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Pharaoh of The pharaohs were rulers of dating from the unification of Upper and during the Early Dynastic Period by approximately 3100 BC. Although the specific term "" was not used by The combined the Red Crown of their contemporaries until the Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper rule of of the 19th Egypt. dynasty, c. 1200 BC, the style of titulature of the rulers of Egypt remained relatively constant, initially featuring a name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, and titles being added successively during later dynasties.

Egypt remained continually governed by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years until it was conquered by the in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt would first see another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid , whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The last native Pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was Pharaoh A typical depiction of a pharaoh. before the Achaemenids Details conquered Egypt for a second time. Style Five-name titulary First monarch Narmer (a.k.a. ) Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the Nectanebo II [1] conquests of Alexander the (last native) Great in 332 BC, after which it and was ruled by the Hellenic Last monarch (last actual) Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Maximinus Daia Dynasty. Their rule, and the (last to be referred to as Pharaoh) independence of Egypt, came [2] to an end when Egypt became Formation c. 3100 BC a province of in 30 BC. 343 BC and subsequent (last native pharaoh)[1] Roman Emperors were styled 30 BC as Pharaohs when in Egypt up Abolition (last Greek pharaohs) until the reign of Maximinus Daia in 314 AD. 314 AD (last Roman Emperor to be called The dates given in this list of Pharaoh)[2] pharaohs are approximate. Residence Varies by era They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Appointer Divine right Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities[3] database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian , but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.

Ancient Egyptian king lists

Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records: Ancient Egyptian king lists and later , such as 's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and Historians alike call for caution about the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report.[4] An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.

The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created)):[5]

Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in 's tomb. It lists all 1st-Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names. (5th Dynasty); carved on an olivin-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete. King List (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective. South Stone (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective. King List (18th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. of (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting the First Intermediate Period. Abydos King List of Ramses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. Saqqara King List (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st dynasty for unknown reasons. (19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on . Most likely the most-complete king-list in history, today damaged. Manetho's Aegyptiaca (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious.

Predynastic period

Main article:

Lower Egypt

Main article: Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt geographically consisted of the northern and the . The following list may not be complete:

Name Image Comments Reign

Hedju Around 3200 — [de; fr] BC

Ny- Around Hor [de; — 3200–3175 es] BC

Hsekiu / Seka Only known from the Palermo stone[6] Unknown

Khayu Only known from the Palermo stone[7] Unknown

Tiu / Teyew Only known from the Palermo stone[8] Unknown

Thesh / Only known from the Palermo stone[9] Unknown Tjesh

Only known from the Palermo Unknown stone[10] Ruled around Only known from the Palermo stone[11] or earlier than 3100 BC

Nat- Around 3100 Hor [de; — BC es]

Only known from the Palermo Unknown stone[12]

Only known from the Palermo (destroyed) Unknown stone[12]

Double III May also have ruled in Falcon (32nd century BC)

Only known from the Narmer Naqada III [de] [13] (31st century Palette BC)

Upper Egypt

Main article: Dynasty 00 Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00.

Name Image Comments Reign — — Naqada III He was a legendary king of Upper Finger — Egypt. He was the first king of Upper Naqada III snail [de] Egypt who died in 3200 BCE. [14] — — Naqada III

Elephant[15] — Naqada III

Animal[16] — — Naqada III [17][18] — — Naqada III Canide[16] — — Naqada III — — Naqada III — — Naqada III

Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0

Main article: Dynasty 0

The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete. Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0".

Name Image Comments Dates

Correct chronological position unclear. Around 3150 Iry-Hor [19] BC Potentially read Shendjw; identity and Around 3150 existence are disputed.[20] BC

Maybe read Sekhen rather than . Around 3150 Ka Correct chronological position unclear. [21] BC

Scorpion Potentially read Serqet; possibly the Around 3150 II same person as Narmer.[22] BC

Early Dynastic Period

Main article: Early Dynastic Period of Egypt

The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3150 to 2686 BC.

First Dynasty

Main article:

The First Dynasty ruled from around 3150 to 2890 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates

Believed to be the same person as Around 3100 Narmer Menes and to have unified Upper and BC Lower Egypt.

Around 3050 Hor-Aha Greek form: Athotís. BC Greek form: Uenéphes (after his name In-nebw); His name and titulary appear on the Palermo Stone. His 54 years[23] tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of .

Djet Greek form: Usapháis. 10 years[24]

Greek form: Kénkenes (after the ramesside diction of his birthname: Qenqen[25]). First pharaoh depicted Den 42 years[24] wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a full niswt bity- name.

Greek form: Miebidós. Known for his 10 years ominous nebwy-title.[26]

Greek form: Semempsés. First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed 8½ years[24] . His complete reign is preserved on the stone.

Greek form: Bienéches. Ruled very Qa'a long, his tomb is the last one with 34 years subsidiary tombs. Very short reign, correct chronological Around 2900 Sneferka position unknown. BC

Very short reign, correct chronological Around 2900 Horus Bird position unknown. BC

Second Dynasty

Main article: Second Dynasty of Egypt

The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates Manetho names him Boëthos and claims that [27] under this ruler an 15 years earthquake killed many people. Greek form: Kaíechós (after the ramesside name Kakaw). [28] First ruler who uses the 14 years -symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king . Greek form: Binóthris. May have divided Egypt [29] between his successors, 43–45 years allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs. Greek form: Ougotlas/Tlás. Could be an independent Around 2740 Weneg-Nebty[30] ruler or the same as BC Peribsen, Sekhemib- Perenmaat or Raneb.

Greek form: Sethenes. Possibly the same person 47 years [31] as Peribsen. This, (Supposedly) however, is highly disputed.[32]

Used a Seth-animal above his rather than an Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the Around 2890- Seth-Peribsen powers of officials, 2686 BC nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt.[33]

Could be the same person Around 2720 Sekhemib-Perenmaat as Seth-Peribsen.[34] BC

Greek form: Néphercherés. Known only 25 Neferkara I from ramesside king lists, years(according not archaeologically to Manetho) attested.

Greek form: Sesóchris. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. 8 years Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long lasting drought.[35] Known only from ramesside king lists, his 11 "name" is actually a years(According Hudjefa I paraphrase pointing out to the Turin that the original name of Canon) the king was already lost in ramesside times.

