Königsgräber 5. Dynastie Propylaeumdok
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Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”
“Was the function of the earliest writing in Egypt utilitarian or ceremonial? Does the surviving evidence reflect the reality?” Article written by Marsia Sfakianou Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom..........................2 How writing began.........................................................................................................4 Scopes of early Egyptian writing...................................................................................6 Ceremonial or utilitarian? ..............................................................................................7 The surviving evidence of early Egyptian writing.........................................................9 Bibliography/ references..............................................................................................23 Links ............................................................................................................................23 Album of web illustrations...........................................................................................24 1 Map of Egypt. Late Predynastic Period-Early Dynastic (Grimal, 1994) Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom (from the appendix of Grimal’s book, 1994, p 389) 4500-3150 BC Predynastic period. 4500-4000 BC Badarian period 4000-3500 BC Naqada I (Amratian) 3500-3300 BC Naqada II (Gerzean A) 3300-3150 BC Naqada III (Gerzean B) 3150-2700 BC Thinite period 3150-2925 BC Dynasty 1 3150-2925 BC Narmer, Menes 3125-3100 BC Aha 3100-3055 BC -
Missing Royal Boat Graves at Abusir? 714 MIROSLAV VERNER
INSTITUT DES CULTURES MÉDITERRANÉENNES ET ORIENTALES DE L’ACADÉMIE POLONAISE DES SCIENCES ÉTUDES et TRAVAUX XXVI 2013 MIROSLAV VERNER Missing Royal Boat Graves at Abusir? 714 MIROSLAV VERNER Burials of boats in the Old Kingdom pyramid complexes rank among a number of questions which have been debated for a long time but, so far, have not as yet had any satisfactory answers.1 For example, it remains to be explained why such fundamental questions as the meaning of these boats (which might have changed in the course of time), the fl uctuating number of boats buried in one pyramid complex, the absence of boat graves in some pyramid complexes, etc., have not been answered. This brief article does not strive to tackle all these complex problems. Rather, it seeks to deal with only one archaeological aspect of the boat graves concerning the royal cemetery at Abusir. Not surprisingly, an impetus for this refl ection was provided by the Abusir papyri. Among the papyri coming from Neferirkare’s mortuary temple archive there are two fragments (one of them, 31 A, is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo whereas the second one, 31 B, is in the British Museum in London) the texts of which directly refer to the funerary boats which had originally been part of Neferirkare’s pyramid complex.2 The text on fragment B specifi es that the boats were two and were called the South Boat and the North Boat. Moreover, the text also mentions the extent of damage revealed during the inspection of the South Boat. -
Alexandrea Ad Aegyptvm the Legacy of Multiculturalism in Antiquity
Alexandrea ad aegyptvm the legacy of multiculturalism in antiquity editors rogério sousa maria do céu fialho mona haggag nuno simões rodrigues Título: Alexandrea ad Aegyptum – The Legacy of Multiculturalism in Antiquity Coord.: Rogério Sousa, Maria do Céu Fialho, Mona Haggag e Nuno Simões Rodrigues Design gráfico: Helena Lobo Design | www.hldesign.pt Revisão: Paula Montes Leal Inês Nemésio Obra sujeita a revisão científica Comissão científica: Alberto Bernabé, Universidade Complutense de Madrid; André Chevitarese, Universidade Federal, Rio de Janeiro; Aurélio Pérez Jiménez, Universidade de Málaga; Carmen Leal Soares, Universidade de Coimbra; Fábio Souza Lessa, Universidade Federal, Rio de Janeiro; José Augusto Ramos, Universidade de Lisboa; José Luís Brandão, Universidade de Coimbra; Natália Bebiano Providência e Costa, Universidade de Coimbra; Richard McKirahan, Pomona College, Claremont Co-edição: CITCEM – Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar «Cultura, Espaço e Memória» Via Panorâmica, s/n | 4150-564 Porto | www.citcem.org | [email protected] CECH – Centro de Estudos Clássicos e Humanísticos | Largo da Porta Férrea, Universidade de Coimbra Alexandria University | Cornice Avenue, Shabty, Alexandria Edições Afrontamento , Lda. | Rua Costa Cabral, 859 | 4200-225 Porto www.edicoesafrontamento.pt | [email protected] N.