DOCSLIB.ORG

Ancient Egyptian Handout with Answers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ancient Egyptian Handout with Answers Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 I. Ancient Egyptian Painting of Nefertari, with her titles, from her tomb, QV66. New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty (ca. 1255 BCE) ḏd mdw in wsir ḥm.t nsw.t wr.t (nfr.t-iry mr.t n Mw.t)| m3‘.t ḫrw Words spoken by the Osiris, Great Wife of the King, Nefertari, beloved of (the goddess) Mut, True of Voice (deceased). Vocabulary: ḏd: spoken, mdw: words, in: by, wsir: Osiris, ḥm.t: wife, nsw.t: king, wr.t: great, nfr.t-iry: Nefertari, mr.t n: Beloved of, Mw.t: Mut (Goddess), m3‘.t: true, ḫrw: voice. 1 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 Statue of Nofret, with her titles, Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty (ca. 2500 BCE) rḫ(.t) nsw.t nfr.t The acquaintance of the King, Nofret Remember honorific transposition god’s names (and here the king’s name) are often written first, even though they are pronounced last. rḫ(.t): a (female) acquaintance (She was the wife of the king’s brother) nsw.t: king nfr.t: Nofret (Neferet) 2 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 I. Uniliteral Signs (Sign, Transliteration (Manuel de Codage), Notes) “Aleph” “dotted h” 3 ḥ Vulture twisted lamp wick (A) (H) i “yod” ḫ “third h” unknown, reed leaf suggested that it (i) (x) might be a placenta 2 reed leafs, “fourth h” ẖ Diagonal strokes The udder of an y or (X) animal “ayin” 1) folded cloth Ꜥ s arm and hand 2) a door bolt (a) or (originally a separate “z” sound) “waw” “shin” š 1) Quail chick, a pool of water, w or 2) coil (S) sounds like “sh” lower leg and foot “qoph” b ḳ a hill (q) stool a wicker basket p k horned viper a pottery stand with f g a pot on it 1) owl “t-loaf” m t 2) ? a loaf of bread “feminine ending” or 1) water “second t” 2) Red Crown of ṯ a rope hobble for n Lower Egypt animals, sounds like (T) “tj” or “tch” or “of” mouth a hand r d A reed shelter or “second d” ḏ courtyard seen from a cobra, h above (D) sounds like “dj” 3 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 II. Biliteral Signs Used to Write Letters in Greek Names (e.g. Ptolemy, Cleopatra) Sign Biliteral Sound Sound for Greek Note Words “O” Lasso w3 “L” Recumbent lion rw Hieroglyphs (ca. 3200 BCE – 394 CE) Cursive Hieroglyphs Hieratic (ca. 3200 BCE – 3rd century CE) Demotic (ca. 500 BCE – 425 CE) Coptic (c. 200 BC to 18th century AD, still used today in Coptic churches in Egypt and abroad) …………………………………. Direction Taken from Sir Alan Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd Edition. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), 25. Free Materials on the Web: Henry George Fischer. Ancient Egyptian Calligraphy: A Beginner's Guide to Writing Hieroglyphs. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1999 http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/fischer_eg_calligraphy.pdf 4 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 III. Hieratic Uniliterals 5 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 Taken from William Clay Poe, The Writing of a Skillful Scribe (Santa Rosa, 2010), 13-14. 