Greek form: Chenerés. May have reunified Egypt after a period of trouble, Khasekhem(wy)[36][37] 18 years his serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and .

Old Kingdom

Main article: Old

The is the point of Egypt which succeeded the Early Dynastic Egypt and precedes the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom ruled from 2686 to 2181 BC.

Third Dynasty

Main article: Third Dynasty of Egypt

The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates

19 or 28 Hellenized names Sesorthos and years, Tosór thros. Commissioned the first [38][39] possibly in Egypt, created by chief around 2670 architect and scribe . BC.

Greek form: Tyréis (after the ramesside cartouche name for , ). In the 2649–2643 Sekhemkhet[40] of his unfinished step BC pyramid, the remains of a 2-year old infant were found.[41] Likely to be identified with the name ; Hellenized names Necherôchis and Around 2650 Necherôphes. May have reigned 6 BC years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin canon.

Possibly built an unfinished step 2643–2637 pyramid, could be identical with BC .

Greek form: Áches. Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba. Possibly built an unfinished and several cultic throughout Egypt. Huni 2637–2613 Huni[42] was for a long time credited with BC the building of the pyramid of . This, however, is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Snofru, not Huni.

Fourth Dynasty

Main article: Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates

Greek form: Sóris. Reigned 48 years, giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid, the and the . Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red 2613–2589 Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid BC was not Sneferu's work, but that of king Huni. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler.[43]

Greek form: Cheops and Suphis. Built the . is depicted as a cruel tyrant by authors, Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the 2589–2566 Khufu main protagonist of the famous BC . The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu's reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods. Greek form: Rátoises. Some scholars believe he created the Great of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a 2566–2558 pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, BC this pyramid is no longer intact as it is believed the Romans recycled the materials it was made from. Greek form: Chéphren and Suphis II. His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Some scholars prefer him as 2558–2532 the creator of the Great Sphinx BC before Djedefra. Ancient Greek authors describe Khafra as likewise cruel as Khufu. Greek form: Bikheris. Could be the Around 2570 Baka/Bauefrê owner of the Unfinished Northern BC Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan. Greek form: Menchéres. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. A 2532–2503 legend claims that his only daughter died due an illness and Menkaura BC buried her in a golden coffin in shape of a cow.

Greek form: Seberchéres. Owner of 2503–2498 the Mastabat el-Fara'un. BC

According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not Around 2500 — archaeologically attested and thus BC possibly fictional.

Fifth Dynasty

Main article: Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates

Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built 2498–2491 the first solar temple at . BC

Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, 2490–2477 where he built his pyramid. BC Son of Sahure, born with the name 2477–2467 Kakai BC

2460–2458 Son of Neferirkare BC

Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a A few months son of Sahure.[44]

Brother to Neferefre, built extensively 2445–2422 Nyuserre in the Abusir necropolis. BC

Menkauhor 2422–2414 Last pharaoh to build a sun temple Kaiu BC

Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed Djedkare 2414–2375 the longest reign of his dynasty, with Isesi BC likely more than 35 years on the throne. The Pyramid of is inscribed with 2375–2345 Unas the earliest instance of the pyramid BC texts

Sixth Dynasty

Main article: Sixth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates

According to Manetho, he was 2345–2333 Teti murdered. BC

Reigned 1 to 5 years, may have 2333–2332 usurped the throne at the expense of BC Teti Meryre Pepi 2332–2283 — I BC

Merenre 2283–2278 Nemtyemsaf — BC I

Possibly the longest reigning monarch of human history with 94 2278–2184 Pepi II years on the throne. Alternatively, BC may have reigned "only" 64 years.

Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly 2200–2199 — his son or co-ruler. BC

Merenre 1 year and 1 Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged Nemtyemsaf month c. son of Pepi II. II[45] 2184 BC

Identical with Netjerkare. This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Short reign: Neitiqerty of and Manetho. c. 2184–2181 [46] Sometimes classified as the first BC king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties.

First Intermediate Period Main article: First Intermediate Period of Egypt

The First Intermediate Period (2181–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch in history. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.

The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. Around 2055 BC, II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.

Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)

Main articles: Seventh Dynasty of Egypt and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20–45 years (possibly 2181 to 2160 BC). They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved. The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen[47] as well as from 's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era.[48] Name Image Comments Dates

Likely attested by a fragment Probably from the tomb of queen Neit.[49][50] short, Around [51] 2181 BC

Neferkare II — Unknown

Attested by inscriptions in the tomb Neferkare of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started Unknown (III) Neby the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara.

Djedkare — Unknown Shemai

Neferkare — Unknown (IV) Khendu

Merenhor — Unknown Neferkamin — Unknown

Nikare Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal. Unknown

Neferkare — Unknown (V) Tereru

Neferkahor Attested by a cylinder seal. Unknown

Neferkare Unknown to (VI) — 2171 BC Pepiseneb

Neferkamin Around 2170 — Anu BC Built a pyramid at Saqqara inscribed 2169–2167 Qakare with the last known instance of the BC

Attested by one to three decrees 2167–2163 Neferkaure from the temple of at Coptos. BC

Attested by eight decrees from the 2163–2161 temple of Min and an inscription in Khuwihapi BC the tomb of .

Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is 2161–2160 Neferirkare attested by a decree from the temple BC of Min.

Ninth Dynasty

Main article: Ninth Dynasty of Egypt

The Ninth Dynasty[52] ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC. The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.[52]

Name Image Comments Dates

Meryibre Khety I Manetho states that Achthoes founded 2160 BC– (Acthoes I) this dynasty. unknown

— — — Unknown Neferkare — — Unknown VII

Nebkaure Khety II — Unknown (Acthoes II)

Senenh— — — Unknown or Setut — — — Unknown Mery— — — Unknown Shed— — — Unknown H— — — Unknown

Tenth Dynasty

Main article: Tenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates

2130 BC– Meryhathor — unknown

Neferkare — — Unknown VIII Wahkare Khety (Acthoes — Unknown III) Unknown– Merykare — 2040 BC

Eleventh Dynasty

Main article: Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt

The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC. The 11th dynasty originated from a dynasty of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty.

Name Image Comments Dates

Intef the Theban serving an unnamed Elder Iry- king, later considered a founding figure Unknown pat of the 11th Dynasty.

The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with , became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II.

