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Home , 32nd century BC, Djedkare Isesi, Djoser, Double Pyramid, Hor, Khufu

استمارة تقييم الرسائل البحثية ملقرر دراس ي اوال : بيانات تمأل بمعرفة الطالب

اسم الطالب : مصطفى طه علي سليمان كلية : األداب الفرقة/املستوى : األولى الشعبة : شعبة عامة اسم املقرر : English كود املقرر: .. استاذ املقرر : د.آيات الخطيب - د.محمد حامد عمارة

البريد االلكترونى للطالب : [email protected] عنوان الرسالة البحثية : The History of the Ancient

ثانيا: بيانات تمأل بمعرفة لجنة املمتحنيين هل الرسالة البحثية املقدمة متشابة جزئيا او كليا ☐ نعم ☐ ال فى حالة االجابة بنعم ال يتم تقييم املشروع البحثى ويعتبر غير مجاز تقييم املشروع البحثى م عناصر التقييم الوزن التقييم النسبى 1 الشكل العام للرسالة البحثية 2 تحقق املتطلبات العلمية املطلوبة 3 يذكر املراجع واملصادر العلمية 4 الصياغة اللغوية واسلوب الكتابة جيد نتيجة التقييم النهائى /100 ☐ ناجح ☐ راسب

توقيع لجنة التقييم 1. .2 .3 .4 .5

بسم هللا الرمحن الرحي "المقدمة"

The history of spans the period from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern valley to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The pharaonic period, the period in which Egypt was ruled by a , is dated from the 32nd BC, when Upper and were unified, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC.

The historical records of ancient Egypt begin with Egypt as a unified state, which occurred sometime around 3150 BC. According to Egyptian tradition, , thought to have unified , was the first king. This Egyptian culture, customs, art expression, architecture, and social structure were closely tied to religion, remarkably stable, and changed little over a period of nearly 3000 .

During the first Dynasty Egypt flourished and entered its golden age. King 's successor -Aha led an expedition against the . On a tablet, a year is explicitly called 'Year of smiting of Ta-Sety' (i.e. ).[21]. The continued to flourish under Hor-Aha's successors kings and . The most powerful of the pharoahs of the first dynasty however is king . During the reign of kings Den Egypt reached its peak under the rule of the first dynasty. He was the first king to be depicted with double crown of upper and lower Egypt. However, after King Den's death Egypt began to decline and many separatist movements occurred during his successors and Qa'a the last pharoah of the first Dynasty.

"عناصر البحث"

The :-

(Rise of the Old Kingdom- Height of the Old Kingdom)

1) the Third Dynasty.

2) the Fourth Dynasty.

3) the Fifth Dynasty.

4) the Sixth Dynasty.

The Middle Kingdom :-

1) Eleventh Dynasty.

2) Twelfth Dynasty.

New Kingdom :- 1) Eighteenth Dynasty.

2) Nineteenth Dynasty.

3) Twentieth Dynasty.

* Old Kingdom of Egypt:- In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2686-2181 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the " or the "Age of the Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid builders of the Fourth Dynasty- among them King , who perfected the art of pyramid-building, and the kings , and , who constructed the pyramids at . Egypt attained its first sustained peak of civilization during the Old Kingdom-the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods (followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom) which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley. The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as the period from the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC). Information from the Fourth through to the Sixth Dynasties of Egypt is scarce, and regard the history of the era as literally "written in stone" and largely architectural in that it is through the monuments and their inscriptions that scholars have been able to construct a history. Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity, it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period. During the Old Kingdom, the king of Egypt (not called the Pharaoh until the New Kingdom) became a living god who ruled absolutely and could demand the services and wealth of his subjects. Under King , the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, the royal of Egypt was moved to Memphis, where Djoser established his court. A new era of building was initiated at under his reign. King Djoser's architect, , is credited with the development of building with stone and with the conception of the new architectural form-the . The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known for the large number of pyramids constructed at this time as burial places for Egypt's kings. Rise of the Old Kingdom The first King of the Old Kingdom was Djoser (sometime between 2691 and 2625 BC) of the Third Dynasty, who ordered the construction of a pyramid (the Step Pyramid) in Memphis' , Saqqara. An important person during the reign of Djoser was his , Imhotep Head of a king, C.2650-2600 BC,Brooklyn Museum. The earliest representations of Egyptian Kings are on a small scale. From the Third