6 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 IV. Determinitives, Biliterals, Triliterals, and some useful words Det. for a person nfr nṯr good, beautiful a god; ntr.w: gods Det. for actions t3 R‘ with the mouth, land; t3.wy: the The sun, day, the eating, speaking two lands sun god Re (Ra) Det. for woman ḫpr stp to become “chosen” Det. for a king. st det. for sky, heavens (Lower Egypt) seat, place Det. for a king. pr dpt (Upper Egypt) house; det. for a boat; det. for boats buildings Det. for a ḥtp ‘nḫ god and offering life (sandal strap) Cobra, a m3‘.t mn determinative for Truth, the goddess Board game with goddesses Maat (An ostrich pieces feather) Det. for dog ms di (fox tails) conical loaf of “give birth” bread, “given” Det. for a cat ḫ‘ ḥ3t suns rays over front, in front of a hill “appear” nb wsr k3 Jackal’s head (basket) “lord” upraised arms, and neck, ka-soul “strong” mr s3 (z3) mi (plow) loved, goose, son, milk jug with a beloved, s3.t: daughter handle, “like” also mr n: beloved of s3 r‘: Son of Re wn Plural marker “.w” Plurals (and false plurals) or can also be made by nṯr.w nrfw rabbit, to be repeating the sing 3 times gods perfection 7 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 nsw.t bi.ty The King of Upper and Lower Egypt ‘nḫ(.w)-wḏ3(.w)-snb(.w) LPH: Life, Prosperity, and health V. Signs, Determinatives, and Egyptian Names for Various Deities Det. for the Det. For the Sign and sun god R‘e god Det. for (Ra), Ra- Amen/Amun mwt the R‘ Horakhty, imn goddess Amen-Ra Mut Det. for Det. for the Sign and the god Osiris Det. for goddess the god m3‘.t Maat wsir Ptah ptḥ Det. for Det. for Det. for the the the goddess nb.t-ḥy.t goddess goddess Isis Nephthys Sekhmet 3s.t sḫm.t Sign and Det. Sign and Det. for for Det. for and the god Hathor and the God Thoth and Seth (Djehuty) ḥw.t-ḥr ḏḥwty stẖ Det. for Sign and Sign and the god Det. for Det. for Khnum and the god and the god Horus Anubis ẖnmw ḥr inpw Det. for Det. for Det. for the god the the Sobek goddess and goddess N.t Neith Bast sbk b3st.t 8 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 VI. Practice with Hieroglyphs and phonetic compliments 11. Set (Seth) stẖ 1. Sky p.t 12. Sobek sbk 2. Boat dp.t 13. Amen (Amun) imn (Imn) 3. Son s3 14. Mother mw.t 4. Daughter s3.t 15. God nṯr 5. Cat miw 16. Goddess nṯr.t 6. Dog ṯsm (ṯzm) 17. Snake (female) ḥf3(w).t 7. Beautiful nfr 8. Ptah ptḥ (Ptḥ) 18. Forever ḏ.t 9. Ra r‘ (R‘) 19. Thoth (Djehuty) ḏḥwty 10. Anubis inpw (Inpw) 20. Yesterday sf 9 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 VII. The Names of Kings Remember honorific transposition god’s names are often written first, even though they are pronounced last. Ra (Re) is commonly written first, but pronounced last. 1. Pharaohs from the Abydos King List, Temple of Seti I (19th Dynasty) mni ḫ(w)fw Menes Khufu (Cheops) 1. 9. Builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza tti ḫ‘=f-R‘ Teti Khafre (Chefren) 2. 10. Builder of the second pyramid at Giza it3 mn-k3.w-R‘ Ita Menkaure 3. 11. (Mykerinos) builder of the small third pyramid at Giza qbḥ nfr-f-R‘ Qebh Neferefre 4. 12. sndi mn-k3.w-ḥr Sendi Menkauhor 5. 13. sḏs (zḏs) wnis Sedjes Unis (Wenis) 6. 14. nfr-k3-R‘ mry-R‘ Neferkare Meryre 7. 15. snfrw mn-ḫpr-R‘ Seneferu Menkheperre 8. (Snofru) 16. 