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On the Origins of the Cartouche and Encircling Symbolism in Old

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On the Origins of the Cartouche and Encircling Symbolism in Old On the Origins of the Cartouche and Encircling Symbolism in Old Kingdom Pyramids David Ian Lightbody Access Archaeology aeopr ch es r s A A y c g c e o l s o s e A a r c Ah Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-657-8 ISBN 978-1-78969-658-5 (e-Pdf) © David Ian Lightbody and Archaeopress 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Frontispiece (above). Representation of a “cosmic frame” panel inscribed on a travertine/ (J\SWLDQDODEDVWHUMDUGHGLFDWHGWR3HSL,0HU\UHRQWKHRFFDVLRQRI KLVÀUVWKHEVHG (gyptian Museum Berlin, ÄM 7715). The text reads, from right column to left and from top to bottom: ´7KHEHDXWLIXOS\UDPLGRI 3HSLLVHQGXULQJWKHOLYLQJ+RUXVEHORYHGRI WKHWZRODQGVnswt-bity, 3HSLVRQRI 5H$QRIIHULQJRI QHYHUHQGLQJHQFLUFOLQJSURWHFWLRQOLIHDQGGRPLQLRQJLYHQOLIH VWDELOLW\DQGGRPLQLRQIRUHYHU2QWKHRFFDVLRQRI WKHÀUVWKHEVHGµ7KLVSDQHOGHPRQVWUDWHV the close relationship between the pharaoh’s names, cults, and architecture. The architectural aspect is manifested by the palace façade serekh and by the name of the pyramid. The symbolism of the piece alludes to the dual eternal and ephemeral nature of the pharaoh, and the vessel would have been used in the pharaoh’s cult at the new pyramid complex. It was found in his mortuary temple LQ6RXWK6DTTDUD '/LJKWERG\ Cover image.+LHURJO\SKVZLWKLQDVKHQULQJSnnt mr Hwt-nTr; stating that “[This] pyramid and temple are encircled”. The text is from Pyramid Text PT 534 §1277, found at the entrance to the pyramid of 3HSL,0HU\UHLQ6RXWK6DTTDUD '/LJKWERG\ Contents Figures Page 2 Conventions Page 4 Abbreviations Page 5 Acknowledgements Page 6 Foreword Page 7 Introduction Page 9 Architectural expressions of encircling symbolism (DUO\'\QDVWLF3HULRG G\QDVWLHV2QHDQG7ZR 3DJH 7KLUG'\QDVW\3DJH )RXUWK'\QDVW\3DJH )LIWK'\QDVW\3DJH 6L[WK'\QDVW\3DJH /DWHUNLQJGRPV3DJH Conclusions Page 67 Glossary Page 68 Catalogue Page 69 Addendum: A mathematical note Page 80 Bibliography Page 84 Index Page 90 2 Lightbody Figures )LJXUH'HQ·VKHEVHGVFHQH(ERQ\\HDUODEHOIURPKLVWRPELQ$E\GRV )LJXUH'HQ·VVKHQ7KHÀUVWNQRZQGHSLFWLRQRI DVKHQULQJIURPKLVWRPELQ$E\GRV )LJXUH,FRQRJUDSKLFDUUDQJHPHQWLQFOXGLQJDVKHQULQJIURPWKHUHLJQRI.KDVHNKHPZ\ )LJXUH6WHS3\UDPLGHQFORVXUHZDOOJHRPHWU\ )LJXUH+HEVHGUHOLHIJURXSIURPWKH6WHS3\UDPLGVXEWHUUDQHDQFKDPEHUV )LJXUH1LFKHIUDPHLFRQRJUDSK\IURPWKH6WHS3\UDPLG )LJXUH)UDPHFRUQHUVKHQULQJIURPWKH6WHS3\UDPLGUHOLHI )LJXUH6WDWXHRIVWROLVW SULHVW $QNKZLWKVKHQULQJFROODU )LJXUH6QHIUX·VFDUWRXFKHDQGVHUHNKWRJHWKHU )LJXUH0HLGXPS\UDPLG·VH[WHULRUJHRPHWU\ )LJXUH%HQW3\UDPLG·VPRUWXDU\WHPSOH )LJXUH%HQW3\UDPLG·VUHFRYHUHGVWHOH )LJXUH%HQW3\UDPLG·VWZRVWHOHVUHFRQVWUXFWHG )LJXUH,FRQRJUDSKLFDUUDQJHPHQWIURPIXUQLWXUHEHORQJLQJWR+HWHSKHUHV )LJXUH*UHDWS\UDPLG·VH[WHULRUJHRPHWU\ )LJXUH5HOLHI IURP.KXIX·VS\UDPLGUHXVHGLQ/LVKW )LJXUH.KXIX·V.LQJ·V&KDPEHU·VLQWHUQDOJHRPHWU\ )LJXUH7KHVHPDWDZLPRWLI )LJXUH5HOLHI DUUDQJHPHQWLQFOXGLQJGHSLFWLRQRI .KXIXHQWKURQHGIURP+DWQXE )LJXUH3KRWRJUDSKVRI WKHSDLURI VFHQHVRQWKHVLGHVRI0HQNDXUH·VHQWKURQHGVWDWXH )LJXUH/LQHGUDZLQJVRI WKHSDLURI VFHQHVRQWKHVLGHVRI0HQNDXUH·VHQWKURQHGVWDWXH )LJXUH/D\RXWRI WKHÀQDO*L]DSODWHDXJHRPHWULFJURXQGSODQ )LJXUH7ULDGVWDWXHRI 0HQNDXUHÁDQNHGE\+DWKRUDQGWKH&\QRSROLVQRPHJRGGHVV )LJXUH0HNDXUH·VFDUWRXFKH )LJXUH8VHUNKDI·VUHOLHI WKDWZDVUHXVHGDW/LVKW )LJXUH,FRQRJUDSKLFSDQHOVFDUYHGRQJUDQLWHFROXPQVDWWKHS\UDPLGRI 6DKXUH Encircling Symbolism 3 )LJXUH(QWU\IURPWKH3DOHUPR6WRQHGHVFULELQJULWXDOVRI HQFLUFOHPHQWDQGXQLÀFDWLRQ )LJXUH(QWU\IURPWKH$EXVLUSDS\ULGHVFULELQJDULWXDOFLUFXLWIROORZHGE\WKHSULHVWV )LJXUH6WDWXHRI1HIHUHIUHSURWHFWHGDQGHQFLUFOHGE\+RUXVZLWKVKHQV )LJXUH@sYDVHIURPWKHUHLJQRI 1HIHULUNDUH )LJXUH/LQHGUDZLQJRI WKHWUDYHUWLQHMDUFDUU\LQJLFRQRJUDSK\DVVRFLDWHGZLWK8QDVLQWKH /RXYUH )LJXUH3KRWRJUDSKVRI WKHWUDYHUWLQHMDUGHGLFDWHGWR8QDVLQWKH/RXYUH )LJXUH/LQHGUDZLQJRI WUDYHUWLQHERZOGHGLFDWHGWR8QDVQRZLQ&KLFDJR2ULHQWDO,QVWLWXWH )LJXUH3KRWRJUDSKRI WKHWUDYHUWLQHERZODVVRFLDWHGZLWK8QDVQRZLQ&KLFDJR2ULHQWDO Institute. )LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRI WKHVRODUV\PEROLVPRI WKHWUDYHUWLQHYHLQLQJRQWKHWZRYHVVHOV )LJXUH5HFRQVWUXFWHGVHUYLQJERZOIURPWKHUHLJQRI 3HSL,,1HIHUNDUH )LJXUH7KH3\UDPLG7H[WVPDQLIHVWULWXDOFRQFHSWVLQVWRQHXVLQJKLHURJO\SKV )LJXUH&ODXVHIURP37GHVFULELQJWKHHQFLUFOHPHQWRIWKHS\UDPLGDQGLWVWHPSOH )LJXUH$OLQHIURP7HWL·V3\UDPLG7H[WVGHVFULELQJHQFLUFOLQJULWXDOFRQFHSWV )LJXUH0LGGOH.LQJGRPFRIÀQIURPWKH1<0HWURSROLWDQ0XVHXPLQFRUSRUDWLQJVKHQ iconography. )LJXUH7KHFDUWRXFKHVKDSHGVDUFRSKDJXVRI 7XWKPRVLV,,, )LJXUH6FHQHVKRZLQJ1HSKWK\VZLWKDVKHQULQJDWWKHIRRWRIWKHFDUWRXFKHVKDSHG sarcophagus of Hatshepsut, recut for her father Tuthmosis I. )LJXUH&DUWRQQDJHPXPP\FDVLQJZLWKrishi decoration belonging to lady Tabes of the 22nd