Dynasty, were made showing the ruler life-size;this head wearing the crown of even surpasses human scale. It was in this era that formerly independent ancient Egyptian states became known as nomes, under the rule of the king. The former rulers were forced to assume the role of governors or otherwise work in collection. in this era worshiped their Pharaoh as a god, believing that he ensured the annual flooding of the Nile that was necessary for their crops. Egyptian views on the nature of time during this period held that the universe worked in cycles, and the Pharaoh on earth worked to ensure the stability of those cycles. They also perceived themselves as a specially selected people. Height of the Old Kingdom The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached a zenith under the Fourth Dynasty (2613-2494 BC), which began with Sneferu (2613–2589 BC). After Djoser, Pharaoh Snefru was the next great pyramid builder. Snefru commissioned the building of not one, but three pyramids. The first is called the pyramid, named for its location in Egypt. Snefru abandoned it after the outside casing fell off of the pyramid. The Meidum pyramid was the first to have an above-ground burial chamber. Using more stones than any other Pharaoh, he built the three pyramids: a now collapsed pyramid in Meidum, the at , and the , at North Dahshur. However, the full development of the pyramid style of building was reached not at Saqqara, but during the building of 'The Great Pyramids' at Giza. Sneferu was succeeded by his son, Khufu (2589–2566 BC), who built the . After Khufu's death, his sons Djedefra (2566– 2558 BC) and Khafra (2558–2532 BC) may have quarrelled. The latter built the second pyramid and (in traditional thinking) the Sphinx in Giza. Recent re-examination of evidence has led Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev to propose that the Sphinx had been built by Djedefra as a monument to his father Khufu. Alternatively, the Sphinx has been proposed to be the work of Khafra and Khufu himself. There were military expeditions into and Nubia, with Egyptian influence reaching up the Nile into what is today the . The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were king Menkaure (2532–2504 BC), who built the smallest pyramid in Giza, (2504–2498 BC) and, perhaps, Djedefptah (2498–2496 BC). * The Fifth Dynasty:-

The Fifth Dynasty (2494–2345 BC) began with (2494–2487 BC) and was marked by the growing importance of the of god . Consequently, fewer efforts were devoted to the construction of pyramid complexes than during the Fourth Dynasty and more to the construction of sun temples in . Userkaf was succeeded by his son (2487–2475 BC) who commanded an expedition to Punt. Sahure was in turn succeeded by Kakai (2475–2455 BC) who was Sahure's son. Neferirkare introduced the in the royal titulary. He was followed by two short-lived kings, his son (2455– 2453 BC) and , the latter of uncertain parentage. Shepseskare may have been deposed by Neferefre's brother Nyuserre (2445–2421 BC), a long lived pharaoh who built extensively in Abusir and restarted royal activity in Giza. The last of the dynasty were Menkauhor Kaiu (2421–2414 BC), (2414–2375 BC) and (2375–2345), the earliest ruler to have the inscribed in his pyramid. Egypt's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony, incense such as and frankincense, , and other useful metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable for navigation of the open sea. They traded with for cedar and travelled the length of the to the Kingdom of Punt-possibly modern day -for ebony, ivory and aromatic resins. builders of that era did not use pegs (treenails) or metal fasteners, but relied on rope to keep their ships assembled. Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and bound together. * the Sixth Dynasty:- During the Sixth Dynasty (2345–2181 BC) the power of pharaoh gradually weakened in favor of powerful nomarchs (regional governors). These no longer belonged to the royal family and their charge became hereditary, thus creating local dynasties largely independent from the central authority of the Pharaoh. However, Nile flood control was still the subject of very large works, including especially the canal to around 2300 BC, which was likely also the source of water to the earlier. The final blow was the 22nd century BC drought in the region that resulted in a drastic drop in precipitation. For at least some years between 2200 and 2150 BC, this prevented the normal flooding of the Nile. Whatever its cause, the collapse of the Old Kingdom was followed by decades of famine and strife. An important inscription on the tomb

