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Pyramid of Unas : 11 Unas (Unis)(C. 2356
11 : Pyramid of Unas . Unas (Unis)(c. 2356 - 2323 BC) was the last king of the Fifth Dynasty. The pyramid dedicated to this king lies to the south of the Step Pyramid. The Pyramid of Unas (Unis) is in poor condition however, the burial chambers are worth the visit. In this chamber, you will find the earliest Egyptian funerary texts carved into the walls and filled with a blue pigment. These are referred to as the Pyramid Texts. They are the rituals and hymns that were said during the in the walls of the pyramids. burial. Before this time, nothing was engraved The pyramid, when it was complete stood about 62 ft (18.5 m). The core of the pyramid was loose blocks and rubble and the casing was of limestone. Today it looks like a pile of dirt and rubble, especially from the east side. Although the outside of the pyramid is in ruin, the inside is still sound. You may enter the pyramid from the north side. Trying to block the way, are three huge slabs of granite. Once inside the chamber, you will find the Pyramid Texts that were intended to help the pharaoh's soul in the afterworld. They were to help the soul find Re, the sun god. 12 : Pyramid of Pepi II . South Saqqara is completely separate from Saqqara. It is located about 1km south of the pyramid of Sekhemkhet, which is the most southern of all the pyramids in Saqqara. South Saqqara was founded in the 6th Dynasty (2345 - 2181 BC) by the pharaohs. -
Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis
Answers Research Journal 4 (2011):127–159. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v4/ancient-egyptian-chronology-genesis.pdf Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis Matt McClellan, [email protected] Abstract One of the most popular topics among young earth creationists and apologists is the relationship of the Bible with Ancient Egyptian chronology. Whether it concerns who the pharaoh of the Exodus was, the background of Joseph, or the identity of Shishak, many Christians (and non-Christians) have wondered how these two topics fit together. This paper deals with the question, “How does ancient Egyptian chronology correlate with the book of Genesis?” In answering this question it begins with an analysis of every Egyptian dynasty starting with the 12th Dynasty (this is where David Down places Moses) and goes back all the way to the so called “Dynasty 0.” After all the data is presented, this paper will look at the different possibilities that can be constructed concerning how long each of these dynasties lasted and how they relate to the biblical dates of the Great Flood, the Tower of Babel, and the Patriarchs. Keywords: Egypt, pharaoh, Patriarchs, chronology, Abraham, Joseph Introduction Kingdom) need to be revised. This is important During the past century some scholars have when considering the relationship between Egyptian proposed new ways of dating the events of ancient history and the Tower of Babel. The traditional dating history before c. 700 BC.1 In 1991 a book entitled of Ancient Egyptian chronology places its earliest Centuries of Darkness by Peter James and four of dynasties before the biblical dates of the Flood and his colleagues shook the very foundations of ancient confusion of the languages at Babel. -
Cwiek, Andrzej. Relief Decoration in the Royal
Andrzej Ćwiek RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE OLD KINGDOM STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT, SCENE CONTENT AND ICONOGRAPHY PhD THESIS WRITTEN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KAROL MYŚLIWIEC INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY FACULTY OF HISTORY WARSAW UNIVERSITY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would have never appeared without help, support, advice and kindness of many people. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: Professor Karol Myśliwiec, the supervisor of this thesis, for his incredible patience. Professor Zbigniew Szafrański, my first teacher of Egyptian archaeology and subsequently my boss at Deir el-Bahari, colleague and friend. It was his attitude towards science that influenced my decision to become an Egyptologist. Professor Lech Krzyżaniak, who offered to me really enormous possibilities of work in Poznań and helped me to survive during difficult years. It is due to him I have finished my thesis at last; he asked me about it every time he saw me. Professor Dietrich Wildung who encouraged me and kindly opened for me the inventories and photographic archives of the Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, and Dr. Karla Kroeper who enabled my work in Berlin in perfect conditions. Professors and colleagues who offered to me their knowledge, unpublished material, and helped me in various ways. Many scholars contributed to this work, sometimes unconsciously, and I owe to them much, albeit all the mistakes and misinterpretations are certainly by myself. Let me list them in an alphabetical order, pleno titulo: Hartwig -
Abbreviations