dynasty. )LJXUH6DUFRSKDJXVRI7DXVUHW7DZRVUHWDQG$PHQKHUNKHSHVKHI )LJXUH6FHQHIURPWKHDUFKHGHQGZDOORI WKHthG\QDVW\WRPERI 6HQQHGMHPDW'HLUHO Medina. )LJXUH6FHQHIURPWKHth dynasty stele of Montuher. )LJXUH$([DPSOHVKRZLQJKRZWRFDOFXODWHWKHDUHDRIDFLUFOHIURP503SUREOHP 4 Lightbody om;mঞomv After the introduction, the text and chapters of this book are arranged in chronological order. The illustrations of the relevant artifacts and monuments are distributed through the text and are numbered according to the dynasty in which the piece or building was created, and then by the RUGHULQZKLFKWKHLWHPLVGLVFXVVHGLQWKHFKDSWHU)RUH[DPSOH )LJXUH UHIHUVWRLWHPLQ the chapter covering dynasty 2. The depictions, therefore, correspond rigorously to the sections covering the dynasty in which the subject matter was created. Towards the end of the book is an DGGLWLRQDOVHFWLRQLOOXVWUDWLQJDQGGLVFXVVLQJUHODWHGDUWLIDFWVIURPWKH0LGGOHDQG1HZ.LQJGRPV 7KHVHODWHUH[DPSOHVZKLFKZHUHQRWFUHDWHGGXULQJG\QDVWLHVWKDWDUHWKHIRFXVRI WKLVVWXG\ DOOKDYHDVWKHÀUVWGLJLWLQWKHELSDUWLWHÀJXUHFRGH7KDWQXPEHUGRHVQRWDFWXDOO\UHIHUWRG\QDVW\ DQGLVRQO\XVHGWRPDLQWDLQFKURQRORJLFDORUGHU7KHWDEOHRI ÀJXUHVRQWKHSUHYLRXVWZRSDJHV VHWVRXWWKHWLWOHVRI WKHLOOXVWUDWLRQVWKHRUGHULQZKLFKWKH\DSSHDUDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJÀJXUH numbers. 7KHDFURQ\PV%&DQG$'DUHXVHGWKURXJKRXW7KLVLVWKHDXWKRU·VSUHIHUHQFHGXHWRWKHIRUFH of habit, and it is retained on the basis that C.E. and B.C.E. seem to lack some degree of clarity, and take up more space on the pages and in tables. The terms “pharaoh” and “pharaonic” are used extensively in this work to refer to the rulers of 8SSHUDQG/RZHU(J\SWDQGWKHLUFXOWXUHIRUWKHZKROHG\QDVWLFHUD7KH(J\SWLDQURRWVRI WKH English word pharaoh, pr-a3´JUHDWKRXVHµZHUHQRWXVHGWRUHIHUWRDSHUVRQXQWLOWKH1HZ .LQJGRPDQGVRUHIHUULQJWRWKHUXOHUDVD´SKDUDRKµRUDQ\WKLQJDV´SKDUDRQLFµPD\QRWVHHP DSSURSULDWHIRUWKH2OG.LQJGRPSHULRG7KHDOWHUQDWLYH(QJOLVKZRUG´NLQJµKRZHYHUZDVQHYHU used to refer to any Egyptian ruler during Antiquity. As will be discussed in this current work, the ancient Egyptian system of leadership was intimately tied to the landscape, history, and culture of WKHORZHU1LOH9DOOH\LQDZD\WKDWGLGQRWDSSO\LQRWKHUUHJLRQV7KHXVHRI DXQLTXHWHUPWKDW has its roots in ancient Egypt, and which alludes to the architecture of ancient Egypt as well as the Egyptian ruler, means that the word “pharaoh” is most appropriate for the current context. The