Name Image Comments Dates

Mentuhotep I Nominally a Theban nomarch but Unknown– Tepy-a may have ruled independently. 2134 BC Sehertawy First member of the dynasty to 2134–2117 claim a . BC

2117–2069 Wahankh Intef II Conquered Abydos and its . BC

Conquered and possibly Nakhtnebtepnefer 2069–2060 moved further North up to the Intef III BC 17th nome.[53]

Middle Kingdom

Main article:

The Middle Kingdom (2060–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the .

Eleventh Dynasty continued

The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Name Image Comments Dates

Nebhepetre Gained all Egypt c. 2015 BC, 2060–2010 Mentuhotep Middle Kingdom begins, becomes BC II[54] first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom.

Sankhkare Commanded the first expedition to 2010–1998 Mentuhotep Punt of the Middle Kingdom BC III[55]

Obscure pharaoh absent from later Nebtawyre king lists; tomb unknown. May Mentuhotep 1997–1991 BC have been overthrown by his IV[56] and successor .

Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower

Name Image Comments Dates Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in , most Early 20th Segerseni[57] likely an usurper at the end of the century BC Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most Early 20th Qakare Ini[57] likely an usurper at the end of the century BC Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most Early 20th Iyibkhentre[57] likely an usurper at the end of the century BC Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.

Twelfth Dynasty

Main article:

The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates Seized power after overthrowing 1991–1962 Amenemhat Mentuhotep IV. Died assassinated. BC I[58][59]

Kheperkare 1971–1926 [60] Built the BC (Sesostris I)

Nubkaure 1929–1895 Amenemhat — BC II[61]

Khakheperre 1897–1878 Senusret II[62] — BC (Sesostris II)

Khakaure Senusret III[63] Most powerful of the Middle 1878–1860 (Sesostris III) Kingdom pharaohs. BC

Nimaatre 1860–1815 Amenemhat — BC III[64]

Maakherure Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 1815–1807 Amenemhat year based on an inscription at BC IV[65] Knossos.

Sobekkare 1807–1802 The first and rare female ruler. [66] BC

The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty.

Second Intermediate Period

Main article: Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth, made their appearance in Egypt. The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of (the modern Tell el- Dab'a/Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. Then, some time around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.

Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into under , and finally , first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.

Thirteenth Dynasty

Main article: Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty.

Name Image Comments Dates Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Sekhemre Khutawy Referred to as Sobekhotep I 1802–1800 Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, BC[67] known as Sobekhotep II in older studies Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy 1800–1796 Sonbef [67] Sobekhotep and son of BC Amenemhat IV[67]

Nerikare — 1796 BC

Sekhemkare 1796–1793 Ruled for 3 to 4 years[67] Amenemhat V BC[67]

Buried in his pyramid in south 1795–1792 Dashur BC

Hotepibre Qemau 1792–1790 Also called Sehotepibre Siharnedjheritef BC

Very short reign, Only attested on the Turin — possibly c. canon 1790 – 1788 BC[67]

Seankhibre 1788–1785 — Amenemhet VI BC

1785–1783 Semenkare Nebnuni — BC[67] or 1739 BC[68]

Sehetepibre 1783–1781 — Sewesekhtawy BC[67]

Known only from the Turin Sewadjkare — canon

7 months, Known only from the Turin 1780 BC[67] Nedjemibre — canon or 1736 BC[68]

Referred to as Sobekhotep II Reigned c. 3 Khaankhre in dominant hypothesis, years, 1780– Sobekhotep known as Sobekhotep I in 1777 BC[67] older studies

Renseneb — 4 months 1777 BC[67]

Reigned 1 year and 6 Famous for his intact tomb Awybre Hor I months, treasure and Ka 1777–1775 BC[67]

Estimated Sekhemrekhutawy reign 3 Possibly a son of Hor Awibre Khabaw years, 1775– 1772 BC[67] Possibly a son of Hor Awibre Estimated and brother of Khabaw, reign 2 Djedkheperew previously identified with years, 1772– 1770 BC[67]

Possibly two kings, Seb and Sebkay his son Kay.[67]

5 to 7 years A well known king attested on or 3 years, Sedjefakare numerous stelas and other 1769–1766 documents. BC[67]

Founder of the dynasty in old Around 1767 Khutawyre Wegaf studies BC

Possibly the first semitic Minimum 4 Khendjer pharaoh, built a pyramid at years and 3 Saqqara months c. 1765 BC

Reigned less than 10 Attested by two colossal years, Imyremeshaw starting 1759 BC[67] or 1711 BC.[69]

Less than 10 Sehetepkare Intef IV — years

Seth Meribre — Unknown

Sekhemresewadjtawy 1755–1751 4 years and 2 months Sobekhotep III BC

Khasekhemre 1751–1740 11 years BC

Ephemeral coregent with his Menwadjre brother Neferhotep I, may not 1739 BC[67] have reigned independently.

Khaneferre 1740–1730 10 or 11 years Sobekhotep IV BC Merhotepre Sobekhotep V — 1730 BC

Khahotepre 4 years 8 months and 29 Around 1725 Sobekhotep VI days BC

1725–1714 Wahibre Ibiau 10 years and 8 months BC or 1712– 1701 BC[67]

23 years, 8 months and 18 days, Longest reigning king of the Merneferre I 1701–1677 dynasty BC[67] or 1714–1691 BC 2 Years 3 or 4 Months and 9 days, Possibly a son of his Merhotepre Ini 1677–1675 predecessor BC[67] or 1691–1689 BC 3 years and Attested only on the Turin 2–4 months, Sankhenre Sewadjtu — canon 1675–1672 BC[67] May be the same person as 3 years, Mersekhemre Ined Neferhotep II 1672–1669 BC[67]

Sewadjkare Hori — 5 years 5 years

Merkawre 1664–1663 2 years and 6 months[67] Sobekhotep VII BC[67]

Names lost in a lacuna of the Seven kings — 1663 BC –? Turin canon[67] [67] Mer[...]re — — Unknown

Some time between Merkheperre — 1663 BC and 1649 BC[67]

Some time Attested only on the Turin between Merkare — canon 1663 BC and 1649 BC[67] Name lost — — Unknown

Sewadjare Around 1655 — Mentuhotep V BC[67] [...]mosre — — Unknown Ibi [...]maatre — — Unknown Hor[...] [...]webenre — — Unknown

Se...kare — Unknown Unknown

Seheqenre May be the son of his Unknown Sankhptahi predecessor

...re — Unknown Unknown Unknown– Se...enre — Unknown 1649 BC[67]

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Name Image Comments Dates

Dedumose I Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty Around 1654

Dedumose II Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty Unknown

Sewahenre After 1660 Late 13th dynasty. Senebmiu BC.[67] Possibly a king of the Abydos Snaaib Unknown Dynasty

Mershepsesre Late 13th dynasty. Unknown Ini II

Fourteenth Dynasty

Main article: Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris,[70] that ruled from either from 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until around 1650 BC. The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin. It is here given as per Ryholt, however this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding highly disputed.