º edição: 1152 ISBN: 978-972-36-1336-0 (Edições Afrontamento) ISBN: 978-989-8351-25-8 (CITCEM) ISBN: 978-989-721-53-2 (CECH) Depósito legal: 366115/13 Impressão e acabamento: Rainho & Neves Lda. | Santa Maria da Feira [email protected] Distribuição: Companhia das Artes – Livros e Distribuição, Lda. [email protected] Este trabalho é financiado por Fundos Nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia no âmbito do projecto PEst-OE/HIS/UI4059/2011 manetho and the history of egypt luís manuel de Araújo University of Lisbon. -
Report on the Evolution of Funerary Architecture from Predynastic Pit-Graves, Through
Report on the evolution of funerary architecture from predynastic pit-graves, through the "mastaba tombs" introduced in the Nagada II period, to the pyramid complexes of the Old Kingdom (Using Abusir pyramid complex to describe the significance of its main elements). The House of Death is for Life, Eternally Napoleon enthused to the Armee d'Orient “Soldats! Du haute de ces Pyramides, 40 siècles nous contemplent". Bonaparte intimately understood the significance of the structures especially the administration and organization required to make these magnificent tombs possible. Pyramids are the visible apex of Egyptian burial practices. Are knowledge is considerably more than Napoleon’s but we are continuing to enhance our understanding of the environment that made them possible and required. The physical structures are linked inextricably to the people’s ideology and their belief that physical life was the preparation for their eternal spiritual life. Predynastic and early Dynastic Egypt’s funerary architecture can be traced though a progression of improvements, each a distinct enhancement to burial practices. Redford (2001, volume 1, p.61) writes that the history of Egypt’s extant burials can be dated to “...the oldest cemetery in the Nile Valley (Gebel Sahaba)” c.12000-9000 BCE of a semi-nomadic tribe; bodies were buried within a shallow pit and in a contracted position. This practice "… continued to be used for the poor throughout Egyptian history" (David, 1988, p.35), although the orientation of bodies differed (see Figure-1). Established tribes waned, probably because of climatic change, until c.6000 BCE with the origins of settled communities. -
“Funerary Boats and Boat Pits of the Old Kingdom.” Abusir and Saqqara In
ARCHIV ORIENTALNf Quarterly Journal of African and Asian Studies Volume 70 Number 3 August 2002 PRAHA ISSN 0044-8699 Archiv orientalni Quarterly Journal of African and Asian Studies Volume 70 (2002) No.3 Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2001 Proceedings of the Symposium (Prague, September 25th-27th, 2001) - Bdited by Filip Coppens, Czech National Centre of Bgyptology Contents Opening Address (LadisZav BareS) . .. 265-266 List of Abbreviations 267-268 Hartwig AZtenmiiller: Funerary Boats and Boat Pits of the Old Kingdom 269-290 The article deals with the problem of boats and boat pits of royal and non-royal provenance. Start- ing from the observation that in the Old Kingdom most of the boats from boat gra ves come in pairs or in a doubling of a pair the boats of the royal domain are compared with the pictorial representa- tions of the private tombs of the Old Kingdom where the boats appear likewise in pairs and in ship convoys. The analysis of the ship scenes of the non-royal tomb complexes of the Old Kingdom leads to the result that the boats represented in the tomb decoration of the Old Kingdom are used during the night and day voyage of the tomb owner. Accordingly the ships in the royal boat graves are considered to be boats used by the king during his day and night journey. MirosZav Barta: Sociology of the Minor Cemeteries during the Old Kingdom. A View from Abusir South 291-300 In this contribution, the Abusir evidence (the Fetekty cemetery from the Late Fifth Dynasty) is used to demonstrate that the notions of unstratified cemeteries for lower rank officials and of female burials from the residential cemeteries is inaccurate. -
