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PE LOSLA,OS INIA Programa de Apoyo a Cuatro Localidades .Rurales de la Provincia de Osorno MANUAL ''MANEJO DE ESPECIES HOR.TICOLAS '' Serie Remehue Nº 79 ISSN 0716 - 6257 Osorno, 1999 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES AGROPECUARIAS CENTRO REGIONAL DE INVESTIGACION REMEHUE MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA MANEJO DE ESPECIES HORTICOLAS Autor: Fidel Toledo Jeréz Juan C. Huaiquipán Comité Editor: Rodrigo de la Barra A. Elizabeth Guerrero l. Claudia Vargas A. INDICE Página 1. Cultivo de Acelga........................................................................ 2 2. Cultivo del Ajo ............................................................................ 7 3. Cultivo de Arvejas....................................................................... 14 4. Cultivo de Betarraga.................................................................... 24 5. Cultivo de Coliflor....................................................................... 29 6. Cultivo de Chalota....................................................................... 32 7. Cultivo de IIabas.......................................................................... 36 8. Cultivo de la Lechuga................................................................... 41 9. Cultivo del Maíz.......................................................................... 53 1O. Cultivo del Orégano..................................................................... 69 11. Cultivo del Pepino........................................................................ 74 12. Cultivo de Porotos........................................................................ 76 13. Cultivo de Puerro......................................................................... 79 14. Cultivo de Rábano........................................................................ 82 15. Cultivo de Repollo....................................................................... 87 16. Cultivo de Tomate........................................................................ 89 17. Cultivo de Zanahoria.................................................................... 93 18. Cultivos de Flores........................................................................ 100 J)alia....................................................................................... 100 C1ladiolo......... ... .. .. .. ... ... .... ...... .. ..... .... .. ... .. .. ... .. ...... 1O1 Pensamiento............................................................................ 103 ACELGA (Beta vulgarís var. cicla L.) GENERALIDADES Se supone originaria de Sicilia y descendiente de una betarraga blanca. No puede faltar en ningún huerto casero, ya que unas pocas plantas suministran hojas y pecíolos que cubren ]as necesidades de la familia durante varios meses. Las hojas se preparan en forma semejante a las de la espinaca: cocidas y aliñadas como ensalada, guisadas, en budines, panqueques, pasteles etc., los pecíolos o "pencas" se cuecen y se sirven aliñados, o bien, en frituras o "falsos pejerreyes". VARIEDADES La acelga no ha merecido gran atención de los genetistas; existen pocas variedades bien definidas; las hay de verano y de invierno; de hojas lisas y de hojas crespas; blancas y verdes. a) Acelgas blancas: Se denominan así por tener pecíolos de color blanco. - Fordhook: Planta alta, vigorosa; hojas anchas, encrespadas, de color verde oscura. Pecíolos blancos, muy anchos y gruesos. Preferida en la región comprendida entre La Serena y Arica. - Verde y Penca Blanca: Más difundida entre La Serena y Puerto Montt, de pecíolos muy gruesos y carnosos. - Bresanne: Hojas grandes, ovaladas, lisas, de color verde claro. Pecíolos blancos, muy gn1esos y carnosos. Excelente variedad. b) Acelgas verdes: Su denominación deriva del color verdoso de sus tallos. - Lucullus: Planta erecta; hojas levemente crespas de color verde muy claro; pecíolo verdoso, de poco diámetro. - Verde corriente: No corresponde a un tipo bien definido, mostrando plantas con tallos verdosos y plantas con tallos blancos; tampoco exhibe uniformidad en sus hojas, pues las hay crespas y lisas. Resiste bien los rigores del invierno. Constituye buena base para iniciar una selección genética. 