Name Image Comments Dates

Yakbim Chronological position uncertain, 1805–1780 Sekhaenre here given as per Ryholt[70] BC

Ya'ammu Chronological position uncertain, 1780–1770 Nubwoserre here given as per Ryholt[70] BC Chronological position uncertain, 1770–1760 Khawoserre[70] here given as per Ryholt[70] BC

'Ammu Chronological position uncertain, 1760–1745 Ahotepre[70] here given as per Ryholt[70] BC

Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given as per Ryholt.[70] Alternatively, he could 1745–1705 [71] be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos BC ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos.

Short reign, perhaps a son of Nehesy Around 1705 Sheshi[70]

Khakherewre — — Unknown Around 1704 Nebefawre — — BC Possibly identifiable with Wazad Around 1704 Sehebre — or Sheneh[67] to 1699 BC

Possibly identifiable with Wazad Around 1699 Merdjefare or Sheneh[67] BC

Sewadjkare III — — Unknown Nebdjefare — — 1694 BC Webenre — — Unknown — — — Unknown Djefare? — — Unknown Around 1690 Webenre — — BC

At least 5 months of reign, some Attested by a jar bearing his Nebsenre[70] time prenomen between 1690 BC and 1649 BC 2 months, some time Sekheperenre[70] Attested by a single seal between 1690 BC and 1649 BC Anati — Only known from the Turin canon Unknown Djedkare[70] Some time between Bebnum[70] — Only known from the Turin canon 1690 BC and 1649 BC Possibly attested as a king's son '[70] — Unknown by 5 scarabs-seals

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain:

Name Image Comments Dates

Nuya[67] Attested by a scarab-seal Unknown

May be identifiable with Sehebre or Around 1700 Wazad[67] Merdjefare BC ? May be identifiable with Sehebre or Sheneh[67] Unknown Merdjefare

Shenshek[67] Attested by a scarab-seal Unknown

Khamure[67] — Unknown

Yakareb[67] — Unknown

May belong to the 14th dynasty, the Yaqub- 17th–16th 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Har[71] centuries BC Hyksos.

The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list.

Fifteenth Dynasty

Main article: Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile , and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates 1649 BC – Semqen Chronological position uncertain. Unknown

'Aper- Chronological position uncertain. Unknown 'Anat

Sakir-Har — — Unknown

Apex of the Hyksos' power, conquered 30–40 years Thebes toward the end of his reign

40 years or Apepi — more

1555–1544 — BC

Abydos Dynasty

Main article:

The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC.[72][73][74] Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:

Name Image Comments Dates Sekhemraneferkhau May belong to the late 16th Uncertain Wepwawetemsaf Dynasty[75]

Sekhemrekhutawy May belong to the late 16th Uncertain Pantjeny Dynasty[75]

May belong to the late 13th Menkhaure Snaaib Uncertain Dynasty.[76][77][78]

Tomb discovered in 2014. Woseribre Around Perhaps identifiable with a 1650 BC Woser[...]re of the Turin canon.

Sixteenth Dynasty

Main article: Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC. The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.

Name Image Comments Dates Name of the first king is lost — — here in the Turin King List and Unknown cannot be recovered Sekhemresementawy – 3 years

Sekhemreseusertawy – 16 years Sobekhotep VIII

Sekhemresankhtawy – 1 year Neferhotep III

Seankhenre May be a king of the 17th 1 year Mentuhotepi Dynasty[77]

Sewadjenre – 26 years Nebiryraw I

Neferkare(?) Around – Nebiryraw II 1600 BC Around Semenre – 1600 BC

Seuserenre Bebiankh – 12 years

Around Djedhotepre May be a king of the 13th 1588-1582 Dedumose I Dynasty[77] BC

Around Djedneferre – 1588-1582 Dedumose II BC

Djedankhre Around – Montemsaf 1590 BC

Short reign, Merankhre – around 1585 Mentuhotep VI BC Seneferibre Senusret – Unknown IV

May be the same as Sekhemre Sekhemre Shedwast — Unknown Shedtawy II

The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III[79] and . Their chronological position is uncertain.[76][77]

Seventeenth Dynasty

Main article: Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:

Name Image Comments Dates

Sekhemrewahkhaw Around 1620 — BC

Sekhemre At least 7 Wadjkhaw — years Sobekemsaf I Sekhemre His tomb was robbed and Unknown to Shedtawy burned during the reign of around 1573 Sobekemsaf II Ramesses IX. BC

Possibly Sekhemre- around — Wepmaat Intef V 1573-1571 BC

Around 1571 Nubkheperre Intef Reigned more than 3 years to the mid- VI 1560s BC

Sekhemre- Late 1560s Heruhirmaat Intef — BC VII

Senakhtenre Around 1558 — Ahmose BC

Died in battle against the 1558–1554 Seqenenre Tao Hyksos. BC

Wadjkheperre 1554–1549 — Kamose BC The early 17th Dynasty may also have comprised the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre, whose chronological position is uncertain.[67]

New Kingdom

Main article:

The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the . Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day .

Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are , also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the is often interpreted as the first instance of , known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern /, and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

Eighteenth Dynasty

Main article: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC: Name Image Comments Dates Around 1550–1525 BC; Radiocarbon Brother and date range successor to for the start Nebpehtire , Ahmosis I Kamose, conquered of his reign north of Egypt from is 1570– the Hyksos. 1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC[80]

1541–1520 Djeserkare Son of Ahmose I. BC

Father unknown, though possibly Amenhotep I. His mother is known to 1520–1492 Aakheperkare I be Senseneb. BC Expanded Egypt's territorial extent during his reign. Son of . Grandson of 1492–1479 Aakheperenre Thutmose II Amenhotep I through BC his mother, . The second known female ruler of Egypt. May have ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III during the early part of her reign. Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on Maatkare her famous Mortuary 1479–1458 Temple at Deir el- BC Bahari. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II.