10 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 2. Pyramidion of Amenemhat III (12th Dynasty) Right: nsw.t bi.ty (n(y)-M3‘.t-R‘)| di ‘nḫ ḏ.t The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nimaatre (Sorry some signs here are not in your list), given life, forever s3 R‘ (imn-m-ḥ3t)| di ‘nḫ ḏ.t The Son of Ra, Amenemhat (III), given life, forever 3. Names of Pharaohs from the Turin Canon (19th Dynasty) a. nsw.t bi.ty (mni)| ‘nḫ(.w)-wḏ3(.w)-snb(.w), ir n … The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menes, LPH (Life, Prosperity, and health), doer of… b. nsw.t bi.ty (wnis) rnp.t ḥsb.t 30… The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Unis, Reigned thirty years… 11 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 4. Name of a female pharaoh of the 12th dynasty from the Karnak King List (18th Dynasty) (Sbk-nfrw-R‘)| [The (Female) King of Upper and Lower Egypt,] Sobekneferu (Sobekneferure) 5. Her name from the Turin Canon (19th Dynasty) nsw.t bi.ty (Sbk-nfr.w-R‘)|rnp.t ḥsb.t 3,10,24 The (Female) King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sobekneferu (Sobekneferure), reigned 3 years, 10 [months], 23 [days]. 6. Two 18th Dynasty Pharaohs [s3 R‘] (ḏḥwty-ms)| [The Son of Ra,] Tuthmosis (Thothmes) (Tuthmosis IV) [nsw.t bi.ty] (mn-ḫpr.w-R‘)| [The King of Upper and Lower Egypt,] Menkheperure 12 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 nfr nṯr (Honorific transposition) nb t3.wy ir.t h.t [nsw.t bi.ty] (nb-M3 .t-R‘)| s3 R‘ (Imn-ḥtp ḥq3 w3st)| di ‘nḫ The good god, lord of the two lands, doer of things, the king of upper and lower Egypt, Nebmaatre, the Son of Ra, Amenhotep (III), ruler of Thebes, given life. 7. Two Reliefs with Kings Names from the 19th Dynasty s3 R‘ (R‘-ms-s mr(y) n Imn)| The Son of Ra Ramesses, Beloved of (the god) Amen nsw.t bi.ty (wsr-m3‘.t-R‘ stp-n-R‘)| The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermaatre Setepenre 13 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 [nsw.t bi.ty] (mn-M3‘.t-R‘)| [The King of Upper and Lower Egypt,] Menmaatre [s3 R‘] (Stẖy mr(y) n Pt ḥ)| [The Son of Ra,] Seti beloved of Ptah 14 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Ancient Egypt
    THE ROLE OF THE CHANTRESS ($MW IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUZANNE LYNN ONSTINE A thesis submined in confonnity with the requirements for the degm of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliations University of Toronto %) Copyright by Suzanne Lynn Onstine (200 1) . ~bsPdhorbasgmadr~ exclusive liceacc aiiowhg the ' Nationai hiof hada to reproduce, loan, distnia sdl copies of this thesis in miaof#m, pspa or elccmnic f-. L'atm criucrve la propri&C du droit d'autear qui protcge cette thtse. Ni la thèse Y des extraits substrrntiets deceMne&iveatetreimprimCs ouraitnmcrtrepoduitssanssoai aut&ntiom The Role of the Chmaes (fm~in Ancient Emt A doctorai dissertacion by Suzanne Lynn On*, submitted to the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, 200 1. The specitic nanire of the tiUe Wytor "cimûes", which occurrPd fcom the Middle Kingdom onwatd is imsiigated thrwgh the use of a dalabase cataloging 861 woinen whheld the title. Sorting the &ta based on a variety of delails has yielded pattern regatding their cbnological and demographical distribution. The changes in rhe social status and numbers of wbmen wbo bore the Weindicale that the Egyptians perceivecl the role and ams of the titk âiffefcntiy thugh tirne. Infomiation an the tities of ihe chantressw' family memkrs bas ailowed the author to make iderences cawming llse social status of the mmen who heu the title "chanms". MiMid Kingdom tifle-holders wverc of modest backgrounds and were quite rare. Eighteenth DMasty women were of the highest ranking families. The number of wamen who held the titk was also comparatively smaii, Nimeenth Dynasty women came [rom more modesi backgrounds and were more nwnennis.
