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The Social Functions of False Doors in Non-Royal Funerary Culture with References to Examples from the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom

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The Social Functions of False Doors in Non-Royal Funerary Culture with References to Examples from the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom When the Living met the Dead: The Social Functions of False Doors in Non-Royal Funerary Culture with references to examples from the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom By JUNKO TAKENOSHITA A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham November 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the functions of Old Kingdom false doors, which are essential funerary equipment for the private tombs of the Egyptian elite. In previous research, two major religious roles of false doors, has been defined: firstly, as connecting doors etc; and secondly as the focus for the presentation of offerings for the deceased. By examining the types of inscriptions on the false doors and their location within the architectural structure of tombs this study will show that, in addition, Old Kingdom false doors also fulfilled roles centred on the living in their presentation of offerings and prayers to the deceased and the deceased’s ka. The textual evidence clearly indicates that the living and the dead established a relationship on the basis of the principle of do ut des, a relationship in which the false doors played a significant role. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Martin Bommas, for his help, valuable comments and suggestions for this thesis, and his kindly support ever since I started to study Egyptology in Birmingham. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. M. A. Leahy for his advice, support and encouragement throughout my study at Birmingham. I am grateful to my parents and all my friends’ encouragement while taking part in the Master’s degree. i Table of Contents List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………iv List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..…v Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..1 Overview of non-royal funerary culture in the Old Kingdom………………………...1 Research aim………………………………………………………………………......3 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………...3 Modern discussions…………………………………………………………………....4 Chapter 1: Examination for the aspects of the false door….……………………..6 1.1 Overview of the false door in the Old Kingdom……………………..……….......6 1.2 False doors in Old Kingdom inscriptions……………………………………….….8 1.2.1 Survey of the origin of the expression “false door” in hieroglyphs………….8 1.3 False doors in private tombs……………………………………………………….14 1.3.1 Survey of the inscriptions on false doors…………………….…………...…14 1.3.2 Survey of the locations of false doors in the private tombs….………...........17 1.3.3 Survey of false doors in Old Kingdom tomb decoration programme.............19 1.4 Questions about aspects of false doors……………..……………………………..22 Chapter 2: Case studies of false doors between the late Old Kingdom and the mid Middle Kingdom…………………………………………..…………………24 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………...24 2.1.1 Historical overviews between the late Old and the mid Middle Kingdoms....25 2.1.2 Historical overviews of features of tomb development between the late Old and the mid Middle Kingdoms..………………………..………………..27 2.1.3 Dating for the private tombs for the case studies……………...……………29 2.2 False doors in the late Old Kingdom……..…………………………………….….33 ii 2.2.1 False doors in Giza…………………………………………………………...33 2.2.1.1 Interpretation of false doors in Giza………………………………...36 2.2.2 False doors in Deir el-Gebrawi………………………………...…………….40 2.2.2.1 Interpretation of false doors in Deir el-Gebwari….…………..……..43 2.2.3 False doors in Meir…………………………………………………………...48 2.2.3.1 Interpretation of false doors in Meir………………………………...49 2.3 False doors in the First Intermediate Period…………….………………….………51 2.3.1 False door in Naga ed-Der……………………...………………………..…...51 2.3.2 False door in Qubbet el-Hawa………………………….………..…………...52 2.3.3 Interpretation of false doors in Naga ed-Der and Qubbet el-Hawa…………..52 2.4 False doors from the early to the mid Middle Kingdom…………………….……..54 2.4.1 False doors in Beni Hassan…………………………………………….……..54 2.4.1.1 Interpretation of false doors in Beni Hassan………………….……..55 2.4.2 False doors in Meir…………………………………………………………...59 2.4.2.1 Interpretation of false doors in Meir………………………………...59 2.4.3 False door in Qubbet el-Hawa………………………….………………….