Son of Thutmose II. May have ruled jointly with Hatshepsut, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign. Famous for his territorial expansion into and Nubia. Under his reign, the 1458–1425 Thutmose III Ancient Egyptian BC Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut's name and image from temples and monuments. Son of Thutmose III. Ruled during the 1425–1400 Aakheperrure Amenhotep II height of Egypt's BC Power. Famous for his Dream . Son of 1400–1390 Menkheperure Thutmose IV Amenhotep II. Ruled BC during the height of Egypt's Power. Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The 1390–1352 many temples and Magnificent King BC monuments, including his enormous . Was the son of Thutmose IV. Founder of the Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic , centered around the worship of the Aten, an image Neferkheperure-waenre 1352–1336 of the sun disc. He Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten BC moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep ( is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the Aten) to reflect his religion change. Ruled jointly with Akhenaten during the later years of his reign. Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in his own right. Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain. Some suggest he may have been the son of 1335–1334 Ankhkheperure Akhenaten, possibly BC the same person as Tutankhamun; others speculate Smenkhare may have been or . May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named .

A female Pharaoh, possibly the same ruler as Smenkhkare. Archaeological evidence relates to a Ankhkheperure-mery- 1334-1332 woman who reigned Neferkheperure/Neferneferuaten BC as pharaoh toward the end of the . It is likely she was Nefertiti. Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, most likely reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the Monotheistic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a Nebkheperure 1332–1324 major . He is Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun BC thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen, giving him the nickname "The Boy King." Although he was a weak leader, Tutankhamun became famous due to his decorated tomb, also called KV62.

Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of , Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and 1324–1320 Kheperkheperure Ay (II) also possibly father BC of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir. Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs Djeserkheperure-setpenre and destroyed and 1320–1292 vandalized buildings BC and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite being the intended heir.

Nineteenth Dynasty

Main article: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great:

Name Image Comments Dates

Of non-royal birth. Succeeded Menpehtire 1292–1290 Horemheb due to his lack of an [81] BC heir.

Regained much of the territory 1290–1279 Menmaatre Seti I that was lost under the reign of BC Akhenaten.

Continued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a Usermaatre- stalemate with the Hittite Empire setpenre 1279–1213 at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 Ramesses II the BC BC, after which the famous Great Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC.

Banenre 1213–1203 Thirteenth son of Ramesses II. Merenptah[82] BC Most likely an usurper to the Menmire-setpenre throne. Possibly ruled in 1203–1200 opposition to Seti II. Suggested BC son of Merneptah.

Son of Merneptah. May have had Userkheperure Seti to overcome a contest by 1203–1197 II[83] Amenmesse before he could BC solidify his claim to the throne.

Sekhaenre/Akhenre Possibly son of Seti II or 1197–1191 Merenptah Amenmesse, ascended to throne BC Siptah[84] at a young age.

Satre-merenamun Probably the wife of Seti II. Also 1191–1190 Tausret known as or Tawosret. BC

Twentieth Dynasty

Main article: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:

Name Image Comments Dates Not related to Seti II, Siptah, or Tausret. May have usurped the throne from Tausret. Did not recognize Siptah or 1190– Userkhaure Tausret as legitimate rulers. 1186 BC Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt.

Son of Setnakhte. Fought the Usermaatre-meryamun 1186–1155 in 1175 BC. May Ramesses III BC have been assassinated.

Usermaatre/Heqamaatre- Son of Ramesses III. During 1155–1149 setpenamun Ramesses his reign, Egyptian power BC IV started to decline.

Usermaatre- 1149– sekheperenre Ramesses Son of Ramesses IV 1145 BC V

Son of Ramesses III. Brother Nebmaatre-meryamun 1145–1137 of Ramesses IV. Uncle of Ramesses VI BC .

Usermaatre-setpenre- 1137–1130 Son of Ramesses VI. meryamun Ramesses VII BC

An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Usermaatre-akhenamun Ramesses IV and Ramesses 1130–1129 Ramesses VIII VI. Uncle of Ramesses V and BC Ramesses VII. He is the sole Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found.

Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his Neferkare-setpenre 1129–1111 father, Montuherkhopshef. Ramesses IX BC First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. A poorly documented Khepermaatre- Pharaoh, his reign was 1111–1107 setpenptah Ramesses between 3 and 10 years long. BC X[85] His origins are completely uncertain. Possibly the son of Ramesses X. During the second half of his reign, High of Amun Menmaatre-setpenptah Herihor ruled over the south 1107–1077 Ramesses XI[86] from Thebes, limiting his BC power to Lower (Northern) Egypt. He was succeeded in the north by .

Third Intermediate Period

Main article: Third Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Third Intermediate Period (1077–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

Twenty-First Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates

Hedjkheperre- setpenre Married to Tentamun, probable 1077–1051 Nesbanebdjed I daughter of Ramesses XI. BC (Smendes I)[87]

Neferkare 1051–1047 Heqawaset Obscure four-year reign. BC Amenemnisu Son of Pinedjem I, a High Priest of Amun. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at Aakheperre Tanis. Known as "The 1047–1001 Pasebakhenniut Pharaoh" due to the magnificent BC I () silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty.

Usermaatre 1001–992 Son of Psusennes I. BC

Aakheperre Son of Shoshenq A, Great Chief of Osorkon the (). Also known 992–986 BC (Osorkon the as Osochor. Elder)

Netjerikheperre- Unknown Origins. Built extensively setpenamun for a third intermediate period 986–967 BC - Pharaoh. One of the most powerful meryamun rulers of the dynasty.

Titkheperure Son of Pinedjem II, a High Priest of Pasebakhenniut 967–943 BC Amun. II (Psusennes II) Theban High of Amun

Main article: Theban High Priests of Amun

Though not officially Pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first and Twenty- second Dynasties, writing their names in and being buried in royal tombs.