    [Show full text]
  • W. Raymond Johnson in November, W
    oi.uchicago.edu RESEARCH W. Raymond Johnson In November, W. Raymond Johnson supervised a second short season of docu­ mentation work at the Ramesses II small Ptah temple in ancient Memphis, focusing on the decoration of reused blocks of Nebmaatre Amenhotep III. He was able to document another thirty-one blocks and block fragments from the earlier structure of Amenhotep III, expanding the catalog to sixty-two, and will return to Memphis this fall to finish the photography and collation of the drawings for publication in the Egypt Exploration Society's Survey of Memphis series. Ramesses II seems to have dismantled an entire shrine for reuse in his Ptah chapel, and the preserved decoration suggests that the original structure was a portable bark shrine to the god Ptah-Sokar, a chthonic form of the creator-god Ptah. This shrine was part of Amenhotep Ill's great Ptah temple complex called "Nebmaatre-United-With-Ptah" which Ramesses II completely dismantled for reuse in the construction of his own great Ptah temple nearby. In addition to documenting Amenhotep III reliefs, Ray identified a granodiorite body that joins the head of an Amenhotep III male deity in the collection of the Met­ ropolitan Museum of Art since the turn of the century. The two pieces are now joined and on display. At the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Ray examined a granodior­ ite head of the goddess Hathor from the time of Tutankhamun and determined that it joins a torso in the Nicholson Museum, Sydney, Australia; casts of the two pieces will eventually be made and exchanged for joining.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Egyptian Royal Circumcision from the Pyramid Complex of Djedkare
    Ancient Egyptian Royal Circumcision from the Pyramid Complex of Djedkare • XLIX/2 • pp. 155–164 • 2011 mohAmED mEGAhED, hAnA VYmAZALoVÁ ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ROYAL CIRCUMCISION FROM THE PYRAMID COMPLEX OF DJEDKARE ABSTRACT: Male circumcision in ancient Egypt is well documented in representative scenes in tombs, as well as in physical remains of Egyptian people from various periods. Scenes showing the operation of circumcision are however very rare and only a few examples have been preserved from the millennia of Egyptian history. This paper presents another example of such a scene, which was found on a relief fragment discovered in the pyramid complex of the Fifth Dynasty king Djedkare. At the moment, it is the oldest preserved depiction of this operation known so far, and it probably played a ritual function within the king's pyramid complex decoration program. KEY WORDS: Ancient Egypt – Djedkare – Relief – Circumcision INTRODUCTION numerous fragments of reliefs have been found in the late Fifth Dynasty pyramid complex of Djedkare in As well as the other old Kingdom pyramid complexes, South Saqqara (Figure 1) by the Egyptian archaeological Djedkare's pyramid complex was badly damaged over missions between the 1940s and 1980s, when limited and time, and as a result of the reuse of its building materials unsystematic excavations were carried out in the funerary throughout succeeding generations. modern excavation temple under the direction of Abdel Salam mohamed of the monuments have however begun to reveal the hussain, Ahmed Fakhry, and mahmoud Abdel Razek. architectural plan of the sites and have brought to light Results of this work were never fully published and the fragments of decoration programs of the individual fragments of relief decoration have not been available complexes; these provide us with partial information about for the scientific public (see Fakhry 1959: 10, 30, Leclant the kings and their reigns.
