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Texts from the Pyramid Age Frontstrud.Qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page Ii frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page i Texts from the Pyramid Age frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page ii Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Ancient World Theodore J. Lewis, General Editor Associate Editors Edward Bleiberg Billie Jean Collins F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp Edward L. Greenstein Jo Ann Hackett Ronald J. Leprohon Niek Veldhuis Raymond Westbrook Number 16 Texts from the Pyramid Age by Nigel C. Strudwick Edited by Ronald J. Leprohon frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page iii Texts from the Pyramid Age by Nigel C. Strudwick Edited by Ronald J. Leprohon Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page iv TEXTS FROM THE PYRAMID AGE Copyright © 2005 Society of Biblical Literature All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the pub- lisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. The Semitica transliteration font used in this work is available from Linguist Software (www.linguist software.com), 425-775-1130. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Strudwick, Nigel. Texts from the pyramid age / by Nigel C. Strudwick. p. cm. — (Writings from the ancient world ; no. 16) Includes bibliographical references and index. English translation of Egyptian texts from the Old Kingdom. ISBN-13: 978-1-58983-138-4 (paper binding : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-58983-138-1 (paper binding : alk. paper) 1. Egypt—History—Old Kingdom, ca. 2686-ca. 2181 B.C.—Sources. 2. Inscriptions, Egyptian—Translations into English. I. Title. II. Series. DT85.S74 2005 932—dc22 2005016945 131211100908070605 54321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, recycled paper conforming to ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) and ISO 9706:1994 standards for paper permanence. frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page v To the memory of William J. Murnane (1945–2001) Peter J. Strudwick (1926–2003) and Audrey Strudwick (1926–2004) frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page vi frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page vii Contents List of Figures xi List of Texts xiii Series Editor’s Foreword xxv Preface xxvii Chronological Table xxix Map of Egypt xxxiii Abbreviations xxxv I. Introduction 1 1. Preliminary Remarks 1 1.1 Range of Material Presented 1 1.2 Selection and Presentation Criteria 2 2. Previous Work on Old Kingdom Texts 4 2.1 Collections and Translations of Large Bodies of Old Kingdom Material 4 2.2 Translations of Egyptian Literature in English incorporating Some Old Kingdom Texts 5 2.3 The Study of Old Kingdom Texts 6 3. Historical Matters 7 3.1 Outline 7 3.2 Dating Events in the Old Kingdom 10 3.2.1 Methods of Dating Years 10 3.2.2 Sed Festivals 12 3.2.3 The Different Seasons 13 3.3 Royal Names 14 3.4 Dating Private Monuments 16 4. Literary and Linguistic Aspects of Old Kingdom Texts 17 vii frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page viii viii Texts from the Pyramid Age 4.1 The Importance of Context 17 4.2 Are the Texts Herein “Literature”? 19 4.3 Are the Texts in Verse or Prose? 19 4.4 Old Kingdom Egyptian and Its Characteristics 20 4.4.1 Phonetics 21 4.4.2 Writing 22 4.4.3 Grammar 23 4.5 Scripts 24 5. Particular Points of Translation 24 5.1 Grammar 25 5.1.1 Second Tenses 25 5.1.2 The Infinitive 26 5.2 Titles 26 5.2.1 Honorific Titles 26 5.2.2 Administrative Titles 28 5.2.3 Priestly Titles 28 5.2.4 “King’s Son” or “King’s Daughter” 29 5.3 Other Issues 30 5.3.1 imakhu 30 5.3.2 hem 31 5.3.3 The Offering Formula 31 5.3.4 Egyptian Nomes 32 5.3.5 Pyramid Names 33 6. Principal Types of Text Translated in This Volume 33 6.1 Historiographic Texts 34 6.2 Temple Texts 35 6.3 Inscriptions Set Up by or on Behalf of Kings 36 6.3.1 Rock Inscriptions 36 6.3.2 Royal Decrees 37 6.4 State Administrative Texts 39 6.5 Texts from the Tombs of Officials 40 6.5.1 Standard Formulaic Inscriptions in Tombs 40 6.5.2 More Unusual Types of Text in Tombs, Other Than Biographies 41 6.5.3 Private (Auto)biographical/Commemorative Texts from Tombs 42 6.5.4 Captions 47 6.5.5 Miscellaneous Texts from Tombs 48 6.6 Private Legal Texts 48 6.7 Private Administrative Texts 50 frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page ix