Name Image Comments Dates First High Priest of Amun to claim to be Pharaoh. He ruled in the south in Thebes, while Ramesses 1080–1074 Herihor XI ruled from the north in Pi- BC Ramesses. Some sources suggest he may have reigned after Piankh. Some sources suggest he may 1074–1070 Piankh have reigned before Herihor. BC Son of Piankh. Father of 1070–1032 Pinedjem I Psusennes I. BC 1054–1045 Son of Pinedjem I. BC 1046–1045 Djedkhonsuefankh — Son of Pinedjem I. BC 1045–992 Menkheperre Son of Pinedjem I. BC Nesbanebdjed II 992–990 Son of Menkheperre. (Smendes II) BC Son of Menkheperre, Father of Pinedjem II 990–976 BC Psusennes II. Possibly the same person as Psusennes II. Either he or Pasebakhaennuit Pinedjem II is generally — 976–943 BC III (Psusennes III) considered to be the last High Priest of Amun to consider himself as a Pharaoh-like figure.

Twenty-Second Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt

The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 943 to 728 BC:

Name Image Comments Dates

Hedjkheperre- Son of Nimlot A, a brother of setepenre Osorkon the Elder and a Great 943–922 BC Chief of the Meshwesh (Libya).

Sekhemkheperre Son of Shoshenq I. 922–887 BC

Heqakheperre Obscure Pharaoh, possibly a 887–885 BC Shoshenq II usurper.

Tutkheperre Obscure Pharaoh, placement — 880s BC Shoshenq IIb uncertain.

Hedjkheperre An obscure rebel, at Thebes. 880–860 BC Harsiese

Takelot I Son of Osorkon I. 885–872 BC Usermaatre- setepenamun Son of . 872–837 BC Osorkon II

Usermaatre- setepenre — 837–798 BC Shoshenq III

Shoshenq IV — 798–785 BC

Usermaatre- — 785–778 BC setepenre

Aakheperre — 778–740 BC

Usermaatre — 740–720 BC Osorkon IV

Twenty-Third Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC:

Name Image Comments Dates Hedjkheperre- Previously thought to be a 22nd setpenre Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known 837–813 BC Takelot II to be the founder of the 23rd.

Usermaatre- A rebel—seized Thebes from setepenamun 826–801 BC Takelot II. Pedubast

Usermaatre- setepenamun — Co-regent with Pedubast. 812–811 BC Usermaatre — Successor to Pedubast. 801–795 BC Shoshenq VI Usermaatre- Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, setepenamun 795–767 BC then proclaimed himself king. Osorkon III

Usermaatre- Co-reign with his father Osorkon III setpenamun 773–765 BC for the first five years of his reign. Takelot III

Usermaatre- Younger son of Osorkon III and setpenamun 765–762 BC brother of Takelot III. Rudamun

Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler:

Name Image Comments Dates Menkheperre Reigned at Thebes only. 762– Ini Unknown BC

Twenty-Fourth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates

Shepsesre — 732–725 BC Tefnakhte

Wahkare Bakenrenef — 725–720 BC (Bocchoris)

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubian Period)

Main article: Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt

Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

Name Image Comments Dates 744–714 BC, King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in Usermaatre according to 20th year; full reign at least 24 Piye Frédéric years, possibly 30+ years Payraudeau[88] 714–705 BC, Djedkaure Believed to be 's according to successor until the 2010s Frédéric Payraudeau[88]

705–690 BC, Neferkare Believed to be Shebitku's according to Shabaka predecessor until the 2010s Frédéric Payraudeau[88]

Khuinefertemre — 690–664 BC

Lost control of Upper Egypt in Bakare 656 BC when extended 664–653 BC his authority into Thebes in that year.

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at (656–590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC – AD 500).

Late Period

Main article: Late Period of Ancient Egypt

The Late Period runs from around 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native and Persians.

Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Main article: Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 664 to 525 BC.[89]

Name Image Comments Dates

Manetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty- II 685–678 BC fourth Dynasty. The father of .

Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence Nekauba — 678–672 BC has been questioned.

Menkheperre Was killed by an invading Kushite Nekau I force in 664 BC under Tantamani. 672–664 BC (Necho I) Father of Psamtik I.

The son and successor of Necho I, Psamtik I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.

Name Image Comments Dates

Wahibre Psamtik I Reunified Egypt. Son of Necho I 664–610 BC (Psammetichus and father of Necho II. I)

Most likely the pharaoh mentioned Wehemibre Necho II in several books of the Bible and 610–595 BC (Necho II) the death of Josiah. Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II.

Neferibre Psamtik II Son of Necho II and father of 595–589 BC (Psammetichus . II)

Fled Egypt after Amasis II (who was Haaibre a general at the time) declared Wahibre 589–570 BC himself pharaoh following a civil (Apries) war. Son of Psamtik II.

He was the last great ruler of Egypt Khnemibre before the Persian conquest. Ahmose II According to the Greek historian 570–526 BC (Amasis II) Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III.

Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six Ankhkaenre months before being defeated by Psamtik III the Persians in the Battle of 526–525 BC (Psammetichus and subsequently III) executed for attempting to revolt.

Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (First Persian Period)

Main article: Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt

Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and constituted a satrapy as part of this empire until 404 BC. The Achaemenid Shahanshahs were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty: Name Image Comments Dates

Cambyses Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of 525–521 BC (Cambyses II) Pelusium at 525 BC.

Smerdis — Son of . 522–521 BC ()

Petubastis 522/21–520 A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta. III[90] BC

Darius I the — 521–486 BC Great

Psammetichus A proposed native Egyptian rebel Possibly in — IV[90] leader. Exact date uncertain. the 480s BC

Xerxes I the Was assassinated. 486–465 BC Great

Artabanus the — — 465–464 BC Hyrcanian

Artaxerxes I — 464–424 BC Longhand

Xerxes II — A claimant. 424–423 BC — A claimant. 424–423 BC Darius II — 424–404 BC

Twenty-Eighth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh:

Name Image Comments Dates

Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a 404–398 BC successful revolt against the Persians.

Twenty-Ninth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Name Image Comments Dates

Also known as Nepherites. Baenre Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle 399–393 BC Nefaarud I and had him executed.

Khenemmaatre Around 392– Son of Nefaarud I. around 391 (Achoris) BC

Possibly dethroned Hakor for a Around 391 Psammuthes year. BC

Around 390– Hakor Retook the throne from around 379 (restored) Psammuthes. BC

Was deposed and likely killed by Around 379 Nefaarud II — after ruling for only 4 BC months. Son of Hakor.