…60 2.5 Analysis of the case studies………………………………………………………...62 Chapter 3: Discussions………………………………………………………………..66 3.1 False door as a symbol of social status…………………………………………….66 3.2 False door as a grave marker………………………………………………….…..68 3.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….………70 Chapter 4: Relationship between the dead and the living in non-royal funerary culture………………………………………………………………………………….72 4.1 Communication between the dead to the living……………………………………73 4.1.1 Contact from the dead to the living…………………….…………………….73 4.1.2 Contact from the living to the dead…………………………………………..82 4.2 Relationship between the dead and the living……………………………………...86 ii Chapter 5: Role of False Doors in Connection to the Approach of the Living to the Dead in the Old Kingdom………………………………………………………...87 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..90 Figures…………………………………………………………………………………97 List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………..133 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….…134 iii List of Tables Table 1: False doors in the late Old Kingdom at Giza……………………………...37-38 Table 2: Titles of owners (Giza)…………………………………………………..…..39 Table 3: False doors in the late Old Kingdom at Deir el-Gebrawi………………....44-45 Table 4: Titles of owners (Deir el-Gebrawi)…………………………………..……46-47 Table 5: False doors in the late Old Kingdom at Meir…………………………….......50 Table 6: Titles of owners (Meir)……………………………………………………….51 Table 7: False doors in the First Intermediate Period at Naga ed-Der and Qubbet el-Hawa…………………………………………………………………..…...53 Table 8: Titles of owners (Naga ed-Der and Qubbet el-Hawa)………………………..54 Table 9: False doors from the early to the mid Middle Kingdom at Beni Hassan…57-58 Table 10: Titles of owners (Beni Hassan)…………………………………………..…58 Table 11: False doors between the early and the mid Middle Kingdom at Meir and Qubbet el-Hawa…………………………………………………………61 Table 12: Titles of owners (Meir and Qubbet el-Hawa)…………………………….…61 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Chronological table between the Old and early Middle Kingdom………….97 Figure 2: A common form of Old Kingdom false door………………………………..98 Figure 3: Palace-façade false door…………………………………………………......98 Figure 4: Wedjat-eyes on Old Kingdom false door……………………………………99 Figure 5: False door of Nedjetempet…………………………………………………..99 Figure 6: Decoration programme in chapel of Seschemnofer III…………………….100 Figure 7: The west wall in the tomb chapel of Seschathhotep……………………….100 Figure 8: Tomb plan of Khofukaef (Giza)……………………………………………101 Figure 9: Tomb plan of Person (Saqqara)…………………………………………….101 Figure 10: Map of necropolises…………………………………..………………..…102 Figure 11: Tomb plan of the tomb of Setka and Ptahhotep(T101)………..………….103 Figure 12: The northern false door on the west wall of Room I in T101………..…...103 Figure 13: The southern false door on the west wall of Room I in T101…………….103 Figure 14: False door of Ptahhotep on the west wall of Room II in T101…………...104 Figure 15: Tomb plan of the tomb of Niankh-Khnum (T105)…………………….….104 Figure 16: The northern false door on the west wall in the chapel in T105……..…...105 Figure 17: The southern false door on the west wall in the chapel inT105…………..105 Figure 18: Tomb plan of the tomb of Seshemnufer and Ify (T106)………...………..105 Figure 19: False door of Ify on the west wall in the chapel in T106…………………106 Figure 20: False door of Iqry on the west wall in the chapel in T106………………..106 Figure 21: False door of Nefert on the west wall in the chapel in T106……………..106 v Figure 22: Tomb plan of the tomb of Seschmennefer with the Good Name Ify (T104) ……...…………………………...………………………………………..107 Figure 23: False door on the west wall in Room 1 in T104………………………….107 Figure 24: Tomb plan of the tomb of Ankh-Tef (T111)…………………………...….108 Figure 25: False door on the west wall of vestibule in T111…………………………108 Figure 26: False door on the west wall of the chapel in T111………………………..108 Figure 27: Tomb plan of the tomb of Djau (Tomb 12)……………………………….109 Figure 28: False door on the west wall of the shrine in Tomb 12……………………109 Figure 29: False door on the north wall of the shrine in Tomb 12…………………...110 Figure 30: False door on the east wall of the shrine Tomb 12………………………..110 Figure 31: False door on the north wall of the hall in the tomb of Isi (Tomb 46)……111 Figure 32: Tomb plan of the tomb of Henqu/Kheteta (Tomb 39)…………………….111 Figure 33: False door on the west wall in the hall in Tomb 39……………………….112 Figure 34: False door on the northern part of the east wall in the hall in Tomb39…...112 Figure 35: The southern part of the east wall in the hall in Tomb 39………………...113 Figure 36: Tomb plan of the tomb of Henqu (Tomb 67)……………………………..113 Figure 37: Location of false door on the west wall in the chapel in Tomb 67……….114 Figure
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