An aeroplane flies over the pyramids and Sphinx on the Giza Plateau near Cairo.

ARCHAEOLOGY The wonder of the pyramids Andrew Robinson enjoys a volume rounding up research on the complex at Giza, Egypt.

n Giza and the Pyramids, veteran Hosni Mubarak. After AERAGRAM 16(2), 8–14; 2015), the tomb’s Egyptologists Mark Lehner and Zahi Mubarak fell from four sides, each a little more than 230 metres Hawass cite an Arab proverb: “Man power during the long, vary by at most just 18.3 centimetres. Ifears time, but time fears the pyramids.” It’s Arab Spring that year, Lehner and Hawass reject the idea that a reminder that the great Egyptian complex Hawass resigned, amid armies of Egyptian slaves constructed the on the Giza Plateau has endured for some controversy. pyramids, as the classical Greek historian four and a half millennia — the last monu- The Giza complex Herodotus suggested. They do, however, ment standing of that classical-era must-see invites speculation embrace the concept that the innovative list, the Seven Wonders of the World. and debate. Its three administrative and social organization Lehner and Hawass have produced an pyramids are the Giza and the demanded by the enormous task of build- astonishingly comprehensive study of the tombs of pharaohs Pyramids ing the complex were key factors in creating excavations and scientific investigations Khufu, Khafre and MARK LEHNER & ZAHI Egyptian civilization. CREATIVE GEOGRAPHIC L. STANFIELD/NATL JAMES that have, over two centuries, uncovered Menkaure, also known HAWASS The authors are also in accord over a the engineering techniques, religious and as Cheops, Chephren Thames & Hudson: theory regarding the purpose of the Giza cultural significance and other aspects of and Mycerinus, 2017. monuments. Lehner noticed that if you stand the Giza site. Three decades in the making, respectively. They near the Sphinx during the summer solstice, the book has undergone many iterations in were built during the Old Kingdom, roughly the Sun appears to set midway between the step with new findings, from tombs to data 2,575 to 2,150 bc. Yet the nearby Sphinx is pyramids of Khufu and Khafre, visually gleaned from the study of clay sealings, plant not referred to in any hieroglyphic inscription echoing a hieroglyph that symbolizes the remains, bakeries, abattoirs and workshops. from that period, and its origin and purpose cycle of life and rebirth. Along with other Both authors have been deeply involved remain unknown. Moreover, Khufu’s tomb, astronomical evidence, this has led him and with the site since the mid-1970s, and they the Great Pyramid, was the tallest artificial Hawass to speculate that the progenitors of often openly agree to disagree on interpre- structure in the world for almost four millen- the complex saw it as a “cosmic engine” — a tations of evidence. Lehner began studying nia, and remains an engineering conundrum. way of harnessing the power of the sun god Giza under the aegis of the Stanford Research It consists of some 2.3 million vast stone Ra to resurrect the soul of the entombed Institute in California, later founding the non- blocks, assembled using methods that can pharaoh (see go.nature.com/2xupsis). profit organization Ancient Egypt Research only be guessed at. The geometry of its base The hundreds of illustrations in the book Associates. Hawass served as Giza’s govern- may not be an exact square as imagined by — from hieroglyphic inscriptions to laser mental chief inspector and, in 2011, as Egypt’s Isaac Newton, but it is not far off. As Lehner scans — reveal other marvels. Photographs first Minister of Antiquities under President and others showed in a 2015 survey (G. Dash of the inner chambers, cores and outer

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BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT

masonry of the pyramids show intriguing details. The inner masonry (which on Khufu’s pyramid was originally faced with polished Books in brief white limestone) is surprisingly irregular and full of holes, “analogous to Swiss cheese”. Code Girls All three pyramids are now being investi- Liza Mundy Hachette (2017) gated, using muon tomography and infrared After the United States’ abrupt entry into the Second World War in thermo­graphy, for the presence of internal 1941, its military recruited a shadow army of code breakers. More voids — a project of international consor- than 10,000 talented female mathematicians and linguists joined tium ScanPyramids­ under the authority of their ranks. As Liza Mundy reveals in this astonishing chronicle, Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities. The group this elite corps helped to shorten the war, building the field of has located two possible cavities of as-yet- cybersecurity. Mundy, who mined US National Security Agency unknown significance in the Great Pyramid. archives and interviewed survivors for the book, joins authors such A fascinating discovery by Lehner and as Margot Lee Shetterly and Nathalia Holt in giving the women Hawass centres on the funerary monument of behind great twentieth-century scientific endeavours their due. Khentkawes, a queen with complicated royal connections who may have ruled during the fourth dynasty, the Old Kingdom’s ‘golden The Aliens Among Us age’. Drilling cores into a depression east of Leslie Anthony Yale University Press (2017) this complex in 2009–14, the team hit a hard Whether it’s Florida’s Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) or Asian surface below the estimated level of the Nile carp in the Great Lakes, invasions of alien species in the United Valley floodplain in that dynasty. They posit States are rising, just as many ecosystems reach critical vulnerability. that this may be evidence of a functioning Tracing the pattern of invasion from introduction to adaptation, harbour — a “pyramid port” that filled during biologist Leslie Anthony explicates the science amid interviews with the annual inundation. (Floods could reach researchers on the front line. He ably cuts through the complexities of the foot of the plateau before 1902, when the controlling species such as Didymosphenia geminata (rock snot algae), first Aswan dam was completed.) and eloquently defines the existential dilemma at the heart of the So, did the pyramid builders ship in stone issue: “They were alien, I was alien; they were nature, I was nature.” by river? That is supported by papyrus rolls found in 2011–13 by French archaeologist Pierre Tallet and his team, who were excavat- Dinner with Darwin: Food, Drink, and Evolution ing a port complex of Khufu at Wadi el-Jarf on Jonathan Silvertown University of Chicago Press (2017) the Red Sea. These contain the hieroglyphic The Darwinian dining served up by evolutionary ecologist Jonathan journal of a pyramid builder named Merer Silvertown in this delectably erudite study is all about tracing the and accounts of provisions for his team. impact of natural selection on foods. We learn that mussels helped Hailed by Hawass as “the greatest discovery to fuel the hominin exodus from Africa; rye is a weed domesticated in Egypt in the twenty-first century” (see by accident; carnivory and tapeworms are intimately linked; and go.nature.com/2y1rneg), the papyri detail Penicillium camemberti mould evolved in soft cheeses. We even the building of the Great Pyramid. They examine engastration — stuffing one animal into another before describe workers delivering limestone to cooking — as a status-led manifestation of the need to share food. Giza by boat from quarries at Turah, halfway This intricate scientific banquet is a marvellous read: bon appétit. between modern Cairo and Helwan. As in the nineteenth century, archaeological tech- niques combined with ancient manuscripts Ad Astra: An Illustrated Guide to Leaving the Planet are advancing Egyptology. Dallas Campbell Simon & Schuster (2017) Those investigations began with the sci- In this nifty melange of real and fictional attempts to leave Earth, entific savants of Napoleon Bonaparte’s the vintage images alone are worth the price of the ticket. But Egyptian expedition at the turn of the nine- broadcaster Dallas Campbell’s “deeply impractical guide” is all teenth century, and were revolutionized by pretty space-tastic. It begins logically, with cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin’s Jean-François Champollion’s decipherment launch into orbit on 12 April 1961, and ends with the commercial of hieroglyphics in the 1820s (A. Robinson propulsion of human ashes into space. In between are snippets such Nature 468, 632–633; 2010). But as this mon- as a theme-park visit with Al Worden, pilot of the Apollo 15 command umental book shows, speculation continues module; a history of spacesuits; astronaut Peggy Whitson’s tortilla to swirl around much of the evidence, ranging cheeseburger; and other fuel for imaginative lift-off. from the motivation behind Khufu’s design to the practicalities of transporting 50-tonne stones and manoeuvring them into place. It Rise of the Necrofauna looks as if the Giza pyramids — three vast Britt Wray Greystone (2017) megalomaniacal puzzle boxes guarded by the De-extinction is so hot a topic it sizzles. Science writer Britt Wray enigmatic Sphinx — will continue to tantalize braves the heat for a neat overview of the science and its ethical researchers in engineering, climate change and environmental implications. After explaining techniques for and philology for generations to come. ■ manipulating ancient DNA (cloning, CRISPR and selective breeding), Wray interviews a number of ‘resurrection researchers’ such as Andrew Robinson is the author of geneticist George Church of the Woolly Mammoth Revival project. Cracking the Egyptian Code. The sceptics, including biologist Paul Ehrlich, add balance to Wray’s e-mail: [email protected] tour of this hellishly complex, decidedly nascent field. Barbara Kiser

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