WL Low Voltage Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
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DIV-16 Electrical Labor
Division 16 Electrical Estimating Tips General 163 Motors, Starters, Boards & Estimators for this division item shall have full Switches knowledge of the system and working knowledge Estimator shall include all supporting systems used, prepare a complete take-off quantities, for these items, whether it is a foundation, code requirements, specifications, and bracket or a piece of wood. SCECO requirements. 164 Transformers & Bus Ducts 160 Raceways Never forget to include the equipment cost for Conduit should be taken off in three main such installation, whether scaffolding, lifts or categories: power distribution, branch power, cranes. and branch lighting, so the estimator can concentrate on systems and components, 165 Lighting therefore making it easier to ensure all items Productivity rate for lighting fixtures varies with have been accounted for. For cost modifications the number of fixtures included in a single room. for elevated conduit installation, add the Estimators are advised to increase productivity percentage to labor according to the height of rate of lighting fixtures in large rooms including installation for all and only the quantities more than six (6) fixtures. exceeding the different height levels and number of building floors. 168 Special Electrical System Usually most of these systems are let to 161 Conductors & Grounding specialized contractors, provisions for special Remember that aluminum wiring of equal installation requirements shall be consulted. capacity is larger in diameter than copper and may require larger conduit. If more than three 169 Utilities wires at a time are being pulled, deduct Usually these items are let to specialty percentages from the labor hours of that contractors, whether for transmission lines and grouping of wires. -
Innovation to Reality-Introducing State-Of-The-Art Protection And
INNOVATION TO REALITY – INTRODUCING STATE-OF-THE-ART PROTECTION AND MONITORING TO EXISTING LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR Sherwood Reber Michael Pintar Christopher Eaves Lafarge North America General Electric General Electric Abstract – A large array of components with communications capabilities exists for constructing I. INTRODUCTION protection, monitoring, and control systems for A. Background power distribution equipment (switchgear). While most of these components or devices perform Communicating devices and associated multiple functions, a typical application will contain networks are increasingly common in electrical at least several different devices that must be power distribution equipment. The networks interconnected to function as a complete system. provide the important connection among individual An example might be multifunction meters coupled devices, such as trip units, meters, and protective with multifunction protective relays, and a relays, for gathering and reporting critical power programmable logic controller for a complete system information. In low-voltage power systems system. Could it be possible to take the functions (600 V and below), a network of communicating of multiple microprocessor-based devices and devices can provide supervisory control functions, combine those functions into a single-processor gather substation electrical data, and report event system? Would the new system be able to status to a central control computer. execute instructions for fast acting overcurrent protection while gathering simultaneous -
Pow-R-Way III Busway Design Guide
Design Guide DG017002EN Effective February 2020 Low-voltage power distribution and control systems > Busway > Low-voltage busway—Pow-R-Way III Contents General Description . 24 .1-2 Overview .................................. 24.1-2 Standards .................................. 24.1-2 Construction Details .......................... 24.1-3 Fittings . 24 .1-8 Fittings .................................... 24.1-8 Elbows .................................... 24.1-9 Flanges .................................... 24.1-12 Offsets .................................... 24.1-14 Tees ...................................... 24.1-16 Crosses ................................... 24.1-17 Tap Boxes ................................. 24.1-18 Weatherheads .............................. 24.1-20 Expansion Joints ............................ 24.1-21 Phase Transpositions ......................... 24.1-21 Transformer Taps ............................ 24.1-22 Transformer Throat Connections ................ 24.1-23 Reducers .................................. 24.1-24 Meter Center Power Takeoffs .................. 24.1-25 Busway-Connected Panelboards ................ 24.1-28 Pow-R-Way III Adapters ....................... 24.1-29 Wall/Floor/Roof Flanges and End Closers ......... 24.1-30 Hangers ................................... 24.1-31 Devices . 24 .1-33 Plug-In Protective Devices ..................... 24.1-33 Surge Protective Device (SPD) Plug-In Devices ..... 24.1-35 Power Takeoffs ............................. 24.1-38 Receptacle Plug-In Devices .................... 24.1-39 -
Electrical Balance of Plant Solutions for Power Generation
GE Grid Solutions Electrical Balance of Plant Solutions for Power Generation g imagination at work Today’s Environment Todays power plants, whether heavy duty gas turbines, a distributed mobile “power plant on wheels”, or a remote wind farm, are becoming increasingly complex, especially when connecting different disparate systems seamlessly together. This is resulting in increasing industry challenges including: Demand Management Emergency Power Supplementing power to the grid for peak Support during natural disasters due to shaving or managing seasonal demands. unpredictable global weather patterns as well as support in politically volatile regions of the world. Constraint Management Regulatory Environment Overcoming generation constraints with Rapidly changing regulations, standards and impact increasing demand. on grid stability due to a variety of power generation sources on the grid. Back-up Power Power Quality