Thirtieth Dynasty

Main article: Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt

The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:

Name Image Comments Dates

Also known as Nekhtnebef. Kheperkare Nekhtnebef Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud 379–361 BC (Nectanebo I) II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos.

Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Irimaatenre Was overthrown by Nectanebo II 361–359 BC Djedher (Teos) with the aid of Agesilaus II of .

Senedjemibre Last native ruler of ancient Egypt[91] Nakhthorhebyt 359–342 BC to be recognized by Manetho. (Nectanebo II)

Thirty-First Dynasty (second Persian period)

Main article: Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt

Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Name Image Comments Dates

Artaxerxes Egypt came under Persian rule for the 343-338 BC III second time.

Artaxerxes Only reigned in Lower Egypt. 338-336 BC IV Arses

Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Khababash Nubia. 338-335 BC

Upper Egypt returned to Persian Darius III 336-332 BC control in 335 BC.

Hellenistic period

Main article:

Argead Dynasty

Main article:

The Macedonians under ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Name Image Comments Dates Setepenre- meryamun Alexander Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt. 332-323 BC III (Alexander the Great)

Philip III Feeble-minded half-brother of 323-317 BC Alexander the Great.

Haaibre Alexander Son of Alexander III the Great and 317-309 BC IV .

Ptolemaic Dynasty

Main article:

The second Hellenistic dynasty, the , ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of and, after Caesar's death, of , having children with both of them.

Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.[citation needed]

Caesarion ( XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus, but the historical evidence does not exist.[citation needed]

Name Image Comments Dates

Setepenre- meryamun Abdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC 305–285 BC Unknown– I Wife of Ptolemy I 285 BC

Weserkare- meryamun — 288–246 BC Ptolemy II Philadelphos

284/281– Wife of Ptolemy II around 274 BC

Arsinoe II Wife of Ptolemy II 277–270 BC

Ptolemy III — 246–222 BC Euergetes I

244/243–222 Berenice II Wife of Ptolemy III. Was Murdered. BC

Ptolemy IV — 222–204 BC Philopator

Arsinoe III Wife of Ptolemy IV. Was Murdered. 220–204 BC Hugronaphor — Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South 205–199 BC Ankhmakis — Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South 199–185 BC

Ptolemy V Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC 204–180 BC Epiphanes

Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Cleopatra I 193–176 BC Ptolemy VI during his minority

Ptolemy VI Died 145 BC 180–164 BC Philometor

Cleopatra II Wife of Ptolemy VI 175–164 BC

Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in Ptolemy VIII 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI 171–163 BC Euergetes II Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC

Egypt under the control of Ptolemy Ptolemy VI VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI 163–145 BC Philometor restored 163 BC

Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt Cleopatra II against him in 131 BC and became 163–127 BC sole ruler of Egypt. Ptolemy VII Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later Neos ruled under regency of his mother 145–144 BC Philopator Cleopatra II

Ptolemy VIII Restored 145–131 BC Euergetes II

Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Was Cleopatra III 142–131 BC murdered by her own son Ptolemy X.

Ptolemy Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; — 131 BC Memphitis soon killed by Ptolemy VIII — Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South 131–130 BC

Ptolemy VIII Restored 127–116 BC Euergetes II

Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co- Cleopatra III 127–107 BC regent with Ptolemy IX and X.

Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co- Cleopatra II ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy 124–116 BC until 116.

Ptolemy IX Died 80 BC 116–110 BC Soter II Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but Cleopatra IV was pushed out by Cleopatra III. 116–115 BC Later murdered.

Ptolemy X Died 88 BC 110–109 BC Alexander I

Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; Berenice III 81–80 BC murdered on his orders 19 days later

Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; Ptolemy XI installed by ; ruled for 80 days — 80 BC Alexander II before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III

Ptolemy XII Neos Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC 80–58 BC Dionysos (Auletes)

Cleopatra V Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of — 79–68 BC Berenice IV Cleopatra VI — Daughter of Ptolemy XII 58–57 BC Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had Berenice IV — 58–55 BC him strangled. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC.

Ptolemy XII Restored; reigned briefly with his Neos daughter Cleopatra VII before his 55–51 BC Dionysos death Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother- husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Cleopatra VII Ptolemy XV; in modern usage, the 51–30 BC stand-alone use of Cleopatra with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII

Ptolemy XIII Brother of Cleopatra VII 51–47 BC

Arsinoe IV In opposition to Cleopatra VII 48–47 BC

Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIV 47–44 BC Ptolemy XIII

Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Ptolemy XV 44–30 BC Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over.

Rome

Main article: List of Roman Emperors

Cleopatra VII had affairs with Julius Caesar and Roman General Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus Caesar) that Egypt became a province of the in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. The last Roman Emperor to be conferred the title of Pharaoh was Maximinus Daia (reigned 311–313 AD).[2][92]

See also

Egyptian chronology

Bibliography

J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909 J. Cerny, 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08691-4 Clayton, Peter A. (1995). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by- Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. The Chronicles Series (Reprinted ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3. Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3 Sir Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76. Nicolas Grimal, A , (Blackwell Books: 1992) Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian , Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977 Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999 Ryholt, Kim & Steven Bardrum. 2000. "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris." Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127 Shaw, Garry. The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign, Thames and Hudson, 2012. Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, ISBN 0- 415-18633-1 Verner, Miroslav,The Pyramids – Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8 Egypt, History & Civilisation By Dr. R Ventura. Published by Osiris, PO Box 107 Cairo.

