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UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Late Middle Kingdom Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gk7274p Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Grajetzki, Wolfram Publication Date 2013-07-06 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ Wolfram Grajetzki EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Grajetzki, 2013, Late Middle Kingdom. UEE. Full Citation: Grajetzki, Wolfram, 2013, Late Middle Kingdom. Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002hcnh5 8764 Version 1, July 2013 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002hcnh5 LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ Wolfram Grajetzki Spätes Mittleres Reich Fin du Moyen Empire In the Egyptian late Middle Kingdom (from Senusret III in the mid 12th to the 13th Dynasty), innovations are visible at all levels of Egyptian culture and administration. At this time, the country was heavily centralized, and there are several indications of a wish for tighter control in administration, while local governors lost much of their power. Royal activities were mainly focused on the Memphis-Fayum region, with Abydos and Thebes being two other important centers. At Avaris in the east Delta, the population grew substantially, also due to the influx of many foreigners from the Near East. Senusret III launched military campaigns against Nubia and Palestine, on a scale not attested before. In addition to his pyramid at Dahshur, he had a great funerary complex at Abydos. Amenemhat III is mainly known for his huge funerary complex at Hawara, later called the “Labyrinth” by the ancient Greeks. In sculpture, a new style of portraiture for both kings shows them at an advanced age, rather than the usual idealized young ruler. The 12th Dynasty ends with the little known ruling queen Neferusobek. The transition to the following dynasty remains enigmatic. In stark contrast to the 12th Dynasty, the 13th Dynasty consisted of about 50 kings ruling for just 150 years. Culture and administration went on without any major break. Many kings still built pyramids in the Memphite region. Neferhotep I and Sobekhotep IV belong to the better attested kings of the dynasty: production of Abydos stelae seems to peak under them, and a dense network of officials is attested on the stelae. Far fewer sources survive for later rulers, but a stark decline on all levels is visible, perhaps related to the takeover of the east Delta fringe by foreigners living there. ﻅﻬ��ﺮﺕ ﺧ��ﻼﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ��ﺔ ﻋﺼ��ﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳ��ﻄﻰ (ﻣ��ﻦ ﻋﺼ��ﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺳ��ﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ��ﺚ ﻣﻨﺘﺼ��ﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ) ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ�ﺔ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻛ�ﻞ ﻣﺴ�ﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼ��ﺮﻳﺔ ، ﻓ��ﻰ ﺫﻟ��ﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗ��ﺖ ﻛﺎﻧ��ﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟ��ﺔ ﺷ��ﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳ��ﺔ ، ﻭﻳﻮﺟ��ﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻏﺒ�ﺔ ﻓ�ﻰ ﺍﺣﻜ�ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴ�ﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻓ�ﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ، ﺣﻴ�ﺚ ﻓﻘ�ﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴ��ﺮ ﻣ��ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜ��ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴ��ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴ��ﺮ ﻣ��ﻦ ﺳ��ﻠﻄﺘﻬﻢ . ﺗﺮﻛ��ﺰﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸ��ﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ��ﺔ ﺑﺸ��ﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳ��ﻰ ﻓ��ﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ��ﺔ ﻣﻨ��ﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴ��ﻮﻡ، ﻓ��ﻲ ﺣ��ﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧ��ﺖ ﺃﺑﻴ��ﺪﻭﺱ ﻭﻁﻴﺒ��ﺔ ﻣﺮﻛ��ﺰﻳﻦ ﺁﺧ��ﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﻴﻦ. ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺄﻓ�ﺎﺭﻳﺲ (ﺗ�ﻞ ﺍﻟﻀ�ﺒﻌﺔ) ﺑﺸ�ﺮﻕ ﺍﻟ�ﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ�ﺎ ً ﺑﺴ�ﺒﺐ ﺗ�ﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻘ�ﺎﺩﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ�ﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻧ�ﻰ. ﺑ�ﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻠ�ﻚ ﺳﻨﻮﺳ�ﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ�ﺚ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ�ﺎﺕ ﻋﺴ�ﻜﺮﻳﺔ Late Middle Kingdom, Grajetzki, UEE 2013 1 ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺑ�ﺔ ﻭﻓﻠﺴ�ﻄﻴﻦ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﻣ�ﺪﻯ ﺃﻛﺒ�ﺮ ﻣﻤ�ﺎ ﻛ�ﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴ�ﻪ ﻗﺒ�ﻞ ﺫﻟ�ﻚ. ﺑﺎﻹﺿ�ﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟ�ﻰ ﻫﺮﻣ�ﻪ ﺑﺪﻫﺸﻮﺭ، ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﺑﻴﺪﻭﺱ. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﻨﻤﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ، ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸ�ﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘ��ﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﺰﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤ��ﺔ ﺑﻬ��ﻮﺍﺭﺓ، ﻭﺍﻟ��ﺬﻱ ﺃﻁﻠ��ﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ��ﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧ��ﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ «ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻫ��ﺔ». ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ��ﺒﺔ ﺇﻟ��ﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤ��ﺖ ﺍﺳ��ﻠﻮﺏ ﺟﺪﻳ��ﺪ ﻟﻔ��ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ��ﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﺼ��ﻮﺭ ﻭﺟ��ﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠ��ﻮﻙ ﺑﺴ��ﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣ��ﺔ ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. ﺇﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ�ﺔ ﻋﺸ�ﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻜ�ﺔ ﻧﻔﺮﻭﺳﻮﺑﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ. ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺑ�ﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳ�ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ�ﺔ ﻋﺸ�ﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ��ﺔ ﻋﺸ��ﺮﺓ ﻣ��ﺒﻬﻢ، ﻭﺑﻌﻜ��ﺲ ﺍﻷﺳ��ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ��ﺔ ﻋﺸ��ﺮﺓ، ﺣﻜ��ﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﺳ��ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ��ﺔ ﻋﺸ��ﺮﺓ ﺧﻤﺴ��ﻮﻥ ﻣﻠ��ﻚ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﻣ��ﺪﻯ 150 ﻋﺎﻣ��ﺎ ً ، ﻭﺍﺳ��ﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓ��ﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺿ��ﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ، ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨ�ﺎء ﺍﻷﻫ�ﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘ�ﺔ ﻣﻨ�ﻒ، ﻳﻌﺘﺒ�ﺮ ﺍﻟﺤ�ﺎﻛﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻔﺮﺣﻮﺗ�ﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺳﻮﺑﻚ ﺣﻮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳ�ﺮﺓ ﺣﻴ�ﺚ ﺇﺯﺩﻫﺮﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﺑﻴ�ﺪﻭﺱ ﺧ�ﻼﻝ ﺣﻜﻤﻬ�ﻢ، ﻭﺗ�ﺬﻛﺮ ﻫ�ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣ�ﺎﺕ ﺷ�ﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔ�ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻅﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﻴﻦ. ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺗ�ﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜ�ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘ�ﻴﻦ، ﻭﻟﻜ�ﻦ ﻳﻤﻜ�ﻦ ﺭﺅﻳ��ﺔ ﺇﺿ��ﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ ﺟﻤﻴ��ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ��ﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ، ﻣ��ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤ��ﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜ��ﻮﻥ ﺫﻟ��ﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ��ﺔ ﺳ��ﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ. Middle Kingdom burial customs. However, n terms of culture, administration, earlier works treat the whole Middle I and to some extent politics, the th Middle Kingdom can be divided Kingdom, especially the 12 Dynasty, as one into two main periods. The early Middle period (for example, Helck 1958). Only more th recently one has recognized that the late Kingdom comprised the late 11 Dynasty to Middle Kingdom is in many ways totally approximately the middle of the 12th Dynasty. different from the early Middle Kingdom. The late Middle Kingdom was the time after th This division into two phases is now accepted Senusret II and included the 13 Dynasty by most scholars working on the period when Egypt was most likely still a unified (Franke 2008: 269). country ruled by one king. The 13th Dynasty is treated by several Definition and Research History authors as still belonging to the Middle Kingdom (Bourriau 1988; Callender 2000: 171 Under the reign of Senusret III (1887 - 1848 - 172; Grajetzki 2006: 63 - 75), while others BCE), changes in art, administration, and regard it as belonging to the Second religious beliefs are visible. They justify th th Intermediate Period (von Beckerath 1964: 30 - separating the late 12 Dynasty to 13 108; Ryholt 1997: 69 - 93). The different Dynasty from the early Middle Kingdom as approaches are easily explained by the new cultural and also political phase. The authors’ different foci. Studies on Middle change has long been recognized because the Kingdom arts and culture include the 13th governors in Middle Egypt no longer built Dynasty as there is no break visible after the impressive tombs (Meyer 1913: 276) and royal 12th Dynasty. Studies focusing on the political sculpture was introduced that no longer history incorporate the 13th Dynasty into the showed an ideal young king but one with a Second Intermediate Period as the dynasty mature face, closer to modern expectations of consisted of many short-ruling kings, in stark a portrait (Evers 1929: 76). Geoffrey Martin th (1971: 3) noticed the appearance of scarabs contrast to the long-ruling kings of the 12 with names and titles. Janine Bourriau (1988) Dynasty. distinguished two separate cultural phases in Late Middle Kingdom, Grajetzki, UEE 2013 2 Changes in Administration demand for tighter control of commodities (von Pilgrim 1996: 234 - 274). The early Middle Kingdom was one of the most decentralized periods of Egyptian From the late Middle Kingdom, a history, with many flourishing local centers. In significant number of administrative the late Middle Kingdom, these local centers documents survive, providing valuable still existed, but the big governors’ tombs and insights into parts of the administration the well-equipped burials of the officials (Quirke 1990). The large number of papyri working for them have disappeared (Franke found at el-Lahun (the pyramid town of 1991). In the late Middle Kingdom, the focus Senusret II) also includes religious, of the royal activities within the country was mathematical, medical, and literary papyri the Memphite-Fayum region, where all of the (Collier and Quirke 2002, 2004, 2006). royal pyramids were built. Abydos (Wegner From administrative documents, but also 2007: 365 - 393) was an important religious th from contemporary monuments, it becomes center. Especially in the 13 Dynasty, Thebes clear that having double names was common became the second royal residence of the in this period (Vernus 1986). This may be country. Furthermore, an important seen in relation to the general trend of this population center developed at Avaris period toward greater control, already visible (modern Tell el-Dabaa) at the edge of the in the more precise titles and the larger eastern Delta, where many people coming number of sealings used in administration. from the Near East settled. The typical titles of Middle Kingdom local governors (HAty-a and jmj-r Hmw-nTr) are still well attested in the late Middle Kingdom, signifying that the general administrative structures continued and it is unclear what really changed (Franke 1991: 55). However, under Senusret III the last bigger tombs for local governors were built, but they are no longer securely attested under Amenemhat III (Melandri 2011). In the administration new titles appeared (Quirke 2004), while the long strings of titles for high officials common in almost all other periods of ancient Egyptian history are often just reduced to one title, the function title (Grajetzki 2009: 4). Only highest state officials could bear additional ranking titles announcing their social position at the royal court.
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