of Ankhtifi, a during the early First Intermediate Period, describes the pitiful state of the country when famine stalked the land. * Middle Kingdom:- The Middle Kingdom is the period in the stretching from the 39th regnal year of II of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 and 1650 BC. The period comprises two phases, the Eleventh Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes, and then the Twelfth Dynasty, whose capital was . These two dynasties were originally considered the full extent of this unified kingdom, but some historians now consider the first part of the Thirteenth Dynasty to belong to the Middle Kingdom. * The Eleventh Dynasty:- The earliest pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom traced their origin to two nomarchs of Thebes, Intef the Elder, who served a Heracleopolitan pharaoh of the Tenth Dynasty, and his successor, . The successor of the latter, , was the first Theban nomarch to claim a name and thus the of Egypt. He is considered the first pharaoh of the Eleventh Dynasty. His claims brought the Thebans into conflict with the rulers of the Tenth Dynasty. Intef I and his brother Intef II undertook several campaigns northwards and finally captured the important of Abydos. Mentuhotep II was succeeded by his son, Mentuhotep III, who organized an expedition to Punt. His reign saw the realization of some of the finest Egyptian carvings. Mentuhotep III was succeeded by Mentuhotep IV, the final pharaoh of this dynasty. Despite being absent from various lists of pharaohs, his reign is attested from a few inscriptions in Wadi Hammamat that record expeditions to the Red Sea coast and to quarry stone for the royal monuments. * The Twelfth Dynasty:- From the Twelfth Dynasty onwards, pharaohs often kept well-trained standing armies, which included Nubian contingents. These formed the basis of larger forces which were raised for defence against invasion, or for expeditions up the Nile or across the Sinai. However, the Middle Kingdom was basically defensive in its military strategy, with fortifications built at the First Cataract of the Nile, in the Delta and across the Sinai isthmus. Mentuhotep II and his Eleventh Dynasty successors ruled from Thebes, but the vizier , upon assuming the kingship at the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty around 1985 BC, shifted the kingdom's capital to the city of , located in . From Itjtawy, the kings of the Twelfth

Dynasty undertook a far-sighted land reclamation and irrigation scheme to increase agricultural output in the region. Moreover, the military reconquered territory in Nubia that was rich in quarries and gold mines, while laborers built a defensive structure in the Eastern Delta, called the "Walls-of-the-Ruler", to defend against foreign attack. The reign of Amenemhat III was the height of Middle Kingdom economic prosperity. His reign is remarkable for the degree to which Egypt exploited its resources. Mining camps in the Sinai, which had previously been used only by intermittent expeditions, were operated on a semi-permanent basis, as evidenced by the construction of houses, walls, and even local cemeteries. There are 25 separate references to mining expeditions in the Sinai, and four to expeditions in Wadi Hammamat, one of which had over two thousand workers. Amenemhet reinforced his father's defenses in Nubia and continued the Faiyum land reclamation project. After a reign of 45 years, Amenemhet III was succeeded by Amenemhet IV, whose nine- year reign is poorly attested. Clearly by this time, dynastic power had begun to weaken, for which several explanations have been proposed. Contemporary records of the Nile flood levels indicate that the end of the reign of Amenemhet III was dry, and crop failures may have helped to destabilize the dynasty. Further, Amenemhet III had an inordinately long reign, which tends to create succession problems. The latter argument perhaps explains why Amenemhet IV was succeeded by , the first historically attested female king of Egypt. Sobekneferu ruled no more than four years, and as she apparently had no heirs, when she died the Twelfth Dynasty came to a sudden end as did the Golden Age of the Middle Kingdom. * New Kingdom:- Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the and Egypt, and attain its greatest territorial extent. It expanded far south into Nubia and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern- day . The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbours, including the , Assyria, and Canaan. Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis I and his grandson Tuthmosis III extended the influence of the pharaohs to the largest empire Egypt had

ever seen. Beginning with the rulers of Egypt adopted the title of pharaoh. The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote the god , whose growing cult was based in . They also constructed monuments to glorify their own achievements, both real and imagined. The Karnak temple is the largest ever built. * The Eighteenth Dynasty:- That was founded by I, the brother or son of , the last ruler of the 17th Dynasty. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the Hyksos rulers. His reign is seen as the end of the Second Intermediate Period and the start of the New Kingdom. Ahmose was succeeded by his son, , whose reign was relatively uneventful

