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UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Late Middle Kingdom Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gk7274p Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Grajetzki, Wolfram Publication Date 2013-07-06 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ Wolfram Grajetzki EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Grajetzki, 2013, Late Middle Kingdom. UEE. Full Citation: Grajetzki, Wolfram, 2013, Late Middle Kingdom. Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002hcnh5 8764 Version 1, July 2013 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002hcnh5 LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ Wolfram Grajetzki Spätes Mittleres Reich Fin du Moyen Empire In the Egyptian late Middle Kingdom (from Senusret III in the mid 12th to the 13th Dynasty), innovations are visible at all levels of Egyptian culture and administration. At this time, the country was heavily centralized, and there are several indications of a wish for tighter control in administration, while local governors lost much of their power. Royal activities were mainly focused on the Memphis-Fayum region, with Abydos and Thebes being two other important centers. At Avaris in the east Delta, the population grew substantially, also due to the influx of many foreigners from the Near East. Senusret III launched military campaigns against Nubia and Palestine, on a scale not attested before. In addition to his pyramid at Dahshur, he had a great funerary complex at Abydos. Amenemhat III is mainly known for his huge funerary complex at Hawara, later called the “Labyrinth” by the ancient Greeks. In sculpture, a new style of portraiture for both kings shows them at an advanced age, rather than the usual idealized young ruler. The 12th Dynasty ends with the little known ruling queen Neferusobek. The transition to the following dynasty remains enigmatic. In stark contrast to the 12th Dynasty, the 13th Dynasty consisted of about 50 kings ruling for just 150 years. Culture and administration went on without any major break. Many kings still built pyramids in the Memphite region. Neferhotep I and Sobekhotep IV belong to the better attested kings of the dynasty: production of Abydos stelae seems to peak under them, and a dense network of officials is attested on the stelae. Far fewer sources survive for later rulers, but a stark decline on all levels is visible, perhaps related to the takeover of the east Delta fringe by foreigners living there. ﻅﻬ��ﺮﺕ ﺧ��ﻼﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ��ﺔ ﻋﺼ��ﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳ��ﻄﻰ (ﻣ��ﻦ ﻋﺼ��ﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺳ��ﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ��ﺚ ﻣﻨﺘﺼ��ﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ) ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻛ�ﻞ ﻣﺴ�ﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼ��ﺮﻳﺔ ، ﻓ��ﻰ ﺫﻟ��ﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗ��ﺖ ﻛﺎﻧ��ﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟ��ﺔ ﺷ��ﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳ��ﺔ ، ﻭﻳﻮﺟ��ﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻏﺒ�ﺔ ﻓ�ﻰ ﺍﺣﻜ�ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴ�ﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻓ�ﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ، ﺣﻴ�ﺚ ﻓﻘ�ﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴ��ﺮ ﻣ��ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜ��ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴ��ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴ��ﺮ ﻣ��ﻦ ﺳ��ﻠﻄﺘﻬﻢ . ﺗﺮﻛ��ﺰﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸ��ﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ��ﺔ ﺑﺸ��ﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳ��ﻰ ﻓ��ﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ��ﺔ ﻣﻨ��ﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴ��ﻮﻡ، ﻓ��ﻲ ﺣ��ﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧ��ﺖ ﺃﺑﻴ��ﺪﻭﺱ ﻭﻁﻴﺒ��ﺔ ﻣﺮﻛ��ﺰﻳﻦ ﺁﺧ��ﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﻴﻦ. ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺄﻓ�ﺎﺭﻳﺲ (ﺗ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﻀ�ﺒﻌﺔ) ﺑﺸ�ﺮﻕ ﺍﻟ�ﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ�ﺎ ً ﺑﺴ�ﺒﺐ ﺗ�ﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻘ�ﺎﺩﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ�ﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻧ�ﻰ. ﺑ�ﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻠ�ﻚ ﺳﻨﻮﺳ�ﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ�ﺚ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ�ﺎﺕ ﻋﺴ�ﻜﺮﻳﺔ Late Middle Kingdom, Grajetzki, UEE 2013 1 ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺑ�ﺔ ﻭﻓﻠﺴ�ﻄﻴﻦ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻣ�ﺪﻯ ﺃﻛﺒ�ﺮ ﻣﻤ�ﺎ ﻛ�ﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴ�ﻪ ﻗﺒ�ﻞ ﺫﻟ�ﻚ. ﺑﺎﻹﺿ�ﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟ�ﻰ ﻫﺮﻣ�ﻪ ﺑﺪﻫﺸﻮﺭ، ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﺑﻴﺪﻭﺱ. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﻨﻤﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ، ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸ�ﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘ��ﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﺰﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤ��ﺔ ﺑﻬ��ﻮﺍﺭﺓ، ﻭﺍﻟ��ﺬﻱ ﺃﻁﻠ��ﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ��ﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧ��ﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ «ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻫ��ﺔ». ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ��ﺒﺔ ﺇﻟ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤ��ﺖ ﺍﺳ��ﻠﻮﺏ ﺟﺪﻳ��ﺪ ﻟﻔ��ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ��ﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﺼ��ﻮﺭ ﻭﺟ��ﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠ��ﻮﻙ ﺑﺴ��ﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣ��ﺔ ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. ﺇﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ�ﺔ ﻋﺸ�ﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻜ�ﺔ ﻧﻔﺮﻭﺳﻮﺑﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ. ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺑ�ﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳ�ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ�ﺔ ﻋﺸ�ﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ��ﺔ ﻋﺸ��ﺮﺓ ﻣ��ﺒﻬﻢ، ﻭﺑﻌﻜ��ﺲ ﺍﻷﺳ��ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ��ﺔ ﻋﺸ��ﺮﺓ، ﺣﻜ��ﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﺳ��ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ��ﺔ ﻋﺸ��ﺮﺓ ﺧﻤﺴ��ﻮﻥ ﻣﻠ��ﻚ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻣ��ﺪﻯ 150 ﻋﺎﻣ��ﺎ ً ، ﻭﺍﺳ��ﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺿ��ﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ، ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨ�ﺎء ﺍﻷﻫ�ﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘ�ﺔ ﻣﻨ�ﻒ، ﻳﻌﺘﺒ�ﺮ ﺍﻟﺤ�ﺎﻛﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻔﺮﺣﻮﺗ�ﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺳﻮﺑﻚ ﺣﻮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳ�ﺮﺓ ﺣﻴ�ﺚ ﺇﺯﺩﻫﺮﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﺑﻴ�ﺪﻭﺱ ﺧ�ﻼﻝ ﺣﻜﻤﻬ�ﻢ، ﻭﺗ�ﺬﻛﺮ ﻫ�ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣ�ﺎﺕ ﺷ�ﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔ�ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻅﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﻴﻦ. ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺗ�ﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜ�ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘ�ﻴﻦ، ﻭﻟﻜ�ﻦ ﻳﻤﻜ�ﻦ ﺭﺅﻳ��ﺔ ﺇﺿ��ﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺟﻤﻴ��ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ��ﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ، ﻣ��ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤ��ﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜ��ﻮﻥ ﺫﻟ��ﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ��ﺔ ﺳ��ﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ. Middle Kingdom burial customs. However, n terms of culture, administration, earlier works treat the whole Middle I and to some extent politics, the th Middle Kingdom can be divided Kingdom, especially the 12 Dynasty, as one into two main periods. The early Middle period (for example, Helck 1958). Only more th recently one has recognized that the late Kingdom comprised the late 11 Dynasty to Middle Kingdom is in many ways totally approximately the middle of the 12th Dynasty. different from the early Middle Kingdom. The late Middle Kingdom was the time after th This division into two phases is now accepted Senusret II and included the 13 Dynasty by most scholars working on the period when Egypt was most likely still a unified (Franke 2008: 269). country ruled by one king. The 13th Dynasty is treated by several Definition and Research History authors as still belonging to the Middle Kingdom (Bourriau 1988; Callender 2000: 171 Under the reign of Senusret III (1887 - 1848 - 172; Grajetzki 2006: 63 - 75), while others BCE), changes in art, administration, and regard it as belonging to the Second religious beliefs are visible. They justify th th Intermediate Period (von Beckerath 1964: 30 - separating the late 12 Dynasty to 13 108; Ryholt 1997: 69 - 93). The different Dynasty from the early Middle Kingdom as approaches are easily explained by the new cultural and also political phase. The authors’ different foci. Studies on Middle change has long been recognized because the Kingdom arts and culture include the 13th governors in Middle Egypt no longer built Dynasty as there is no break visible after the impressive tombs (Meyer 1913: 276) and