ABBREVIATIONS Aegyptische Inschriften Berlin (1913) Aegyptische Inschriften aus den Königlichen Museen zu Berlin, 1 CT Coffin texts, as edited by de Buck (1935–61) KRI Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions (1975–90) LEM Gardiner, Late-Egyptian Miscellanies (1937) LES Gardiner, Late-Egyptian Stories (1932) N (except as noted below) Name; replaces a name in the Egyptian text Pyramid text paragraph numbers: M Version found in the pyramid of Merienre (Mrj-n-ra) N Version found in the pyramid of Pepi II Neferkare (Nfr-kA-ra) Nt Version found in the pyramid of Queen Neith (Jéquier 1933) Ou Version found in the pyramid of Queen Oudjebten (Jéquier 1928) P Version found in the pyramid of Pepi I (Ppjj) Pyr. § Paragraph number (1–2217) in Sethe’s edition (1908–22), as opposed to the spell numbers (1–714) (PT in Edel 1955/64) T Version found in the pyramid of Teti (&tj) W Version found in the pyramid of Unas (Wnjs) Urkunden 1 Old Kingdom documents (Sethe 1932–33) Urkunden 4 Dynasty 18 documents (Sethe and Helck 1906–58) SYMBOLS Marks the supplement, supplementary class, or contradictory of the class below the stroke. For example, if s is the class of sheep, then s <is the class encompassing anything but sheep; also denoted as 1 – s, or the universe (1) minus (–) sheep (s) * Marks hypothetical or non-attested forms of words or text * in Pyr. § Follows the conventions of Allen 1984 xxi xxii THE OTHER MATHEMATICS [ ] Enclose text that, while completely lost, can be restored with reasonable confidence […] Mark places where text is completely lost and cannot be restored with reasonable confidence 〈〉 Enclose text that, while absent from the original (for example, because the scribe mistakenly omitted it), can be restored { } Enclose text wrongly included in the original that needs to be deleted, for example because the scribe presumably mistakenly wrote it out twice. -
Sons of the Sun: Rise and Decline of the Fifth Dynasty PDF Book
SONS OF THE SUN: RISE AND DECLINE OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Miroslav Verner | 306 pages | 01 Mar 2015 | Czech Institute of Egyptology | 9788073085414 | English | Praha, Czech Republic Sons of the Sun: Rise and Decline of the Fifth Dynasty PDF Book The western tomb was built subsequently to the eastern one and seems to have served to bury another woman. Return to Home. This cult seems to have disappeared at the end of the Old Kingdom period, although it might have been revived during the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom , albeit in a very limited form. Book Reviews. The ruins known today as Lepsius XXV constitute not one but two large adjacent tombs built as a single monument on the south-eastern edge of the Abusir necropolis. The temple was entered from the eastern side following a long causeway which departed from a valley temple located closer to the Nile. Fragments of reliefs from the mortuary temple of Sahure showing Neferirkare as a prince. Nyuserre furthermore received special attention from at least two of his successors during this period: Djedkare Isesi either restored or completed his funerary temple, [note 30] [] and Pepi II Neferkare erected a door jamb bearing an inscription mentioning both his first Sed festival and Nyuserre in the latter's valley temple, a close association meant to "evidence the pretended association of the king with his forefather". It provides a very readable and informative survey for the Egyptian enthusiast and for the general reader. Tome 1 PDF. While graffiti left by the builders indicate that the construction of this pyramid dates to the later part of Nyuserre's reign and took place under the direction of vizier Ptahshepses, [] the name of the queen for whom the pyramid was intended is lost. -
'Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: a Study and an Anthology'
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 1988 Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A Study and an Anthology Lichtheim, Miriam Abstract: By a selection of sixty ancient Egyptian autobiographical inscriptions, presented in new transla- tions, the author examines the growth of the autobiographical genre during the Old and Middle Kingdoms, from ca. 2500 to ca. 1800 B.C. The Old Kingdom created the basic form: the autobiography as an inte- gral part of the inscriptional and pictorial program of tombs - the planned and often sumptuous tombs of the well-to-do, who filled the major positions in the royal administration. After the decline oftheOld Kingdom, the rising middle class diversified the genre, and loci other than tombs, notably free-standing stelae and rock faces of quarries, also became carriers of autobiographical self-presentations. The cult of Osiris added yet another dimension: autobiographical stelae erected near the Osiris temple at Abydos and specifically designed to place their owners in the care of the god-of-the-dead. The texts of thesestelae often describe their position as being ”at the terrace of the great god”, a description which has caused much scholarly rumination. Just what was the terrace of the great god? This study demonstrates that the texts themselves furnish the conclusive answer. Finally, the reader meets a magnate of Middle Egypt in his splendid tomb, whose carefully stylized autobiography is a classic of Middle Kingdom oratory. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-141274 Monograph Published Version Originally published at: Lichtheim, Miriam (1988). -