Supporting maintenance, overhauls, or Managing changed network load profiles, larger outages at power plants. switched or dynamic loads, missing or overloaded interconnections. Rural Demand Energy Savings Population growth in large cities creating Reduce production cost through energy savings and increase in electrification of rural areas. increase process efficiency. With one of the largest installed base of turbine generators in the world, coupled with more than a century of experience delivering innovative, high voltage solutions in generation, transmission, and distribution networks, GE helps utilities solve these challenges with its versatile and robust suite of solutions for Electrical Balance of Plant (EBoP) applications offering best-in-class manufactured products with engineering and installation services. Providing a broad range of solutions to suit customer’s specific EBoP requirements, GE’s solutions are designed with scalability in mind to support a large scope of projects ranging from heavy duty turbine generation to hydro pump storage, renewable wind and solar applications. -
Basics in Low Voltage Distribution Equipment
Thought leadership White paper Basics in low voltage distribution equipment Mark Rumpel Basics of electricity generation Product line manager Eaton In the U.S., as elsewhere, electricity has historically been generated from precious natural resources including coal, oil or natural gas. Nuclear energy and hydropower innovations advanced electrical Executive summary generation capabilities at the end of the 20th century. Today, Depending on their unique needs, multi-family, commercial and alternative and renewable fuels such as geothermal energy, wind industrial sites typically rely upon either low or medium voltage power, biomass and solar energy are gradually becoming more service entrance equipment to control or cut off the electrical readily available; these sources are popular both for their higher supply of their buildings from a single point. Low voltage efficiency and long-term sustainability. distribution equipment typically operates at less than 600 volts; Once harvested, natural resources and mechanical energy sources in contrast, medium voltage equipment affords a wider range must first be converted into electrical energy to make it transmis- of 600 to 38,000 volts. sible and usable. Power plants complete this function using steam This paper provides a basic overview of the definitions, turbines. components, applications and other details associated Water is heated in a massive boiler to produce steam, which is used with low voltage distribution equipment. It covers electrical to turn a series of blades mounted on a shaft turbine. The force of panelboards, switchboards and switchgear operating at the steam rotates a shaft connected to a generator. The spinning 600 volts alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) or below. -
Design, Construction and Simulation of a Circuit- Breaker Based Feeder
ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 4, Issue 2, August 2014 Design, Construction and Simulation of a Circuit- Breaker Based Feeder Pillar with over current And Earth-Fault Protection Cum Digitalized Voltmeter Azuatalam D.T., Diala U.H., Iwuchukwu U.C., Joe-Uzuegbu C.K., Morah F.C. and Ayalogu E.I. Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria Abstract -This research embodies the design, construction three-phase in case there is a phase failure in the and simulation of a feeder pillar (415VAC) with over-current, system.The design of the feeder is done in such a way overload and earth-fault protection with the aid of a phase that restoring of power after fault has occurred will be sequence relay, contactor, earth-leakage circuit breaker and easy such that after fault is cleared, breakers can be put in three-phase overload relay. The analog voltmeters in the normal position to restore power. Also, the system is various bus-bars (red, yellow and blue phases) in a conventional feeder pillar is replaced with a digital panel designed in such a way that there will be easy voltmeter indicating the voltage across a phase (240V) or line- discrimination. After the source, the bus bar is connected to-line (415VAC) flowing through the bus-bars. The major next, then the contactor controlled by a switch.The reason for this research study is to prevent the constant contactor feeds the phase monitor and three-pole circuit changing of fuses. -
Circuit Breaker Control Guidelines for Vacclad-W Metal-Clad Switchgear
Application Paper AP083012EN Circuit breaker control guidelines for VacClad-W metal-clad switchgear Circuit breaker control Control breaker control equipment Relays Eaton’s VCP-W circuit breaker has a motor charged Microprocessor-based or solid-state relays spring type stored energy closing mechanism. would generally require dc power or reliable Closing the breaker charges accelerating springs. uninterruptible ac supply for their logic circuits. Protective relays or the control switch will energize a shunt trip coil to release the accelerating springs Auxiliary switches and open the breaker. This requires a reliable Optional circuit breaker and cell auxiliary switches source of control power for the breaker to function are available where needed for interlocking or as a protective device. Figure 2 and Figure 3 control of auxiliary devices. Typical applications and show typical ac and dc control schematics for type operation are described in Figure 1 and Table 1. VCP-W circuit breakers. Breaker auxiliary switches and MOC switches For ac control, a capacitor trip device is used are used for breaker open/close status and with each circuit breaker shunt trip to ensure that interlocking. energy will be available for tripping during fault conditions. A control power transformer is required Auxiliary contacts available for controls or external on the source side of each incoming line breaker. use from auxiliary switch located on the circuit Closing bus tie or bus sectionalizing breakers breaker are typically limited in number by the will require automatic transfer of control power. breaker control requirements as follows: This control power transformer may also supply • Breakers with ac control voltage: 1NO and 3NC other ac auxiliary power requirements for the switchgear. -