Contents ix 6.8 Texts of Women 50 6.9 Graffiti 51 6.10 Expedition Inscriptions 53 6.11 Builders’ or Quarry Marks 54 6.12 Letters 55 7 A Final Word 57 8 Conventions 57 II. Annals and Lists of Kings 65 III. Texts from Temples 81 IV. Royal Decrees 97 V. Objects Bearing Royal Names 129 VI. Rock Inscriptions of Kings and Expedition Leaders 133 VII. Quarry and Constructional Marks and Phyle Texts 153 VIII. Graffiti 161 IX. State Administrative Texts 165 X. Letters 175 XI. Private Legal Texts 185 XII. A Selection of Offering Formulae and Titles 209 XIII. Appeals to the Living and Warnings to Evildoers and the Uninitiated 217 XIV. Commemorative and Dedicatory Texts 239 XV. Texts relating to Payment of Workmen and Tomb Acquisition 251 XVI. Biographical Texts from the Memphite Region 261 frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page x x Texts from the Pyramid Age XVII. Biographical Texts from the Provinces 327 XVIII. Texts of Women 379 XIX. Captions to Tomb Scenes 401 XX. Miscellaneous Texts from Tombs and Objects in Tombs 423 XXI. Addendum 437 List of Sources 443 Bibliography 465 Glossary 503 Indexes 511 Names of Kings 511 Names of Persons (excluding Kings) 511 Sites of Origin 514 Objects in Museums 515 Cross-reference List of Tomb Text Types 519 Concordance of Texts in Urkunden I 521 frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page xi List of Figures 1. Map of Egypt xxxiii 2. The Development of the Old Kingdom Biography over Time 46 3. Layout of Decree of Neferirkare (No. 17) 99 4. Drawing of Decree of Neferirkare (No. 17) 100 5. Flake of Limestone from the Step Pyramid (No. 78) 153 6. Lintel of Nyankhpepy (No. 143) 227 7. Slab Stela of Nefretiabet (No. 327) 430 xi frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page xii frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page xiii List of Texts II. Annals and Lists of Kings 1 The Palermo Stone and Associated Fragments 65 2 Three Annalistic Vessel Inscriptions from Elephantine 74 3 Annals on the Sarcophagus of Ankhesenpepy from South Saqqara 75 4 A Writing Board from Giza 78 5 A List of Kings in the Tomb of Sekhemkare at Giza 78 6 Royal Names from the Tomb of Netjerpunesut at Giza 78 III. Texts from Temples 7 Reliefs of Netjerykhet Djoser 81 8 From the Temples of Sneferu at Dahshur 82 9 Block from the Mortuary Temple of Userkaf at Saqqara, Reused at Lisht 83 10 Texts from the Temple of Sahure at Abusir 83 11 Festival Offerings Calendar for the Sun Temple of Niuserre at Abu Gurob 86 12 Blocks from the Causeway of the Pyramid of Unas at Saqqara 91 13 Texts of Pepy I and Teti from Tell Basta 92 14 A Sed Festival Monument of Pepy II 93 15 Building Inscriptions from Temples 94 IV. Royal Decrees 16 Decree of Shepseskaf from the Pyramid Temple of Menkaure at Giza 97 17 Decree of Neferirkare from Abydos 98 18 Two Decrees from the Abusir Papyri of Neferefre 101 xiii frontStrud.qxd 8/8/2005 4:25 PM Page xiv xiv Texts from the Pyramid Age 19 Decree of Teti from Abydos 102 20 Decree of Pepy I from Dahshur 103 21 Decree of Pepy I from Koptos (Koptos A) 105 22 Decree of Pepy II from Abydos 106 23 Decree of Pepy II from the Valley Temple of Menkaure at Giza 106 24 Decree of Pepy II from Koptos (Koptos B) 107 25 Decree of Pepy II from Koptos (Koptos C) 109 26 Decree of Pepy II from Koptos (Koptos D) 112 27 Decree of Pepy II (?) from Koptos (Koptos G) 114 28 Decree of Pepy II from Dakhla Oasis 115 29 Decree of a Successor of Pepy II from Saqqara 115 30 Decree of Horus Kha . from Koptos (Koptos H) 116 31 Decree of (probably) Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos I) 117 32 Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos J) 118 33 Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos K) 119 34 Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos L) 120 35 Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos M) 121 36 Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos N) 121 37 Decree of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos O) 122 38 Decrees of Neferkauhor from Koptos (Koptos P and Q) 122 39 Decree of Horus Demedjibtawy from Koptos (Koptos R) 123 40 Lists of Offerings for Cults from Koptos 124 V. Objects Bearing Royal Names 41 Statue of Netjerykhet from Saqqara 129 42 Offering Stand of Khafre 129 43 Vessels of Djedkare Izezi 129 44 Sistrum of Teti 130 45 Objects of Pepy I 130 46 Objects of Merenre 131 47 Vessels of Pepy II 132 VI.
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