Astronomy, Topography and Dynastic History in the Age of the Pyramids
Astronomy, topography and dynastic history in the Age of the Pyramids. Giulio Magli Faculty of Civil Architecture - Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy It is known since the 19 century that in the layout of the pyramid field of the pharaohs of the 4 th Egyptian dynasty at Giza, a “main axis” exists. Indeed, the south-east corners of these monuments align towards the site of the temple of Heliopolis, which was plainly visible in ancient times. It was later discovered that a similar situation occurs in the main pyramid field of the subsequent dynasty at Abu Sir. Here, the north-west corners of three chronologically successive pyramids again voluntarily align towards Heliopolis. However, the temple was in this case not visible, due to the rock outcrop- today occupied by the Cairo citadel - which blocks the view. In the present paper, a multi-disciplinary approach based on historical, topographical and archaeoastronomical analysis is developed in an attempt at understanding this peculiar feature, which governed from the very beginning the planning of such wonderful monuments. A general pattern actually arises, which appears to have inspired the choice of the sites and the disposition on the ground of almost all the funerary complexes of the kings during the Old Kingdom. 1. Introduction An interesting feature exists in the layouts of the pyramids of Giza and Abu Sir: the presence of a “main axis” directed to the area where the ancient temple of the sun of Heliopolis once stood, on the opposite bank of the Nile. These axes are connected with a process of “solarisation” of the pharaoh which probably started with Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid. -
Astronomy, Topography and Dynastic History in the Age of the Pyramids
Astronomy, topography and dynastic history in the Age of the Pyramids. Giulio Magli Faculty of Civil Architecture - Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy [email protected] It is known since the 19 th century that in the layout of the pyramid field of the pharaohs of the 4th Egyptian dynasty at Giza, a “main axis” exists. Indeed, the south-east corners of these monuments align towards the site of the temple of Heliopolis, which was plainly visible in ancient times. It was later discovered that a similar situation occurs in the main pyramid field of the subsequent dynasty at Abu Sir. Here, the north-west corners of three chronologically successive pyramids again voluntarily align towards Heliopolis. However, the temple was in this case not visible, due to the rock outcrop- today occupied by the Cairo citadel - which blocks the view. In the present paper, a multi-disciplinary approach based on historical, topographical and archaeoastronomical analysis is developed in an attempt at understanding this peculiar feature, which governed from the very beginning the planning of such wonderful monuments. A general pattern arises, which appears to have inspired the choice of the sites and the design of almost all the funerary complexes of the kings of the 4 th and the 5th Egyptians dynasties. This pattern is deeply connected with religion, funerary cult and dynastic lineage, but also - probably - with astronomical knowledge. 1. Introduction It is very well known that an interesting feature exists in the layouts of the pyramids of the 4th and the 5th dynasties in Giza and Abu Sir: the presence of a “main axis” (Lehner 1999, Verner 2002). -
Sons of the Sun: Rise and Decline of the Fifth Dynasty PDF Book