royal 12th Dynasty. Studies focusing on the political sculpture was introduced that no longer history incorporate the 13th Dynasty into the showed an ideal young king but one with a Second Intermediate Period as the dynasty mature face, closer to modern expectations of consisted of many short-ruling kings, in stark a portrait (Evers 1929: 76). Geoffrey Martin th (1971: 3) noticed the appearance of scarabs contrast to the long-ruling kings of the 12 with names and titles. Janine Bourriau (1988) Dynasty. distinguished two separate cultural phases in Late Middle Kingdom, Grajetzki, UEE 2013 2 Changes in Administration demand for tighter control of commodities (von Pilgrim 1996: 234 - 274). The early Middle Kingdom was one of the most decentralized periods of Egyptian From the late Middle Kingdom, a history, with many flourishing local centers. In significant number of administrative the late Middle Kingdom, these local centers documents survive, providing valuable still existed, but the big governors’ tombs and insights into parts of the administration the well-equipped burials of the officials (Quirke 1990). The large number of papyri working for them have disappeared (Franke found at el-Lahun (the pyramid town of 1991). In the late Middle Kingdom, the focus Senusret II) also includes religious, of the royal activities within the country was mathematical, medical, and literary papyri the Memphite-Fayum region, where all of the (Collier and Quirke 2002, 2004, 2006). royal pyramids were built. Abydos (Wegner From administrative documents, but also 2007: 365 - 393) was an important religious th from contemporary monuments, it becomes center. Especially in the 13 Dynasty, Thebes clear that having double names was common became the second royal residence of the in this period (Vernus 1986). This may be country. Furthermore, an important seen in relation to the general trend of this population center developed at Avaris period toward greater control, already visible (modern Tell el-Dabaa) at the edge of the in the more precise titles and the larger eastern Delta, where many people coming number of sealings used in administration. from the Near East settled. The typical titles of Middle Kingdom local governors (HAty-a and jmj-r Hmw-nTr) are still well attested in the late Middle Kingdom, signifying that the general administrative structures continued and it is unclear what really changed (Franke 1991: 55). However, under Senusret III the last bigger tombs for local governors were built, but they are no longer securely attested under Amenemhat III (Melandri 2011). In the administration new titles appeared (Quirke 2004), while the long strings of titles for high officials common in almost all other periods of ancient Egyptian history are often just reduced to one title, the function title (Grajetzki 2009: 4). Only highest state officials could bear additional ranking titles announcing their social position at the royal court.
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    Ghana Journal of Linguistics 9.1: 72-96 (2020) ______________________________________________________________________________ http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v9i1.4 EDITORIAL BOOK CRITIQUE: THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD AMEN: ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE THE BIBLE HAS NEVER TOLD Ọbádélé Bakari Kambon Editor-in-Chief Abstract: The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told is a book that promises to pique the interest of any reader interested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks’, mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs,’ the Akan language, and historical-linguistic connections between the three. Specifically, the book promises to deliver information about how the word imn ‘Amen,’ as attested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks,’ persists in the contemporary Akan language. While under a steady hand this should be a simple enough thesis to substantiate, unfortunately, the authors’ obvious lack of grounding in historical linguistics, their lack of knowledge of mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs’ as well as their lack of understanding the morphology (word structure) of the Akan language all mar the analyses presented in the book. Keywords: Amen, Heru Narmer, historical linguistics, folk etymology Osei, O. K., Issa, J., & Faraji, S. (2020). The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told. Long Beach, CA: Amen-Ra Theological Seminary Press. 1. Introduction In The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told, what should be an open-and-shut case is saddled with a plethora of spurious look-alikes and folk etymologies prompted by attempts to analyze one language with another without actually having studying the language to be analyzed itself.
  • Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf

    Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf

    Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
  • Extraction and Use of Greywacke in Ancient Egypt Ahmed Ibrahim Othman

    Extraction and Use of Greywacke in Ancient Egypt Ahmed Ibrahim Othman

    JFTH, Vol. 14, Issue 1 (2017) ISSN: 2314-7024 Extraction and Use of Greywacke in Ancient Egypt Ahmed Ibrahim Othman 1 Lecturer – Tourism Guidance Department Hotel Management and Restoration Institute, Abu Qir. [ Introduction The Quseir – Qift road was the only practical route in the Central Easter Desert as it was the shortest and easiest road from the Nile Valley to the Red Sea, in addition to the richness of the Bekhen stone quarries and the gold mines. Therefore, it was the preferred road by the merchants, quarrymen and miners. The Bekhen stone quarries of Wadi Hammamat forms an archaeological cluster of inscriptions, unfinished manufactures, settlements, workshops and remaining tools. It seems clear that the state was responsible for the Bekhen stone exploitation, given the vast amount of resources that had to be invested in the organization of a quarrying expedition. Unlike the other marginal areas, the officials leading the missions to Wadi Hammamat show different affiliations in terms of administrative branches. This is probably because Bekhen stone procurement was not the responsibility of the treasury, but these expeditions were entrusted to separate competent officials, graded in a specific hierarchy, forming well – organized missions with different workers for different duties and established wages and functionaries in charge of the administrative tasks. The greywacke quarries were not constantly or intensively exploited. The fact that the stone was used in private or royal statuary and not as a building stone could have caused its demand to be less than that of other materials such as granite, limestone or sandstone. Inscriptions indicated the time lapse between expeditions suggesting that this stone was only quarried when it was needed, which was not on a regular basis.
  • Pharaohs in Egypt Fathi Habashi

    Pharaohs in Egypt Fathi Habashi

    Laval University From the SelectedWorks of Fathi Habashi July, 2019 Pharaohs in Egypt Fathi Habashi Available at: https://works.bepress.com/fathi_habashi/416/ Pharaohs of Egypt Introduction Pharaohs were the mighty political and religious leaders who reigned over ancient Egypt for more than 3,000 years. Also known as the god-kings of ancient Egypt, made the laws, and owned all the land. Warfare was an important part of their rule. In accordance to their status as gods on earth, the Pharaohs built monuments and temples in honor of themselves and the gods of the land. Egypt was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in 656 BC, whose rulers adopted the pharaonic titles. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt would first see another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Persian Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of Pharaoh. Persian rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by the Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. They also built temples such as the one at Edfu and Dendara. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. The Pharaohs who ruled Egypt are large in number - - here is a selection. Narmer King Narmer is believed to be the same person as Menes around 3100 BC. He unified Upper and Lower Egypt and combined the crown of Lower Egypt with that of Upper Egypt. Narmer or Mena with the crown of Lower Egypt The crown of Lower Egypt Narmer combined crown of Upper and Lower Egypt Djeser Djeser of the third dynasty around 2670 BC commissioned the first Step Pyramid in Saqqara created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep.
  • Hawara & Meidum Add-On

    Hawara & Meidum Add-On

    Hawara & Meidum add-on (day 1 of the tour) - $195 per person Do you want to see even more pyramids in Egypt? For the guests who would like to arrive one day early, we prepared a trip to Hawara and Meidum pyramids. On that day we normally organize reception at the airport for the arriving guests, but you will drive towards Faiyum oasis and make a stop in Meidum. In many ways, Meidum, built for pharaoh Snefru, is the most mysterious of all the great Pyramids. It is often known as the "collapsed pyramid" because of its ruined state. It seems to have been designed as a seven step pyramid with a further step being added once construction was in a fairly advanced stage. It was then turned into the first true pyramid by filing in the steps and capping them with limestone. No sarcophagus was found inside the chamber and there is no evidence that Snefru or anyone else was ever buried in this pyramid. We will enter inside the pyramid and later we will also visit a nearby mastaba of an unknown noble which can be entered via a robber's tunnel. The burial chamber contains the first example of a red granite sarcophagus known in antiquity. After the visit in Meidum, we will drive south to see the Hawara pyramid. The pyramid stands in the north of an elaborate complex enclosed by a wall measuring 385 by 158 meters. This makes the Hawara complex the largest Middle Kingdom funerary complex. The entrance was located at the southern corner of the east wall.
  • Egypt Revisited “It Was an Amazing Experience to See Such Wonderful Sites Enhanced by Our Lecturer’S Knowledge...A Fabulous Experience!”

    Egypt Revisited “It Was an Amazing Experience to See Such Wonderful Sites Enhanced by Our Lecturer’S Knowledge...A Fabulous Experience!”