Profiling Punt: Using Trade Relations to Locate ‘God’S Land’
PROFILING PUNT: USING TRADE RELATIONS TO LOCATE ‘GOD’S LAND’ Catherine Lucy Glenister Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Ancient Cultures at the University of Stellenbosch Department of Ancient Studies Faculty of Arts Supervisor: Professor I. Cornelius April 2008 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this research thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. Signature: Catherine Lucy Glenister 06/02/2008 Copyright ©2008 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ABSTRACT The geographical location of Punt has been the subject of much scholarly controversy for years. Numerous locations have been provided, favouring either regions in southern Arabia or East Africa. The latter being the more accepted theory in this case. Locating the region of Punt is linked to the foreign trade relations of Egypt during the Dynastic period. The practices that governed the Egyptian economy and thus its trade relations are studied, along with textual translations and visual sources in order to determine the kind of contact Egypt had with Punt, the trade relations between these two regions and the commodities they traded. These things determine the landscape that Puntites traversed, providing a profile of their habitat, the people that lived in it and thus a possible location for the region, which is believed to encompass the Gash Delta, on the borders of modern day Eritrea, Ethiopia and Sudan. KEYWORDS Punt; Ancient trade; God’s Land; Gash delta OPSOMMING Die geografiese ligging van Punt is jarelank 'n akademiese twispunt. -
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION for Semester I (Under CBCS) Lecture I
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION For Semester I (Under CBCS) Lecture I Egyptian Civilization and the River Nile: An Introduction The ancient Egyptian Civilization thrived on the River Nile. The Nile River basin constituted the cradle for the evolution as well as the decline of the advanced ancient Egyptian Civilization. Roughly 2000 years prior to the beginning of the dynastic period of the ancient Egyptian Civilization around 3100 BCE, there were many settlements that had already developed along the River Nile. These settlements were inhabited primarily by nomads and pastoralists who cultivated crops like barley on the floodplain of the Nile as well as practised fishing and hunting. The ancient Egyptian civilization developed in northeastern Africa in the 3rd millennium BCE. The term Ancient Egypt traditionally refers to northeastern Africa from its prehistory up to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century CE. Archaeological findings over a long period of time have brought to the fore the achievements of the ancient Egyptians in the realm of art and architecture – the magnificent monuments erected by the ancient Egyptians bear testimony to their artistry. Ancient Egypt was like an oasis in the desert of northeastern Africa, which depended on the annual inundation (flooding) of the Nile River to support its population whose primary occupation was agriculture. The fertile floodplain of the Nile Valley was the primary source of Egypt’s wealth and prosperity. The Nile was also Egypt’s sole channel of transportation. Archaeological sources provide us with the information that around 5000 BCE simple farming based on cereal cultivation and cattle herding extending as far as Sudan (the southernmost border of Egypt) had begun leading to the commencement of the pre-Dynastic period of ancient Egyptian history. -
A Second Style in Egyptian Relief of the Old Kingdom
Egypt and Beyond. Essays Presented to Leonard H. Lesko Leonard H. Lesko, in his office at Brown University ii 001-frontmatter.indd 2 2/29/08 6:06:52 PM Egypt and Beyond. Essays Presented to Leonard H. Lesko Egypt and Beyond Essays Presented to Leonard H. Lesko upon his Retirement from the Wilbour Chair of Egyptology at Brown University June 2005 Edited by Stephen E. Thompson and Peter Der Manuelian Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies Brown University 2008 iii 001-frontmatter.indd 3 2/29/08 6:06:52 PM Egypt and Beyond. Essays Presented to Leonard H. Lesko Typeset in New Baskerville Copyedited, typeset, designed, and produced by Peter Der Manuelian i s b n 13: 978-0-9802065-0-0 i s b n 10: 0-9802065-0-2 © 2008 Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies, Brown University All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Printed in the United States of America by Sawyer Printers, Charlestown, Massachusetts Bound by Acme Bookbinding, Charlestown, Massachusetts iv 001-frontmatter.indd 4 2/29/08 6:06:52 PM Egypt and Beyond. Essays Presented to Leonard H. Lesko Contents Pr e f a c e b y st e P h e n e. th o m P s o n vii Li s t o f contributors ix ba r b a r a s. -
The Dark Ages in Ancient History. I. the First Dark
