hill, 1950), 80–81. 39. Abrahamsson, Military Professionalization and Political Power, 161. 40. Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Europe, 3. 41. Ibid., 6–10. 42. Jones, Red Army and Society, 150. 43. Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Europe, 89–94. 44. Gregory Govan, Brigadier General, Commander, On-Site Inspection Agency (OSIA) and former Defense Attaché in Moscow, 1987–1991, interview by author, Wash- ington, DC, May 1995. 45. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Langley, 1840), vol. II, book III, 266–67. 46. Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, 8, 253. 47. Jones, Red Army and Society, 82–85. 48. Herbert Goldhammer, The Soviet Soldier: Soviet Military Management at the Troop Level (New York: Crane, Russak, and Co., 1975), 25. For an explanation of the pay system see J. E. Moore, “The Soviet Sailor,” 170. 49. Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Europe, 94–97. 50. For statistics on the academic qualifications of cadets in the Soviet Union and in Russia today see Oleg Vladykin, “A Declining ‘Curve’ of the Military Salary Level Is Becoming Increasingly Threatening: Current Social and Financial Policy with Regard to Servicemen Is Leading to a Cadre Catastrophe in the Armed Forces,” Krasnaya Zvezda, 16 February 1995, 1, 3, JPRS-UMA-95-007, 21 February 1995, 23. For com- parable statistics on the case of Hungary in the Soviet era see Ivan Volgyes, “The Mili- tary as an Agent of Political Socialization: The Case of Hungary,” in Civil-Military Re- lations in Communist Systems, ed. Dale R. Herspring and Ivan Volgyes (Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), 156. 51. Volgyes, “The Military as an Agent of Political Socialization: The Case of Hun- gary,” 156–59. 52. Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Europe, 97; Volgyes, “The Military as an Agent of Political Socialization: The Case of Hungary,” 157–58. 53. Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Europe, 106–10. 54. Perlmutter and Bennett, eds., The Political Influence of the Military, 205. 55. Jones, Red Army and Society, 88–89. 56. Goldhammer, The Soviet Soldier: Soviet Military Management at the Troop Level, 286–87. 57. Jones, Red Army and Society, 89. 58. John P. Willerton Jr., “Patronage Networks and Coalition Building in the Brezh- nev Era,” Soviet Studies 39, no. 2 (April 1987), 175–204. 222 Notes to Pages 27–33 59. V. Seledkin, Colonel, “Kak ne podarit’ rodnomu cheloveku! . “ [How not to be obliged to relatives! . ], Krasnaya Zvezda, 12 December 1986, 2. As cited in Brenda Vallance, “Corruption and Reform in the Soviet Military,” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 7, no. 4 (December 1994), 704. 60. Zoltan D. Barany, “Civil-Military Relations in Comparative Perspective: East- Central and Southeastern Europe,” Political Studies 41, no. 4 (December 1993) 596–97. 61. Christopher D. Jones, Soviet Influence in Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger, 1981), 13. 62. Gitz, Armed Forces and Political Power in Eastern Europe, 102–6. 63. Stepan, The Military in Politics, 55. 64. Edward C. Meyer, General, “Leadership: A Return to Basics,” Military Review (July 1980) as excerpted in Burke and Critchlow, Foundations of Military Profession- alism, 59. 65. Vallance, “Corruption and Reform in the Soviet Military,” 704. 66. “Pis’ma marshalu” [Letters to the Marshal], Ogonek no. 1 (January 1990): 3–4. 67. C. N. Donnelly, “The Soviet Soldier,” in The Soviet Military: Political Educa- tion, Training and Morale, ed. E. S. Williams (London: Macmillan, 1987), 113. 68. For a description of such behavior see Victor Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army (New York: Macmillan, 1982), 222–23. 69. Gennady Zhavoronkov, “Save and Protect,” Moscow News no. 30 (August 1990), 11. 70. Muranov, Colonel-General Anatoliy Ivanovich, “A Law Against Dedov- shchina,” 2; Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army, 255–56. 71. The general emphasis that all professions place on professional ethics is de- scribed in Abrahamsson, Military Professionalization and Political Power, 63. 72. Huntington, The Soldier and the State, 13. 73. Jones, Red Army and Society, 85, cited I. N. Shkadov, Voprosy obucheniya I vospitanya v voyenno-uchebnykh zavedeniyakh (Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1976), 117–19. 74. Jones, Soviet Influence in Eastern Europe, 225. 75. Ibid., 204. 76. Kenneth W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, “Civilian Supremacy Over the Military: Its Nature and Limits,” Armed Forces and Society 19, no.
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