    Limited to just 16 guests EGYPT Revisited “It was an amazing experience to see such wonderful sites enhanced by our lecturer’s knowledge...A fabulous experience!” - Barbara, Maryland Foreground, Red Pyramid at Dahshur; background, Temple of Seti I at Abydos October 19-November 3, 2019 (16 days | 16 guests) with Egyptologist Stephen Harvey optional extensions: pre-tour Siwa Oasis & Alexandria (8 days) and/or post-tour Jordan (5 days) Archaeology-focused tours for the curious to the connoisseur. Dear Traveler, You are invited to return to Egypt on a brand-new, custom-designed tour in the company of AIA lecturer/host Stephen Harvey, Egyptology guide Enass Salah, and a professional tour manager. © Ivrienen Snefru's Bent Pyramid at Dahshur Highlights are many and varied: • Gain inside access to the Red Pyramid at Dahshur, enter the burial chamber of the collapsed pyramid at Meidum, and visit two mud-brick pyramids (Illahun and Hawara) at the Fayoum Oasis. • Go behind-the-scenes at the ancient necropolis of Saqqara to see some of the new and remarkable excavations that are not open to the public, including (pending final confirmation) special access to the newly- discovered, 5th-dynasty Tomb of Wah Ti. • Make a special, private visit (permission pending) to the new Grand Egyptian Museum. • Explore the necropoli of Beni Hasan, known for its 39 rock-cut tombs © Olaf Tausch with well-preserved paintings of dancing, acrobatics, juggling, fishing, Red Pyramid at Dahshur hunting, and weaving; and Tuna el-Gebel, with huge catacombs for thousands of mummified ibises and baboons, and much more. • Visit Tell el-Amarna, which replaced Thebes (modern Luxor) as capital of Egypt under the heretic, 18th-dynasty pharaoh Akhenaton and was significant for its monotheism and distinctive artistic style.
  • Catalog SCIROCCO

    Catalog SCIROCCO

    Главная Назад Каталог пирамид. Каталог ШИРОКО Дата публикации: 2013г. Версия 3 от 13.09.2013 [email protected] Кат. N: PYReg001.GIZ01.LpsIV Название: Пирамида фараона Хеопса (Cheops) Другие названия: Куфу(Khufu), Великая(Great); Лепсиуса IV(Lepsius IV), Kheops Координаты: 29°58'45.03''N 31°08'03.69''E Ориентир: Египет, Каир, Гиза (Egypt, Cairo, Giza) Форма: гладкая, наклон: 51.89° Материал: , камень (известняк) Размеры,м: 230x230x146.5 Азимут, °: 0 Коментарий:Самая большая из рукотворных пирамид M01, M02 000, 001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006, Кат. N: PYReg002.GIZ02.LpsVIII Название: Пирамида фараона Хафры (Khafre) Другие названия: Хефрена(Khephren); Урт-Хафра (Hurt-Khafre); Лепсиус VIII(Lepsius VIII) Координаты: 29°58'34"N 31°07'51"E Ориентир: Египет, Каир, Гиза (Egypt, Cairo, Giza) Форма: гладкая, наклон: 53.12° Материал: , камень (известняк) Размеры, м: 215.3x215.3x143.5 Азимут, °: 0 Коментарий: M01, M02 000, 001, 002, 003 004, 005, Кат. N: PYReg003.GIZ03.LpsIX Название: Пирамида фараона Менкаура(Menkaure) Другие названия: Микерина (Menkaure), Лепсиус IX (Lepsius IX); Херу; Координаты: 29°58'21"N 31°07'42"E Ориентир: Египет, Каир, Гиза (Egypt, Cairo, Giza) Форма: гладкая, наклон: 51.72° Материал: , камень (известняк) Размеры, м: 102.2x104.6x65.5 Азимут, °: 0 Коментарий: M01, M02 000, 001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006, 007, 008, 009, 010, 011, 012, 013, 014, 015, 016, 017, 018, Кат. N: PYReg004.GIZ04.LpsV Название:Пирамида царицы Хетепхерес I (Hetepheres I) фараона Хеопса. Другие названия: Царица Хетепхерес I (Queen Hetepheres I) ; G I-a; Лепсиус V (Lepsius V); Координаты: 29°58'43.80"N, 31° 8'10.23"E Ориентир: Египет, Каир, Гиза (Egypt, Cairo, Giza) Форма: гладкая, наклон: 51.72° Материал: , камень Размеры, м: 47.5x47.5x30.1(?) Азимут, °: 0 Коментарий: M01, M02 000, 001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006, 007, 008, 009, Кат.