The Dark Ages in Ancient History 1. The First Dark Age in Egypt! BARBARA BELL Introduction I Texts relating to the first great famine, Prehistoric Climate 3 c. 2180-c. 2130 B.C. 8 Texts from the years c. 2150-C. 2000 B.C 14 Decline of the Neolithic Wet Phase 5 Texts from the years c. 2002-C. 1950 B.C. 16 The Nile 6 Discussion .................................................................... 19 The First Dark Age in Egypt 7 Bibliography 24 INTRODUCTION may probably include also the decline of the Indus In the history of the ancient Near East two strik Valley civilization. The radiocarbon dates of Phase ing Dark Ages have occurred. They occurred more F (mature Harappan) lie between 2100 and 1900 or less simultaneously (within the limits of current B.C. (Dales 1965; half-life 5730), with an average dating accuracy) over a wide area extending at least of 1975 B.C. from 12 measurements. But when these from Greece to Mesopotamia and Elam, from Ana dates are corrected for the systematic error in C-14 tolia to Egypt, and probably beyond. In Egypt, dates of this period, as determined by Suess (1967) where the chronology is best established, the first and by Ralph and Michael (1969), the dates fall B.C. Dark Age began around 2200 B.C., when at the end between about 2500 and 2250 of Dynasty VI Egypt, until then a very stable so The second Dark Age began around 1200 B.C. ciety, with seeming suddenness fell into anarchy. It was marked by the disappearance of the Hittite About the same time the Akkadian Empire disin Empire of Anatolia and the collapse of the My tegrated. -
Demonstrative Pronouns and Articles in Egyptian and Coptic
Demonstrative pronouns and articles in Egyptian and Coptic: emergence and development Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Maxim Kupreyev Berlin 2020 Erstgutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jochem Kahl Zweitgutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Tonio Sebastian Richter Tag der Disputation: 18.11.2020 Abstract Abstract This dissertation investigates the demonstratives in Old Egyptian. It proves that the proper description of the Old Kingdom deictic system delivers key insights into the emergence of the new proclitic forms pA, tA, nA, which later grammaticalize to definite articles. In order to define the features of the Old Kingdom demonstratives, I provide an in-depth introduction into the current methods of analysis of deixis and specificity. I further summarize the Egyptological research, dedicated to the demonstratives in Old Egyptian. Although the temporal frames of this study are confined to Old Kingdom, I deal extensively with the category of determination in Middle Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. I extend the reviews with the commentaries, and introduce the original topics, such as determiner compatibilities and syntactic specificity effects. In preparation for the analysis of demonstratives in the Old Kingdom I provide the diachronic, diaphasic, and diastratic features of the core textual records. The analysis section embraces the typological and diatopic traits of Old Kingdom demonstratives, supplemented by the overview of the grammaticalization patterns of Afro-Asiatic deictic roots. I demonstrate the presence of two competing deictic systems in the Old Kingdom Egypt: one based on the joint attentional focus of the interlocutors, operating with pn as attention shifter and pw as attention tracker; and an alternative one, relying on the distance contrast, utilizing pf for a distal referent and pn for a proximal referent. -
EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE. See LANGUAGES EGYPTIAN LITERATURE. Writers in Ancient
Originalveröffentlichung in: D.N.Freedman (Hrsg.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary II, New York etc. 1992, S. 377-390 EGYPT, PLAGUES IN 378 • II letters, receipts, files, and other documents that were not meant for tradition but for everyday use. A. Generalities 1. Definitions, Literaticity, and Poeticity 2. Institutional and Functional Frames 3. “Poeticity”: Formal Devices and Metrics 4. Inscriptions and Manuscripts 5. Forms of Transmission B. Genres 1. Belles-Lettres a. Wisdom Literature b. Narratives c. Poetry 2. Functional Literature a. Temple Literature b. Funerary (Mortuary) Literature c. Magical Incantations d. Codification of Knowledge 3. Monumental Literature a. Royal Inscriptions b. Biography A. Generalities 1. Definitions, Literaticity, and Poeticity. Literature in the narrow sense of aesthetic or fictional texts will be called belles-lettres. These texts are called “literary texts” in con trast to “nonliterary texts,” which constitute the body of “functional literature.” The criterion for attributing texts to one or the other corpus is their functional fixity. While some texts are meant to serve only one well-determined function, as is the case with magical spells or biographical tomb inscriptions, others, such as narratives, harpers songs, and wisdom texts, may serve several functions. The latter appear in different contexts because they are func tionally nonspecific, that is, not permanently bound to a single context. This functional nonspecificity is our main criterion for determining the “literaticity” of a text, re gardless whether it exhibits poetic form (“poeticity”) °r not (Assmann and Assmann 1983: 269-74). Poetic texts EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE. See LANGUAGES may in fact be found within both belles-lettres and “func (EGYPTIAN).