Amenhotep I probably left no male heir and the next pharaoh, I, seems to have been related to the royal family through marriage. During his reign the borders of Egypt's empire reached their greatest expanse, extending in the north to on the Euphrates and in the south up to Kurgus beyond the fourth cataract of the Nile. was succeeded by Thutmose II and his queen, , who was the daughter of Thutmose I. After her husband's death and a period of regency for her minor stepson (who would later become pharaoh as Thutmose III) Hatshepsut became pharaoh in her own right and ruled for over twenty years. This was a time of great wealth and power for Egypt. Hatshepsut is unusual as she was a female pharaoh, a rare occurrence in Egyptian history. She was an ambitious and competent leader, extending Egyptian trade south into present-day Somalia and north into the Mediterranean. She ruled for twenty years through a combination of widespread propaganda and deft political skill. Hatshepsut built many projects around Egypt during its reign including the Unfinished of . * The Nineteenth Dynasty:- reigned for two years and was succeeded by his son . Seti I carried on the work of in restoring power, control, and respect to Egypt. After the enormous social upheavals generated by 's religious reform, Horemheb, Ramesses I and Seti I's main priority was to re- establish order in the kingdom and to reaffirm Egypt's sovereignty over Canaan and Syria, which had been compromised by the increasing

external pressures from the Hittite state. Seti, with energy and determination, confronted the several times in battle. Without succeeding in destroying the Hittites as a potential danger to Egypt, he reconquered most of the disputed territories for Egypt and generally concluded his military campaigns with victories. The memory of Seti I's military successes was recorded in some large scenes placed on the front of the temple of Amun, situated in Karnak. A funerary temple for Seti was constructed in what is now known as Qurna ( of Seti I), on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes while a magnificent temple made of white at Abydos featuring exquisite scenes was started by Seti, and later completed by his son. His capital was at Memphis. He was considered a great king by his peers, but his fame has been overshadowed since ancient times by that of his son, Ramesses II. Around 1279 BC, Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, ascended the throne, and went on to build more temples, erect more statues and , and sire more children than any other pharaoh in history. A bold military leader, Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh (in modern Syria) and, after fighting to a stalemate, finally agreed to the first recorded peace treaty, around 1258 BC. *The Twentieth Dynasty:- Egypt's wealth, however, made it a tempting target for invasion, particularly by the Libyan Berbers to the west, and the Sea Peoples, a conjectured confederation of seafarers from the . The first pharoah of this dynasty was . however he only reigned for few years and was succeeded by his son Ramesses III who is widely considered The last "great" pharaoh from the New Kingdom. Ramesses III reigned three decades after the time of Ramesses II (c.1279–1213 BC). In Year 8 of his reign, the Sea People invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles. He claimed that he incorporated them as subject people and settled them in Southern Canaan, although there is evidence that they forced their way into Canaan. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states in this region such as Philistia after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire. He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his Year 6 and Year 11 respectively.

"ملخص البحث"

The subject under the heading "The History of the Ancient Egypt" began with introduction and an entry point to learn "The History of the Ancient Egypt" But the following are covered in the subject are as follows:- The Old Kingdom of Egypt :-

(Rise of the Old Kingdom- Height of the Old Kingdom) 1) the Third Dynasty.

2) the Fourth Dynasty.

3) the Fifth Dynasty. 4) the Sixth Dynasty. The Middle Kingdom :- 1) Eleventh Dynasty. 2) Twelfth Dynasty. New Kingdom :- 1) Eighteenth Dynasty. 2) Nineteenth Dynasty. 3) Twentieth Dynasty.

"قائمة المصادر والمراجع"

1) Gardiner, Alan. Egypt of the Pharaohs. p.202. Oxford University Press, 1964.

2) Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992. p.271 3) The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period. Ryholt. 1997. p. 305. 4) Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and in Ancient Times. p. 156. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1992. 5) Gardiner, Alan. op. cit., p. 203. Oxford University Press, 1964.

6) Book OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 7) Https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki 8) google.

كتاب المادة - كلية اآلداب - قسم علوم المسرح الفرقة األولى - الدكتوه آيات الخطيب , (9 2والدكتور محمد حامد عمارة.