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Innovation to Reality-Introducing State-Of-The-Art Protection And

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Innovation to Reality-Introducing State-Of-The-Art Protection And INNOVATION TO REALITY – INTRODUCING STATE-OF-THE-ART PROTECTION AND MONITORING TO EXISTING LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR Sherwood Reber Michael Pintar Christopher Eaves Lafarge North America General Electric General Electric Abstract – A large array of components with communications capabilities exists for constructing I. INTRODUCTION protection, monitoring, and control systems for A. Background power distribution equipment (switchgear). While most of these components or devices perform Communicating devices and associated multiple functions, a typical application will contain networks are increasingly common in electrical at least several different devices that must be power distribution equipment. The networks interconnected to function as a complete system. provide the important connection among individual An example might be multifunction meters coupled devices, such as trip units, meters, and protective with multifunction protective relays, and a relays, for gathering and reporting critical power programmable logic controller for a complete system information. In low-voltage power systems system. Could it be possible to take the functions (600 V and below), a network of communicating of multiple microprocessor-based devices and devices can provide supervisory control functions, combine those functions into a single-processor gather substation electrical data, and report event system? Would the new system be able to status to a central control computer. execute instructions for fast acting overcurrent protection while gathering simultaneous metering A challenge in working with communicating data from every circuit breaker in the equipment devices has been handling large amounts of data line-up? from multiple devices in a workable time frame. Speeds and bandwidth on commercially available In this paper, the authors discuss a unique networks have recently reached levels at which it is approach to low-voltage switchgear protection and reasonable to consider gathering data from every the process of transitioning this concept to a real- circuit in a substation (up to 30 circuits) and use world application. The paper describes the that data to perform real-time control and architecture and functionality of this approach and protection functions. Channeling all these data to explains how a centrally controlled system can one central processor located in the low-voltage provide advanced monitoring and protection substation provides an opportunity to perform functions much more effectively than existing protection, control, and monitoring functions that systems. are either not possible with conventional hardware and/or software or are extremely difficult to Installation and field-testing are important steps implement in electrical distribution equipment. in the process of introducing new technology. This paper will describe why retrofitting an existing B. Shortcomings Of Present-Day Communication switchgear lineup may be preferable to starting Systems with new switchgear. It will also describe the considerable planning involved in the retrofit Although modern communication networks have process to minimize the effect on the customer’s the speed and bandwidth to communicate with operations. many devices, variable latency caused by communication delays, device response time, and The paper concludes with a discussion of how the amount of information requested from each well the system functioned in an actual operating device has relegated communication devices to environment. supervisory and data-gathering functions. In order to add protection, such as overcurrent tripping, to Index terms – retrofit, communicating devices, the list of functions handled by the network, a fast, single-processor reliable, and deterministic communication system is necessary. Variables affecting system response, such as the number of communicating devices and the length Innovation to Reality DER-038 1 of the message to and from the device, can make performing the control and protection functions and the system response time after an event (electrical each breaker acting as a node on the network. The fault) not only difficult to predict, but also slow key advantage of this architecture is that the single compared to the time required by a single device to processor has the information from all nodes execute its own event response. Certain types of simultaneously. Thus, protection and control information from a device can be assigned to high- schemes can be designed that consider the values priority interrupts, but the system response is not of electrical signals, such as current magnitude always deterministic, nor is the performance and phase angle, at one or all circuit breakers in predictable. Higher-speed networks, including the system with equal ease. This allows the Ethernet, can provide very fast communication implementation of circuit-specific zone-protection rates, but the protocols employed do not provide functions as easily as a simple overcurrent function the necessary predictable and deterministic at a single circuit breaker. response times. Protocols specifically designed for machine and device control offer promising capabilities in data rate, scalability, and reliability, Power Distribution but none provided the desired fast, reliable, and Analog Signals Voltage deterministic communication. Digital Network Sensors Central Computer C. A Different Approach To Monitoring and Protection Breaker Node The concept discussed in this paper uses a Current methodology different from that of all other Sensors electrical equipment systems to date. Communication is based on the capabilities of Ethernet, while removing the time variation introduced by collision-detection, multiple-access Breaker Breaker Breaker Breaker (CSMA/CD) protocols. Communication is Node Node Node Node structured to yield fixed latency and subcycle Current Current Current Current transmission times between a central processor Sensors Sensors Sensors Sensors and all the devices in the system. Fast communication and fixed latency are key enablers for using a communication network to perform Fig. 1. Centralized architecture applied to a typical low- critical control, monitoring, and protection voltage switchgear lineup. functions. The following are examples of the advanced protective and monitoring functions possible with a A second distinction is in the types of information single-processor architecture where all devices carried on the network. Rather than processed provide data simultaneously. summary information captured, created, and stored by such devices as trip units, meters, or relays, the • Multiple-source ground fault -- Includes actual raw parametric or discrete electrical data simple main-tie-main configurations with and device physical status are carried on the multiple neutral-to-ground bonding network. The data sent from the devices to the connections to more complex systems central processor are the actual voltages, currents, incorporating utility transformers, emergency and device status. As a result, any microprocessor generators, paralleling equipment, on the network has complete system wide data uninterruptible power sources, and bypass with which to make decisions. It can operate any or breakers. all devices based on information derived for as many devices as the control and protection algorithms require. • Zone-selective interlocking -- Reduces the The architecture discussed here is centralized, delay time for overcurrent tripping (short time with one microprocessor responsible for all system or ground fault) when the fault is between a functions. Alternate architectures, such as main or tie circuit breaker and a branch distributed and semi-distributed, were considered, feeder circuit breaker. but the central processor architecture provides the best performance. Figure 1 shows the centralized • Bus differential -- A type of bus fault architecture applied to a typical lineup of low- protection seldom used in low voltage voltage switchgear, with a central computer equipment due to the costs associated with Innovation to Reality DER-038 2 multiple current sensors on each circuit requirements. Test procedures were based on the breaker and the need for a set of sensitive product specifications and detailed requirements (and usually costly) protective relays. for the systems. Test results and pass/fail criteria Sensitive bus differential protection can were linked back to the specifics of the product significantly reduce the damage associated requirements. The engineers also expanded the with arcing faults. test cases by performing failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) to add unexpected cases, • Dynamic zone protection based on system providing more than simple coverage. Although configuration -- Provides the ability to testing is thorough, the unexpected field situation dynamically adjust overcurrent protective can still be missed. settings on upstream breakers based on the 2) The Environment Is Different: In particular the settings of a downstream breaker sensing a electromagnetic (EM) field caused by motor loads, fault. Back-up protection provided by the transformer inrush, and switching transients is main or tie circuit breaker can be much tighter different in the field. Laboratory testing to ANSI to the feeder breaker that is sensing and C90.1 is performed prior to beta testing to cover attempting to clear the fault. Traditionally, high-frequency, high electric field situations. Other main and tie circuit breakers are set with laboratory testing for the influence
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