    [Show full text]
  • Temples and Tombs Treasures of Egyptian Art from the British Museum
    Temples and Tombs Treasures of Egyptian Art from The British Museum Resource for Educators this is max size of image at 200 dpi; the sil is low res and for the comp only. if approved, needs to be redone carefully American Federation of Arts Temples and Tombs Treasures of Egyptian Art from The British Museum Resource for Educators American Federation of Arts © 2006 American Federation of Arts Temples and Tombs: Treasures of Egyptian Art from the British Museum is organized by the American Federation of Arts and The British Museum. All materials included in this resource may be reproduced for educational American Federation of Arts purposes. 212.988.7700 800.232.0270 The AFA is a nonprofit institution that organizes art exhibitions for presen- www.afaweb.org tation in museums around the world, publishes exhibition catalogues, and interim address: develops education programs. 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1514 New York, NY 10168 after April 1, 2007: 305 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 Please direct questions about this resource to: Suzanne Elder Burke Director of Education American Federation of Arts 212.988.7700 x26 [email protected] Exhibition Itinerary to Date Oklahoma City Museum of Art Oklahoma City, Oklahoma September 7–November 26, 2006 The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens Jacksonville, Florida December 22, 2006–March 18, 2007 North Carolina Museum of Art Raleigh, North Carolina April 15–July 8, 2007 Albuquerque Museum of Art and History Albuquerque, New Mexico November 16, 2007–February 10, 2008 Fresno Metropolitan Museum of Art, History and Science Fresno, California March 7–June 1, 2008 Design/Production: Susan E.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”
    “Was the function of the earliest writing in Egypt utilitarian or ceremonial? Does the surviving evidence reflect the reality?” Article written by Marsia Sfakianou Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom..........................2 How writing began.........................................................................................................4 Scopes of early Egyptian writing...................................................................................6 Ceremonial or utilitarian? ..............................................................................................7 The surviving evidence of early Egyptian writing.........................................................9 Bibliography/ references..............................................................................................23 Links ............................................................................................................................23 Album of web illustrations...........................................................................................24 1 Map of Egypt. Late Predynastic Period-Early Dynastic (Grimal, 1994) Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom (from the appendix of Grimal’s book, 1994, p 389) 4500-3150 BC Predynastic period. 4500-4000 BC Badarian period 4000-3500 BC Naqada I (Amratian) 3500-3300 BC Naqada II (Gerzean A) 3300-3150 BC Naqada III (Gerzean B) 3150-2700 BC Thinite period 3150-2925 BC Dynasty 1 3150-2925 BC Narmer, Menes 3125-3100 BC Aha 3100-3055 BC
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Evidence: Exodus Lesson 1 – Timeline Watch First 20 Minutes
    Patterns of Evidence: Exodus Lesson 1 – Timeline Watch first 20 minutes on Right Now media Exodus Story – Biblical Summary ◦ Joseph moved his family to Egypt during the 7-year famine ◦ Israelites lived in the land of Goshen ◦ Years after Joseph died, a new pharaoh became fearful of the large numbers of Israelites. ◦ Israelites became slaves ◦ Moses was 80 when God sent him to Egypt to free the Israelites ◦ After Passover, the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years ◦ Israelites conquered the Promised Land An Overview of Egyptian History Problems with Egyptian History ◦ Historians began with multiple lists of Pharaoh’s names carved on temple walls ◦ These lists are incomplete, sometimes skipping Pharaohs ◦ Once a “standard” list had been made, then they looked at other known histories and inserted the list ◦ These dates then became the accepted timeline Evidence for the Late Date – 1250 BC • Genesis 47:11-12 • Exodus 18-14 • Earliest archaeological recording of the Israelites dates to 1210 BC on the Merneptah Stele o Must be before that time o Merneptah was the son of Ramses II • Ten Commandments and Prince of Egypt Movies take the Late Date with Ramses II Evidence for the Early Date – 1440 BC • “From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology” by Andrew Steinmann • 1 Kings 6:1 – Solomon began building temple 480 years after the Exodus o Solomon’s reign began 971 BC and began building temple in 967 BC o Puts Exodus date at 1447 BC • 1 Chronicles 6 lists 19 generations from Exodus to Solomon o Assume 25 years per generation – Exodus occurred