2 EXIGENCIAS Clima i. Es muy rústica, adaptándose a variadas condiciones de clima. Resiste bien los rigores del invierno y los calores del verano, aun cuando en esta estación tiende a emitir tallos florales, a raíz de los cuales sus hojas adquieren sabor amargo. Suelo También es rústica en materia de suelo, pero responde muy bien a los suelos fértiles, manifestándose esta respuesta a través de una vegetación exuberante: l)ojas enormes y pecíolos extraordinariamente anchos y gruesos. 'Abonos Responde ampliamente a las aplicaciones de estiércol; el Salitre estimula el desarrollo de las hojas, que se dan de gran tamaño y buena presentación. Se aplica en fuertes dosis: 400 a 600 kilos por hectárea; un tercio durante el primer ~desarrollo, el resto fraccionado en pequeñas dosis proporcionadas a continuación de las recolecciones de hojas, a fin de mantener la planta en constante crecimiento. Semilla El litro de semilla pesa 250 gramos, con un contenido medio de 60 granos por gramo. Sus características son similares a las de la betarraga; es, con más propiedad, un fruto con varias semillas en su interior. CULTIVO De siembra directa, por almácigo y trasplante. Ambos métodos son buenos. La preferencia por uno u otro está determinada por factores locales y por la importancia que se asigne al cultivo. 3 a) Siembra directa: Puede hacerse al voleo o en líneas. - Al voleo: No es recomendable, porque la distribución de la senülla no es uniforme y, por muy rala que sea la siembra, las plantas no quedan debidamente espaciadas, lo que limita su desarrollo. Además, no hay posibilidad alguna de ejecutar escardas, sea con cultivadora, sea con azadón. Generalmente la siembra se realiza en platablandas de 1,5 a 2 m de ancho neto y se cubre con una o dos pasadas de rastra de clavos liviana. A continuación se riega por tendidos cortos. Esta modalidad debe reservarse para los huertos caseros, cuyas desmalezaduras se hacen a mano; además, la mayor densidad de plantas origina hojas y pecíolos más tiernos y apetecibles. - En líneas: Se preparan platabandas de 1,5 a 2 m de ancho neto, sobre las cuales se traza, con un surcador múltiple manual, pequeños surcos a 30- 40 cm de distancia, en los cuales se distribuye la semilla a surco lleno, a mano. Se cubre con una labor de rastrillo de jardín y se riega por tendidos cortos. Es más práctica la siembra en mesas de 7 5 cm de ancho, sobre las cuales se disponen dos hileras a 30-35 cm de distancia. Se riega por infiltración. Esta siembra se hace con máquina. En ambos casos hay que ralear. El raleo puede hacerse en dos etapas: en la Primavera, las plantas se dejan a 1O cm de distancia; en la segunda - cuando comienzan a estorbarse - se arrancan las plantas intermedias, las cuales dan producto para el mercado, de manera que las restantes quedan, en definitiva, a unos 25 cm de distancia. b) Almácigo y trasplante: - Almácigo al aire libre, 1O a 12 gramos de se1nilla por metro cuadrado, para trasplantar a surcos trazados a 60-70 cm de distancia. Las plantas se disponen a uno o a ambos costados de los surcos, a 25 cm de distancia sobre éstos. Se da un riego antes de la plantación y otro posterior a ésta. Epoca de siembra La época más usual par sembrar el almácigo es de Septiembre a Febrero. La siembra directa puede hacerse en igual fecha o un mes después de la que correspondería al almácigo. 4 Dosis de semilla De siembra directa, alrededor de 5 a 6 kilos por hectárea; de almácigo y trasplante, 1 a 2 kilos por hectárea, según se plante uno o dos lados del surco. CUIDADOS CULTURALES Labores superficiales para mantener el cultivo libre de malezas, en las siembras en que no se haya empleado herbicidas. En las plantaciones de una hilera por surco se procede a una aporca y se riega por infiltración. No deben descuidarse los riegos, para obtener sucesivas y normales recolecciones de hojas. Tanto en los almácigos como en las siembras directas, se recomienda el Cloridazon cuyo producto comercial - Pyramin 80% P. M. - se emplea en dosis de 4 - 7 kilos en 400 - 600 litros de agua por há. Se aplica e incorpora antes de la siembra, en suelo mullido y con humedad adecuada, mediante una pasada con rastra de discos, o bien, con una ligera cava practicada con laya o con rastrillo (manejado como azadón). Puede procederse, también, de la siguiente manera: sembrar, cubrir la semilla, aplicar el herbicida y dar, de inmediato un riego a fondo, el cual sirve para