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List of Pharaohs List of pharaohs This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of pharaohs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Pharaoh of Egypt The pharaohs were rulers of Ancient Egypt dating from the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt during the Early Dynastic Period by Narmer approximately 3100 BC. Although the specific term "Pharaoh" was not used by The Pschent combined the Red Crown of their contemporaries until the Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper rule of Merneptah of the 19th Egypt. dynasty, c. 1200 BC, the style of titulature of the rulers of Egypt remained relatively constant, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties. Egypt remained continually governed by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt would first see another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The last native Pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was Pharaoh A typical depiction of a pharaoh. before the Achaemenids Details conquered Egypt for a second time. Style Five-name titulary First monarch Narmer (a.k.a. Menes) Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the Nectanebo II [1] conquests of Alexander the (last native) Great in 332 BC, after which it Cleopatra and Caesarion was ruled by the Hellenic Last monarch (last actual) Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Maximinus Daia Dynasty. Their rule, and the (last to be referred to as Pharaoh) independence of Egypt, came [2] to an end when Egypt became Formation c. 3100 BC a province of Rome in 30 BC. 343 BC Augustus and subsequent (last native pharaoh)[1] Roman Emperors were styled 30 BC as Pharaohs when in Egypt up Abolition (last Greek pharaohs) until the reign of Maximinus Daia in 314 AD. 314 AD (last Roman Emperor to be called The dates given in this list of Pharaoh)[2] pharaohs are approximate. Residence Varies by era They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Appointer Divine right Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities[3] database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately. Ancient Egyptian king lists Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records: Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and Historians alike call for caution about the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report.[4] An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective. The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created)):[5] Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all 1st-Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names. Palermo stone (5th Dynasty); carved on an olivin-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete. Giza King List (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective. South Saqqara Stone (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective. Karnak King List (18th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. Abydos King List of Seti I (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting the First Intermediate Period. Abydos King List of Ramses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. Saqqara King List (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st dynasty for unknown reasons. Turin King List (19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on papyrus. Most likely the most-complete king-list in history, today damaged. Manetho's Aegyptiaca (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious. Predynastic period Main article: Prehistoric Egypt Lower Egypt Main article: Lower Egypt Lower Egypt geographically consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile delta. The following list may not be complete: Name Image Comments Reign Hedju Around 3200 — Hor [de; fr] BC Ny- Around Hor [de; — 3200–3175 es] BC Hsekiu / Seka Only known from the Palermo stone[6] Unknown Khayu Only known from the Palermo stone[7] Unknown Tiu / Teyew Only known from the Palermo stone[8] Unknown Thesh / Only known from the Palermo stone[9] Unknown Tjesh Only known from the Palermo Neheb Unknown stone[10] Ruled around Wazner Only known from the Palermo stone[11] or earlier than 3100 BC Nat- Around 3100 Hor [de; — BC es] Only known from the Palermo Mekh Unknown stone[12] Only known from the Palermo (destroyed) Unknown stone[12] Double Naqada III May also have ruled in Upper Egypt Falcon (32nd century BC) Only known from the Narmer Naqada III Wash [de] [13] (31st century Palette BC) Upper Egypt Main article: Dynasty 00 Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00. Name Image Comments Reign Gazelle — — Naqada III He was a legendary king of Upper Finger — Egypt. He was the first king of Upper Naqada III snail [de] Egypt who died in 3200 BCE. Fish[14] — — Naqada III Elephant[15] — Naqada III Animal[16] — — Naqada III Stork[17][18] — — Naqada III Canide[16] — — Naqada III Bull — — Naqada III Scorpion I — — Naqada III Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0 Main article: Dynasty 0 The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete. Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0". Name Image Comments Dates Correct chronological position unclear. Around 3150 Iry-Hor [19] BC Potentially read Shendjw; identity and Around 3150 Crocodile existence are disputed.[20] BC Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Around 3150 Ka Correct chronological position unclear. [21] BC Scorpion Potentially read Serqet; possibly the Around 3150 II same person as Narmer.[22] BC Early Dynastic Period Main article: Early Dynastic Period of Egypt The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3150 to 2686 BC. First Dynasty Main article: First Dynasty of Egypt The First Dynasty ruled from around 3150 to 2890 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Believed to be the same person as Around 3100 Narmer Menes and to have unified Upper and BC Lower Egypt. Around 3050 Hor-Aha Greek form: Athotís. BC Greek form: Uenéphes (after his Gold name In-nebw); His name and titulary Djer appear on the Palermo Stone. His 54 years[23] tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. Djet Greek form: Usapháis. 10 years[24] Greek form: Kénkenes (after the ramesside diction of his birthname: Qenqen[25]). First pharaoh depicted Den 42 years[24] wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a full niswt bity- name. Greek form: Miebidós. Known for his Anedjib 10 years ominous nebwy-title.[26] Greek form: Semempsés. First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Semerkhet 8½ years[24] Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo stone. Greek form: Bienéches. Ruled very Qa'a long, his tomb is the last one with 34 years subsidiary tombs. Very short reign, correct chronological Around 2900 Sneferka position unknown. BC Very short reign, correct chronological Around 2900 Horus Bird position unknown. BC Second Dynasty Main article: Second Dynasty of Egypt The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Manetho names him Boëthos and claims that Hotepsekhemwy[27] under this ruler an 15 years earthquake killed many people. Greek form: Kaíechós (after the ramesside cartouche name Kakaw). Nebra[28] First ruler who uses the 14 years sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg. Greek form: Binóthris. May have divided Egypt Nynetjer[29] between his successors, 43–45 years allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs. Greek form: Ougotlas/Tlás. Could be an independent Around 2740 Weneg-Nebty[30] ruler or the same as BC Peribsen, Sekhemib- Perenmaat or Raneb. Greek form: Sethenes. Possibly the same person 47 years Senedj[31] as Peribsen. This, (Supposedly) however, is highly disputed.[32] Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than an Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the Around 2890- Seth-Peribsen powers of officials, 2686 BC nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt.[33] Could be the same person Around 2720 Sekhemib-Perenmaat as Seth-Peribsen.[34] BC Greek form: Néphercherés. Known only 25 Neferkara I from ramesside king lists, years(according not archaeologically to Manetho) attested. Greek form: Sesóchris. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Neferkasokar 8 years Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long lasting drought.[35] Known only from ramesside king lists, his 11 "name" is actually a years(According Hudjefa I paraphrase pointing out to the Turin that the original name of Canon) the king was already lost in ramesside times. Greek form: Chenerés. May have reunified Egypt after a period of trouble, Khasekhem(wy)[36][37] 18 years his serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set.
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