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible Has Never Told
    Ghana Journal of Linguistics 9.1: 72-96 (2020) ______________________________________________________________________________ http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v9i1.4 EDITORIAL BOOK CRITIQUE: THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD AMEN: ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE THE BIBLE HAS NEVER TOLD Ọbádélé Bakari Kambon Editor-in-Chief Abstract: The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told is a book that promises to pique the interest of any reader interested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks’, mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs,’ the Akan language, and historical-linguistic connections between the three. Specifically, the book promises to deliver information about how the word imn ‘Amen,’ as attested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks,’ persists in the contemporary Akan language. While under a steady hand this should be a simple enough thesis to substantiate, unfortunately, the authors’ obvious lack of grounding in historical linguistics, their lack of knowledge of mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs’ as well as their lack of understanding the morphology (word structure) of the Akan language all mar the analyses presented in the book. Keywords: Amen, Heru Narmer, historical linguistics, folk etymology Osei, O. K., Issa, J., & Faraji, S. (2020). The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told. Long Beach, CA: Amen-Ra Theological Seminary Press. 1. Introduction In The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told, what should be an open-and-shut case is saddled with a plethora of spurious look-alikes and folk etymologies prompted by attempts to analyze one language with another without actually having studying the language to be analyzed itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf
    Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • 2210 Bc 2200 Bc 2190 Bc 2180 Bc 2170 Bc 2160 Bc 2150 Bc 2140 Bc 2130 Bc 2120 Bc 2110 Bc 2100 Bc 2090 Bc
    2210 BC 2200 BC 2190 BC 2180 BC 2170 BC 2160 BC 2150 BC 2140 BC 2130 BC 2120 BC 2110 BC 2100 BC 2090 BC Fertile Crescent Igigi (2) Ur-Nammu Shulgi 2192-2190BC Dudu (20) Shar-kali-sharri Shu-Turul (14) 3rd Kingdom of 2112-2095BC (17) 2094-2047BC (47) 2189-2169BC 2217-2193BC (24) 2168-2154BC Ur 2112-2004BC Kingdom Of Akkad 2234-2154BC ( ) (2) Nanijum, Imi, Elulu Imta (3) 2117-2115BC 2190-2189BC (1) Ibranum (1) 2180-2177BC Inimabakesh (5) Ibate (3) Kurum (1) 2127-2124BC 2113-2112BC Inkishu (6) Shulme (6) 2153-2148BC Iarlagab (15) 2121-2120BC Puzur-Sin (7) Iarlaganda ( )(7) Kingdom Of Gutium 2177-2171BC 2165-2159BC 2142-2127BC 2110-2103BC 2103-2096BC (7) 2096-2089BC 2180-2089BC Nikillagah (6) Elulumesh (5) Igeshaush (6) 2171-2165BC 2159-2153BC 2148-2142BC Iarlagash (3) Irarum (2) Hablum (2) 2124-2121BC 2115-2113BC 2112-2110BC ( ) (3) Cainan 2610-2150BC (460 years) 2120-2117BC Shelah 2480-2047BC (403 years) Eber 2450-2020BC (430 years) Peleg 2416-2177BC (209 years) Reu 2386-2147BC (207 years) Serug 2354-2124BC (200 years) Nahor 2324-2176BC (199 years) Terah 2295-2090BC (205 years) Abraham 2165-1990BC (175) Genesis (Moses) 1)Neferkare, 2)Neferkare Neby, Neferkamin Anu (2) 3)Djedkare Shemay, 4)Neferkare 2169-2167BC 1)Meryhathor, 2)Neferkare, 3)Wahkare Achthoes III, 4)Marykare, 5)............. (All Dates Unknown) Khendu, 5)Meryenhor, 6)Neferkamin, Kakare Ibi (4) 7)Nykare, 8)Neferkare Tereru, 2167-2163 9)Neferkahor Neferkare (2) 10TH Dynasty (90) 2130-2040BC Merenre Antyemsaf II (All Dates Unknown) 2163-2161BC 1)Meryibre Achthoes I, 2)............., 3)Neferkare, 2184-2183BC (1) 4)Meryibre Achthoes II, 5)Setut, 6)............., Menkare Nitocris Neferkauhor (1) Wadjkare Pepysonbe 7)Mery-........, 8)Shed-........, 9)............., 2183-2181BC (2) 2161-2160BC Inyotef II (-1) 2173-2169BC (4) 10)............., 11)............., 12)User......