ZRUG´SKDUDRQLFµUHIHUVWRWKHXQLTXHRUJDQL]DWLRQDOV\VWHPLQZKLFKWKH´SKDUDRKµH[LVWHG Encircling Symbolism 5 00u;b-ঞomv AIA Archaeological Institute of America. ASAE Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte. $8& American University in Cairo. BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale. BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis. BMFA Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts. BSAE British School of Archaeology in Egypt. CAJ Cambridge Archaeological Journal. '( Discussions in Egyptology. EES Egypt Exploration Society. GM Göttinger Miszellen. IFAO l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale. JAEA Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture. JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. -1(6 Journal of Near Eastern Studies. JSSEA Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities. 0'$,. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo. 0'2* Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, Berlin/Leipzig. OMRO Oudheidkundige mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden. PM 3RUWHU%DQG0RVV57RSRJUDSKLFDO%LEOLRJUDSK\2[IRUG*ULIÀWK,QVWLWXWH ZÄS Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 6 Lightbody Acknowledgements This work could not have been completed without the help of many friends and colleagues over the last decade. They have helped me collect and understand information relating to this new study of the ancient world. In particular, I want to thank Amy Wilson, Franck Monnier, Jon Bodsworth, $QNH:HEEHU$QJHOD0F'RQDOG5R]HQQ%DLOOHXO/H6XHUWKHODWH*OHQ'DVKWKHODWH(GZLQ& %URFN(GZDUG%URYDUVNL-DQQLN.RUWH.ULVWD0R\OV$QQH6Q\GHU3D\QHDQG.HLWK3D\QH%ULDQ $OP.DWH*LQJHOO+HOHQ0F'RQDOGDQGWKH2ULHQWDO,QVWLWXWHRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI &KLFDJRDQG /DZUHQFH%HUPDQDQGWKH0XVHXPRI )LQH$UWV%RVWRQ0RUHJHQHUDOO\,WKDQNDOOWKRVHVFKRODUV ZKRVHGLOLJHQWUHVHDUFKDQGÀHOGZRUNLQ(J\SWSURGXFHGWKHIRXQGDWLRQRI LQIRUPDWLRQRQZKLFK this current research was built. Many of those scholars are listed in the bibliography, but I would particularly like to single out William Matthew Flinders Petrie as a great inspiration for my research DQGIRUWKLVFXUUHQWVWXG\)LQDOO\,WKDQNP\ZLIH/LQGVD\IRUKHOSLQJPHHGLWWKHGRFXPHQWDQG ÀQGWKHWLPHDQGVSDFHUHTXLUHGWRFRPSOHWHLW ,WKDVEHHQWKHJUHDWHVWSULYLOHJHRI P\LQWHOOHFWXDOOLIHWRZRUNRQWKLVIDVFLQDWLQJVXEMHFW'XHWR WKHSRWHQWLDOVLJQLÀFDQFHRI
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