SONS OF THE SUN: RISE AND DECLINE OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Miroslav Verner | 306 pages | 01 Mar 2015 | Czech Institute of Egyptology | 9788073085414 | English | Praha, Czech Republic Sons of the Sun: Rise and Decline of the Fifth Dynasty PDF Book The western tomb was built subsequently to the eastern one and seems to have served to bury another woman. Return to Home. This cult seems to have disappeared at the end of the Old Kingdom period, although it might have been revived during the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom , albeit in a very limited form. Book Reviews. The ruins known today as Lepsius XXV constitute not one but two large adjacent tombs built as a single monument on the south-eastern edge of the Abusir necropolis. The temple was entered from the eastern side following a long causeway which departed from a valley temple located closer to the Nile. Fragments of reliefs from the mortuary temple of Sahure showing Neferirkare as a prince. Nyuserre furthermore received special attention from at least two of his successors during this period: Djedkare Isesi either restored or completed his funerary temple, [note 30] [] and Pepi II Neferkare erected a door jamb bearing an inscription mentioning both his first Sed festival and Nyuserre in the latter's valley temple, a close association meant to "evidence the pretended association of the king with his forefather". It provides a very readable and informative survey for the Egyptian enthusiast and for the general reader. Tome 1 PDF. While graffiti left by the builders indicate that the construction of this pyramid dates to the later part of Nyuserre's reign and took place under the direction of vizier Ptahshepses, [] the name of the queen for whom the pyramid was intended is lost. -
The Twelfth Dynasty, Whose Capital Was Lisht
استمارة تقييم الرسائل البحثية ملقرر دراس ي اوﻻ : بيانات تمﻷ بمعرفة الطالب اسم الطالب : مصطفى طه علي سليمان كلية : اﻷداب الفرقة/املستوى : اﻷولى الشعبة : شعبة عامة اسم املقرر : English كود املقرر: .. استاذ املقرر : د.آيات الخطيب - د.محمد حامد عمارة البريد اﻻلكترونى للطالب : [email protected] عنوان الرسالة البحثية : The History of the Ancient Egypt ثانيا: بيانات تمﻷ بمعرفة لجنة املمتحنيين هل الرسالة البحثية املقدمة متشابة جزئيا او كليا ☐ نعم ☐ ﻻ فى حالة اﻻجابة بنعم ﻻ يتم تقييم املشروع البحثى ويعتبر غير مجاز تقييم املشروع البحثى م عناصر التقييم الوزن التقييم النسبى 1 الشكل العام للرسالة البحثية 2 تحقق املتطلبات العلمية املطلوبة 3 يذكر املراجع واملصادر العلمية 4 الصياغة اللغوية واسلوب الكتابة جيد نتيجة التقييم النهائى /100 ☐ ناجح ☐ راسب توقيع لجنة التقييم 1. .2 .3 .4 .5 بسم هللا الرمحن الرحي "المقدمة" The history of ancient Egypt spans the period from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern Nile valley to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The pharaonic period, the period in which Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh, is dated from the 32nd century BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC. The historical records of ancient Egypt begin with Egypt as a unified state, which occurred sometime around 3150 BC. According to Egyptian tradition, Menes, thought to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt, was the first king. This Egyptian culture, customs, art expression, architecture, and social structure were closely tied to religion, remarkably stable, and changed little over a period of nearly 3000 years. -
"Royal Statuary," Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids
EGYPTIAN ART IN THE AGE OF THE PYRAMIDS THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW YORK DISTRIBUTED BY HARRY N. ABRAMS, INC., NEW YORK This volume has been published in ulIljunction 1\\1 ri~brs reserwd. No pari 01 Ibis pnhli":II;on 'I'Llnsl:lli,,,,, Iwnl tbe I:relll·b hy .I:III1l·S p. Allen with the exhibition «Egyptian Art in the Age of Illay he reproduced or 'T:lIlSlllilled hy any Ill"ans, of essays hy Nadine CIl<'rpion and .Iean-Philipl'" the Pyramids," organized by The Metropolitan electronic or mechanical, indllding phorocopyin~, I.ann; hy .Iobn McDonald of essays by Niu,las Museum of Art, New York; the Reunion des recording, or information retrieval system, with Crilllal, I\ndran I.abrollsse, .Ie'lIl I.edant, and musees nationaux, Paris; and the Royal Ontario out permission from the publishers. Christiane Ziegler; by Jane Marie Todd and Museum, Toronto, and held at the Gaieries Catharine H. Roehrig of entries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, from April 6 John P. O'Neill, Editor in Chief to July 12, 1999; The Metropolitan Museum of Carol Fuerstein, Editor, with the assistance of Maps adapted by Emsworth Design, Inc., from Art, New York, from September 16, 1999, to Ellyn Childs Allison, Margaret Donovan, and Ziegler 1997a, PI'. 18, 19 January 9, 2000; and the Royal Ontario Museum, Kathleen Howard Toronto, from February 13 to May 22, 2000. Patrick Seymour, Designer, after an original con Jacket/cover illustration: Detail, cat. no. 67, cept by Bruce Campbell King Menkaure and a Queen Gwen Roginsky and Hsiao-ning Tu, Production Frontispiece: Detail, cat. -