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction and Use of Greywacke in Ancient Egypt Ahmed Ibrahim Othman
    JFTH, Vol. 14, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN: 2314-7024 Extraction and Use of Greywacke in Ancient Egypt Ahmed Ibrahim Othman 1 Lecturer – Tourism Guidance Department Hotel Management and Restoration Institute, Abu Qir. [ Introduction The Quseir – Qift road was the only practical route in the Central Easter Desert as it was the shortest and easiest road from the Nile Valley to the Red Sea, in addition to the richness of the Bekhen stone quarries and the gold mines. Therefore, it was the preferred road by the merchants, quarrymen and miners. The Bekhen stone quarries of Wadi Hammamat forms an archaeological cluster of inscriptions, unfinished manufactures, settlements, workshops and remaining tools. It seems clear that the state was responsible for the Bekhen stone exploitation, given the vast amount of resources that had to be invested in the organization of a quarrying expedition. Unlike the other marginal areas, the officials leading the missions to Wadi Hammamat show different affiliations in terms of administrative branches. This is probably because Bekhen stone procurement was not the responsibility of the treasury, but these expeditions were entrusted to separate competent officials, graded in a specific hierarchy, forming well – organized missions with different workers for different duties and established wages and functionaries in charge of the administrative tasks. The greywacke quarries were not constantly or intensively exploited. The fact that the stone was used in private or royal statuary and not as a building stone could have caused its demand to be less than that of other materials such as granite, limestone or sandstone. Inscriptions indicated the time lapse between expeditions suggesting that this stone was only quarried when it was needed, which was not on a regular basis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seated Cleopatra in Nineteenth Century American Sculpture
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1997 The Seated Cleopatra in Nineteenth Century American Sculpture Kelly J. Gotschalk Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4350 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. APPROVAL CERTIFICATE The Seated Cleopatra in Nineteenth Century AmericanSculpture by Kelly J. Gotschalk Director of Graduate Studies � Dean, School of the Arts Dean, School of Graduate Studies �////PP? Date THE SEATED CLEOPATRA INNINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN SCULPTURE by Kelly J. Gotschalk B.F.A., Virginia Commonwealth University, 1990 Submitted to the Faculty of the School of the Arts of Virginia Commonwealth University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements forthe Degree Master of Arts Richmond, Virginia November, 1997 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Fredrika Jacobs and Dr. Charles Brownell fortheir invaluable guidance andendless encouragement in the preparation of this thesis. I would also like to thank my husband, Tom Richards, and my family for their constant support and understanding. In addition, my sincere thanks to my co-workers, Amanda Wilson, Christin Jones and Laurel Hayward fortheir friendship, proofreadingand accommodating a few spur-of-the-moment research trips. ii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. iv ABSTRACT ......................................... V JNTRODUCTION.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyramid of Unas : 11 Unas (Unis)(C. 2356
    11 : Pyramid of Unas . Unas (Unis)(c. 2356 - 2323 BC) was the last king of the Fifth Dynasty. The pyramid dedicated to this king lies to the south of the Step Pyramid. The Pyramid of Unas (Unis) is in poor condition however, the burial chambers are worth the visit. In this chamber, you will find the earliest Egyptian funerary texts carved into the walls and filled with a blue pigment. These are referred to as the Pyramid Texts. They are the rituals and hymns that were said during the in the walls of the pyramids. burial. Before this time, nothing was engraved The pyramid, when it was complete stood about 62 ft (18.5 m). The core of the pyramid was loose blocks and rubble and the casing was of limestone. Today it looks like a pile of dirt and rubble, especially from the east side. Although the outside of the pyramid is in ruin, the inside is still sound. You may enter the pyramid from the north side. Trying to block the way, are three huge slabs of granite. Once inside the chamber, you will find the Pyramid Texts that were intended to help the pharaoh's soul in the afterworld. They were to help the soul find Re, the sun god. 12 : Pyramid of Pepi II . South Saqqara is completely separate from Saqqara. It is located about 1km south of the pyramid of Sekhemkhet, which is the most southern of all the pyramids in Saqqara. South Saqqara was founded in the 6th Dynasty (2345 - 2181 BC) by the pharaohs.
    [Show full text]