incorporar el ingrediente. Controla malezas de hoja ancha, anuales principalmente. Para controlar gramíneas anuales se recomienda POAST, 1 - 2 litros, más 2 lts. de aceite por há., en 100 a 200 lts. de agua, en postemergencia, sobre malezas entre 2 y 4 hojas. COSECHA La acelga proporciona varias recolecciones, las cuales se hacen cortando las hojas exten1as a medida que adquieren tamaño comercial. Se disponen en atados o "manojos" de una "mano". Rendimiento Un rendimiento normal el de aproximadamente 400 docenas de atados por corte y por hectárea, en invierno, dándose 3 a 4 cortes en la temporada. En verano, el rendimiento es inferior, estimándose en 200 docenas por corte y por hectárea, con 1 ó 2 cortes en la temporada. El factor principal de 5 deterioro del rendimiento es el porcentaje más o menos elevado de plantas que "se suben" prematuramente. ACCIDENTES, PLAGAS Y ENFERMEDADES a) Accidentes: El principal "accidente" es el causado por las heladas, cuando éstas son
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    استمارة تقييم الرسائل البحثية ملقرر دراس ي اوﻻ : بيانات تمﻷ بمعرفة الطالب اسم الطالب : مصطفى طه علي سليمان كلية : اﻷداب الفرقة/املستوى : اﻷولى الشعبة : شعبة عامة اسم املقرر : English كود املقرر: .. استاذ املقرر : د.آيات الخطيب - د.محمد حامد عمارة البريد اﻻلكترونى للطالب : [email protected] عنوان الرسالة البحثية : The History of the Ancient Egypt ثانيا: بيانات تمﻷ بمعرفة لجنة املمتحنيين هل الرسالة البحثية املقدمة متشابة جزئيا او كليا ☐ نعم ☐ ﻻ فى حالة اﻻجابة بنعم ﻻ يتم تقييم املشروع البحثى ويعتبر غير مجاز تقييم املشروع البحثى م عناصر التقييم الوزن التقييم النسبى 1 الشكل العام للرسالة البحثية 2 تحقق املتطلبات العلمية املطلوبة 3 يذكر املراجع واملصادر العلمية 4 الصياغة اللغوية واسلوب الكتابة جيد نتيجة التقييم النهائى /100 ☐ ناجح ☐ راسب توقيع لجنة التقييم 1. .2 .3 .4 .5 بسم هللا الرمحن الرحي "المقدمة" The history of ancient Egypt spans the period from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern Nile valley to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The pharaonic period, the period in which Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh, is dated from the 32nd century BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC. The historical records of ancient Egypt begin with Egypt as a unified state, which occurred sometime around 3150 BC. According to Egyptian tradition, Menes, thought to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt, was the first king. This Egyptian culture, customs, art expression, architecture, and social structure were closely tied to religion, remarkably stable, and changed little over a period of nearly 3000 years.
  • Breathing Permit of Hor" Thirty-Four Years Later

    Breathing Permit of Hor" Thirty-Four Years Later

    The "Breathing Permit of Hor" Thirty-four Years Later Robert K. Ritner IN 1967, THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART in New York made a gift to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints of eleven papyrus frag- ments once owned by Joseph Smith and employed as the basis for "The Book of Abraham." In January and February of the following year, sepia photographs of the fragments were published in the magazine The Im- provement Era, and on the basis of these photographs, the journal Dialogue commissioned translations and commentaries on the texts, now desig- nated as "The Joseph Smith Papyri." In the Summer issue of 1968, (vol. 8, no. 2) Egyptologists John A. Wilson and Richard A. Parker identified fragments within this collection as sections of a late mortuary text known as a "Book of Breathings," copied for a Theban priest named Hor.1 The first extensive translation of this document appeared in the sub- sequent autumn issue (vol. 8, no. 3), authored by my teacher and pre- decessor, Klaus Baer.2 Though Baer was ultimately able to examine the papyri personally, his study was conducted primarily from The Improve- ment Era photos and was considered by himself to be nothing more than a "preliminary study."3 Nevertheless, he was able to provide a complete translation of the surviving sections, including fragments pasted hap- hazardly as patches within the unrelated Papyrus IV and two vignettes that originally bracketed the main text: Papyrus I (originally redrawn as "A Facsimile From4 The Book of Abraham No. 1") and the now lost frag- ment redrawn as Facsimile No.