Djedkare's Pyramid Complex
PES XIX_2017_reports_3-89_PES 14.12.17 9:32 Stránka 37 DJEDKARE’S PYRAMID COMPLEX PES XIX/2017 3 7 Fig. 1 The pyramid complex of King Djedkare in South Saqqara, with the Dahshur pyramids in the background (photo H. Vymazalová) Djedkare’s pyramid complex: Preliminary report of the 2016 season Mohamed Megahed – Peter Jánosi – Hana Vymazalová Documentation work carried out by the Egyptian mission in the pyramid complex of King Djedkare at South Saqqara continued between October 8 and November 10, 2016 (fig. 1). It was noticed during the earlier documentation seasons that the only available architectural plans of the pyramid complex, which were published by the Italian architects Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi in 1962 and 1977, not only contain a number of inaccuracies, but are also inconsistent among themselves (Megahed 2011a; Megahed 2011b; Megahed 2014; Megahed et al. 2016; Megahed 2016: 13–14, 81; Megahed – Jánosi 2017). Therefore, it is the aim of the current Egyptian mission to confirm or correct their plan in the areas of the mortuary temple of Djedkare, excavated in the 1940s and 1950s. In addition, the mission intends to protect, consolidate and restore the royal monument as well as the surrounding structures including non-royal tombs. The work in 2016 concentrated on four areas of the The magazine rooms to the south of the entrance hall pyramid complex:1 (pr-wrw) (T.f 3–9) 1. The magazine rooms to the south of the entrance hall (pr-wrw) (T.f 3–9); Temple area T.f features two distinct parts (see fig. 2). -
Ancient Egyptian Handout with Answers
Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 I. Ancient Egyptian Painting of Nefertari, with her titles, from her tomb, QV66. New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty (ca. 1255 BCE) ḏd mdw in wsir ḥm.t nsw.t wr.t (nfr.t-iry mr.t n Mw.t)| m3‘.t ḫrw Words spoken by the Osiris, Great Wife of the King, Nefertari, beloved of (the goddess) Mut, True of Voice (deceased). Vocabulary: ḏd: spoken, mdw: words, in: by, wsir: Osiris, ḥm.t: wife, nsw.t: king, wr.t: great, nfr.t-iry: Nefertari, mr.t n: Beloved of, Mw.t: Mut (Goddess), m3‘.t: true, ḫrw: voice. 1 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 Statue of Nofret, with her titles, Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty (ca. 2500 BCE) rḫ(.t) nsw.t nfr.t The acquaintance of the King, Nofret Remember honorific transposition god’s names (and here the king’s name) are often written first, even though they are pronounced last. rḫ(.t): a (female) acquaintance (She was the wife of the king’s brother) nsw.t: king nfr.t: Nofret (Neferet) 2 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 I. Uniliteral Signs (Sign, Transliteration (Manuel de Codage), Notes) “Aleph” “dotted h” 3 ḥ Vulture twisted lamp wick (A) (H) i “yod” ḫ “third h” unknown, reed leaf suggested that it (i) (x) might be a placenta 2 reed leafs, “fourth h” ẖ Diagonal strokes The udder of an y or (X) animal “ayin” 1) folded cloth Ꜥ s arm and hand 2) a door bolt (a) or (originally a separate “z” sound) “waw” “shin” š 1) Quail chick, a pool of water, w or 2) coil (S) sounds like “sh” lower leg and foot “qoph” b ḳ a hill (q) stool a wicker basket p k horned viper a pottery stand with f g a pot on it 1) owl “t-loaf” m t 2) ? a loaf of bread “feminine ending” or 1) water “second t” 2) Red Crown of ṯ a rope hobble for n Lower Egypt animals, sounds like (T) “tj” or “tch” or “of” mouth a hand r d A reed shelter or “second d” ḏ courtyard seen from a cobra, h above (D) sounds like “dj” 3 Benjamin Daniels, Early Writing Systems, Berkeley Splash, 2018 II.