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Origins of Apotheosis in Ancient Egypt by Julia Dawn Troche B.A

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Origins of Apotheosis in Ancient Egypt by Julia Dawn Troche B.A Origins of Apotheosis in Ancient Egypt By Julia Dawn Troche B.A., University of California, Los Angeles, 2008 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Egyptology and Assyriology at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May 2015 © Copyright 2015 by Julia Troche The dissertation by Julia Dawn Troche is accepted in its present form by the Department of Egyptology and Assyriology as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date______________________ ____________________________________ James P. Allen, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date______________________ ____________________________________ Laurel Bestock, Reader Date______________________ ____________________________________ Elizabeth Frood, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date______________________ ____________________________________ Peter Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii Curriculum Vitae Julia Dawn Troche was born November 17, 1986 in Long Beach, California. She earned a B.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles where she majored in History, received College Honors, and graduated Magna Cum Laude. From 2007-2008, Julia was also a Departmental Scholar in the Department of Near Eastern Langauges and Cultures and wrote a thesis entitled “Political Implications of Hatshepsut’s Building Program in the Greater Theban Region.” After graduation Julia taught high school English and World History at High Bluff Academy in San Diego, California before enrolling in her Ph.D. program at Brown University in 2009. During her time at Brown University Julia has taught her own undergraduate course, “Daily Life in Ancient Egypt,” and taught for the Summer at Brown Program for five years, including the classes “Middle Egyptian Hieroglyphs,” “Ancient Egyptian Religion and Magic,” and “Art and Archaeology of Ancient Egypt.” Julia also worked at the Brown University Writing Center where she received training in teaching English for English Language Learners. She received a Sheridan Teaching Certificate I from the Sheridan Center for Teaching and Learning and Higher Education, and participated in the Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences GIS Institute and Teaching with Technology Summer Institute. Julia has also engaged in a number of public outreach activities including organizing an “Ancient Egypt Day” for a local Middle School, publishing articles for a popular children and teen’s history magazine, and co-curating an exhibit at the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology. Her work with the non-profit PublicVR, which developed three-dimensional virtual reality exemplar models of ancient Egyptian temples that were projected into immersive environments for teaching, was published in the XXXVIII Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology electronic conference proceedings. Julia has presented her research at numerous domestic and international venues including the annual meetings of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Research Center in Egypt, Theoretical Archaeology Group, and the American Schools of Oriental Research. She worked as an excavator, surveyor, and epigrapher for the Brown University Petra Archaeological Project, the Brown University Abydos Project, and the Karnak Graffiti Project directed by Oxford Professor Elizabeth Frood under the auspices of the Centre Franco-Égyptien d’Études des Temples de Karnak. At Brown, Julia won various internal and external awards for travel and research. She also was awarded the Mellon Graduate Student Workshop Award through the Cogut Center for the Humanities, an International Affairs Graduate International Colloquium Grant, and a Brown University 250th Anniversary Award to celebrate the legacy of Egyptology at Brown through the cataloging, recording, and exhibition of the Department of Egyptology’s artifact collection. iv Acknowledgments The present work has benefited from the advice, critique, and support from the inspiring community of scholars, past and present, who have studied the ancient world at Brown University. Particularly, I would like to thank my advisor, James P. Allen, for his constant support and encouragment. I am also grateful for the revisions and professional guidance provided by my field directors and dissertation committee readers Laurel Bestock and Elizabeth Frood. My entire committee has been incredibly flexible and generous with their time and expertise for which I am truly appreciative. I am extremely grateful to John Steele and Matthew Rutz for providing institutional support. I want to thank John Steele for supporting my work and setting the standard high for academic success within our department. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Matthew Rutz for helping me navigate the dissertation process and for being our department’s professionalization guru. I am also indebted to Florence Friedman and Jiří Janák who both offered advice while I was researching the akh, and to Sue Alcock, the members of CRAM, and the faculty, visiting scholars, and students of the Department of Egyptology and Assyriology who have offered feedback on this project at various stages. No academic degree is possible without administrative support, and Claire Benson and Catherine Hanni went above and beyond, for which I am truly grateful. A special thanks to my cohort—Kathryn Howley and Guan Yuzhen—and to my officemates—Willis Monroe, Zack Wainer, Christian Casey, Jessica Tomkins, Maggie Geoga, and Emily Drennan—for their humor and encouragement. I am grateful to Erin Fairburn and Sung Hwan Yoo for their early guidance, and to Amanda Davis and Emily Drennan who helped edit parts of this dissertation. I would also like to thank my all of friends and colleagues who have challenged and inspired me, especially Susan Herringer for her friendship and support, and Jennifer Thum whose collaboration has been stimulating. My greatest support has come from my family. My mother, Patricia, has been a constant, eternal source of encouragement and love. My big brother, Ray, has always inspired and supported me, as has my sister-in-law Amanda, and their daughter, Willow, has brought me so much needed joy during this past year. I’d like to thank Tito Perez and Susan Campbell who have always supported my education and my dreams. I also want to thank the Brinkman Family—Kandie, Terry, Bart, Colleen, Britney, Sam, and Bret—for their support. A special acknoledgement is for my grandma, Hattie Wilburn, and my aunt, Debra Troche who, if they could be here, would be among my biggest champions. I am grateful to Phoebe for her companionship. Finally, the sine qua non of this project has been the unwavering support of my husband, Bryan Brinkman. His scholarship inspires me to become a better scholar and his friendship motivates me to become a better person, and for this I am eternally grateful. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1.1: Background .................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1.2: Markers of Distinction & Apotheosis .......................................................... 9 Chapter 1.2a: Markers of Distinction ..................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1.2a: Markers of Apotheosis ..................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 1.3: Outline ....................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2: The “Average” (non-deified) dead .......................................................... 26 Chapter 2.1: Terminology of the Dead: components and states of the individual in death ...................................................................... 30 Chapter 2.1a: ba ............................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 2.1b: ka ............................................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 2.1c: akh ............................................................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 2.1d: Other Terms: m(w)t, imAx.w, xfty ............................................................................... 37 Chapter 2.2: The akh as the active agent of the dead ..................................................... 38 Chapter 2.2a: The akh in the Pyramid and Coffin Texts ................................................................. 39 Chapter 2.2b: The akh in False Door Stelae ......................................................................................... 40 Chapter 2.2c: The akh in Appeals to the Living .................................................................................. 42 Chapter 2.2d: The akh in Letters to the Dead ..................................................................................... 47 Chapter 2.2e: Socio-religious significance of the terms Ax-iqr and Ax-apr .............................. 52 Chapter 2.2f: Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 55 CHAPTER 3: Apotheosis in the Old Kingdom ..............................................................
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