References

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Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 138. vÄ. Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 181. vv. Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 311. vx. ^ a b Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 137. vy. Felde, Rolf: Gottheiten, Pharaonen und Beamte im alten Ägypten, Norderstedt 2017, S. 125. vz. zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Band 37 v{. Ludwig Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 205). Fribourg 2004, ISBN 3-7278-1486-1, p. 91. v|. ^ a b Zur Aktualität von Jan Assmann: Einleitung in sein Werk v}. [1] v~. [2] v. P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene. In: Bulletin de L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO) 112. Ausgabe 2012, S. 381–395. xÄ. Günter Dreyer: Horus Krokodil, ein Gegenkönig der Dynastie 0. In: Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams (Hrsg.): The Followers of Horus, Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, 1949–1990 (= Egyptian Studies Association Publication, vol. 2). Oxbow Publications, Bloomington (IN) 1992, ISBN 0-946897-44-1, p. 259–263. xv. Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol. 49. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, p. 36–37. xx. Toby Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategy, Society and Security. Routeledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1, p. 38, 56 & 57. xy. Wolfgang Helck: Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit (= Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (ÄA), Vol. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, ISBN 3- 447-02677-4, p. 124. xz. ^ a b c Wolfgang Helck: Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit (Agyptologische Abhandlungen), ISBN 3-447-02677-4, O. Harrassowitz (1987), p. 124 x{. 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Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. 2. verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, S. 44– 45. y{. Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, page 175. y|. [3] King Khasekhem y}. [4] King y~. Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95 y. Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258 zÄ. Clayton (1994) p.32 zv. Mark Lehner: Geheimnis der Pyramiden. Econ, Düsseldorf 1997, ISBN 3-572-01039-X, S. 94–96. zx. Clayton (1994) p.42 zy. Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, S. 278–279. zz. (2000): Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?, in: Miroslav Bárta, Jaromír Krejčí (editors): Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute, Prague, ISBN 80-85425-39-4, p. 581–602, available online Archived 2011-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. z{. Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73 z|. Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87–100. z}. Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, available online z~. Kim Ryholt: "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris", Zeitschrift für ägyptische, 127, 2000, p. 99 z. Gustave Jéquier, Maṣlaḥat al-Āthār (1993): Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit (in French), Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, OCLC 195690029, see plate 5. {Ä. Percy Newberry (1943): Queen Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty, in: The Journal of Egyptian Archeology, vol. 29, pp=51–54 {v. Gae Callender: Queen Neit-ikrety/Nitokris, in: Miroslav Barta, Filip Coppens, Jaromic Krecji (editors): Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2010/1, Prague: Czech Institute of , Faculty of Arts, Charles University, 2011, ISBN 978-80-7308-384-7, see pp. 249–250 {x. ^ a b Turin Kinglist, Columns IV,18 to V,10, Ancient Egypt dot org. Accessed 10 February 2010. {y. Margaret Bunson: Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8, available online, see p. 181 {z. Labib Habachi: King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods, in: Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 19 (1963), pp. 16–52 {{. Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 23–25 {|. Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 25–26 {}. ^ a b c Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 27–28 {~. [5] Amenemhat I {. Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 28–35 |Ä. Murnane (1977) p.2 |v. Murnane (1977) p.7 |x. Murnane (1977) p.9 |y. Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III– Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251 |z. Wolfram Grajetzki (2006) pp. 56–61 |{. "Amenemhat IV Maakherure (1807/06-1798/97 BC)". Digital Egypt for Universities. ||. Grajetzki (2006) pp. 61–63 |}. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997 |~. ^ a b Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 |. Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, 2002 }Ä. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997 }v. ^ a b Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period }x. Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens, In Orientalia 57 (1988), p. 259 }y. Ryholt, K.S.B. (1997). 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Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele – Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383 ~Ä. Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554– 1557. ~v. "Ramesses I Menpehtire". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-29. ~x. "King Merenptah". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-29. ~y. "Sety II". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ~z. "Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ~{. Grimal (1992) p.291 ~|. "Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah". Retrieved 2007-10-28. ~}. Cerny p.645 ~~. ^ a b c F. Payraudeau, Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo, Nehet 1, 2014, p. 115-127 ~. "Late Period Kings". Retrieved 2007-10-27. Ä. ^ a b Placed in this dynasty only for chronological reasons, as he was not related to the Achaemenids. v. "Nakhthorhebyt". Digital Egypt for Universities. Retrieved March 1, 2011. x. Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (2003). The Book of the Pharaohs. Cornell University Press. pp. 238–256. ISBN 9780801440502.

External links

Egyptian Royal Genealogy Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi- pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in and English Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings Digital Egypt for Universities List of all female Pharaohs

show

v t e

Pharaohs

show Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Pharaohs (male ♀ Dynasty female ) Period uncertain Hedju Hor [de; fr] Ny-Hor [de; es] Hsekiu Khayu Lower Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor [de; es] Mekh Wash [de] Protodynastic (pre-3150 BC) Finger snail [de] Fish Pen-abu Animal Stork Canide Upper Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes

Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer ♀ I Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird

Hotepsekhemwy Early Dynastic Nebra/Raneb (3150–2686 BC) Nynetjer Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty II Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht III Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni

Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre IV Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis

Old Kingdom Userkaf (2686–2181 BC) Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre V Shepseskare Menkauhor Kaiu Unas

Teti Userkare Pepi I VI Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah

Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Neferkare V Tereru VII/VIII Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor st 1 Intermediate Neferirkare (2181–2040 BC) Wadjkare Khuiqer

Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII IX Nebkaure Khety Setut

Meryhathor Neferkare VIII X Wahkare Khety Merykare

show Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Pharaohs (male ♀ Dynasty female ) Period uncertain

Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II XI Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV

Segerseni Nubia Qakare Ini Middle Kingdom Iyibkhentre (2040–1802 BC) Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II XII Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀

Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw XIII Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi

Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III 2nd Intermediate Nebdjefare (1802–1550 BC) Webenre XIV Nebsenre Sekheperenre Djedkherewre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har

Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har XV Khyan Apepi Khamudi

Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre XVI Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III

Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Abydos Pantjeny Snaaib

Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef XVII Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

show New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Pharaohs (male ♀ Dynasty female ) Period uncertain Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II XVIII Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb

Ramesses I New Kingdom Seti I (1550–1070 BC) Ramesses II Merneptah XIX Seti II Siptah Twosret♀

Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI XX Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I XXI Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II XXII Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Osorkon IV 3rd Intermediate (1069–664 BC) Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI XXIII Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini

Tefnakht XXIV

Piye Shebitku XXV Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

show Late Period and Hellenistic Period (664–30 BC)

Pharaohs (male ♀ Dynasty female ) Period uncertain

Necho I Psamtik I Necho II XXVI Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III

Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I XXVII Xerxes Darius II

Late XXVIII Amyrtaeus (664–332 BC) Hakor XXIX Psammuthes Nepherites II Nectanebo I XXX Teos Nectanebo II

Artaxerxes III Khabash XXXI Arses Darius III

Alexander the Great Argead Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV

Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Hellenistic Ptolemy VI Philometor (332–30 BC) Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemaic Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Berenice IV♀ Cleopatra♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion

show

Dynastic genealogies 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 11th 12th 18th 19th 20th 21st to 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 30th 31st Ptolemaic

List of pharaohs