Low and Medium Voltage Bus Duct Types LX and MX Types LX and MX Bus Duct
Low and Medium Voltage Bus Duct Types LX and MX Types LX and MX Bus Duct APPLICATION Growing emphasis on the reliability of electrical power Type LX and type MX bus duct systems are suitable for systems for industrial and commercial facilities has installation in almost any environment. Bus duct is inher- resulted in increased demand for both low and medium ently resistant to many of the forces or conditions which voltage metal enclosed bus duct. M&I Electric Industries, accelerate the deterioration of insulated cable in conduit Inc. type LX (low voltage) and type MX (medium voltage) or tray. As a major added benefit, bus duct is often less bus duct provides a solution to this demand. expensive than equivalent cable installations. Types LX and MX bus duct systems are reliable, afford- M&I can supply special assemblies of types LX and MX able, and are readily available. Like all M&I products, LX bus duct on extremely short notice to meet emergency and MX bus duct systems benefit from M&I’s commitment (burn-out) requirements. to consistently exceed customer quality and availability expectations. M&I types LX and MX bus duct is commonly used for: M&I types LX and MX bus duct can be supplied in a wide · Main service entrance bus. range of ratings, arrangements, designs, materials, and enclosure types. This range of products has been · Switchgear main bus interconnections. designed to meet the electrical and physical requirements of virtually any electrical power system or equipment · Connections between transformers and switchgear. installation. RATINGS Nominal Voltage Continuous Dry Withstand Dew Withstand Impulse Voltage Short-Circuit Rating Current Rating Voltage Rating Voltage Rating Rating Current Rating 1200 Amperes 2000 Amperes 600 Volts 2.2 kV N/A N/A 100 kA 3000 Amperes 4000 Amperes 1200 Amperes 2000 Amperes 58 kA 5 kV 19.0 kV 15.0 kV 60 kV BIL 3000 Amperes 78 kA 4000 Amperes 1200 Amperes 2000 Amperes 58 kA 15 kV 36.0 kV 24 kV 95 kV BIL 78 kA 3000 Amperes 4000 Amperes The ratings above are for standard bus duct in accordance with ANSI standard C37.23 1987. -
WL Arc Resistant Low Voltage Switchgear Product Guide
WL Arc Resistant Low Voltage Switchgear Product guide usa.siemens.com/switchgear WL Arc Resistant Low Voltage Switchgear Features, Benefits and Ratings Enhanced safety • One piece circuit breaker compartment doors with insert panels Siemens now offers arc resistant, metal-enclosed, low for control devices such as fuses, indicating lights and circuit voltage switchgear designed to provide an additional degree breaker control switches when required. of protection for personnel performing normal operating duties • Reinforced bolted rear covers. in proximity to the energized equipment. Such duties include • Insulated/Isolated bus bar system. opening or closing circuit breakers, closed door circuit breaker • Integrally designed circuit breaker door sealing frame that racking, reading instruments, or other activities that do not allows the user to rack a circuit breaker to connect, test or require cover removal or opening doors (other than auxiliary/ disconnect position without having to install additional instrument compartment doors). hardware (bellows, shrouds, etc) and still maintain arc resistant rating of the apparatus. Why arc resistant switchgear • Shutters in circuit breaker compartments. Standard metal-enclosed switchgear is designed to withstand the mechanical forces generated by bolted faults on the load • Riser Base with integrated arc plenum. terminals until a power circuit breaker or other protective device • Four high power circuit breaker stacking capability. No can interrupt the flow of fault current. This capability is verified additional stacking/configuration restrictions. by short-circuit and short-time withstand tests on the equipment • All section configurations available. Available in solidly and interruption tests on the power circuit breakers. During grounded or resistance grounded configurations. a bolted fault, the voltage at the fault location is essentially • Non-fused non current-limiting circuit breakers allow full zero and the fault energy is dissipated throughout the power power coordination. -
VFI Transformer Vs. Switchgear Information
Distribution Transformers Reference Data COOPER POWER Effective March 2015 TD202003EN Supersedes R210-90-2 August 2012 SERIES VFI transformer vs switchgear At issue Simplified installation A comparison of operating capabilities and costs Because there is only one piece of low-profile demonstrates that a transformer equipped with equipment to install, the installation is faster, an integral vacuum fault interrupter (VFI) can be simpler, cheaper, and more aesthetically pleasing. a superior alternative to a non-VFI transformer in Lower operating and maintenance costs combination with stand-alone switchgear. There is one piece of equipment to maintain Recommendation instead of two. Substation units reduce inventory and maintenance costs associated with insulators Eaton combines a conventional distribution or barriers. The sealed tank design protects transformer with the VFI vacuum fault interrupter the oil-immersed VFI breaker so that operation – the same advanced technology used in VFI is unimpaired by contaminated or hazardous pad-mounted switchgear in its Cooper Power™ environments or flood conditions. Breaker series VFI transformer. This combination provides maintenance is virtually eliminated. both voltage transformation and overcurrent Transformer or loop overcurrent protection protection in one space-saving, money-saving up to 35 kV package. When a transformer fault or overload condition The VFI transformer is practical for application occurs, the VFI breaker trips and isolates the on all distribution systems—new or existing, transformer, leaving the feeder uninterrupted. outdoor or indoor (Envirotemp™ FR3™ fluid-filled), When a fault occurs downstream, the VFI breaker commercial or industrial. It is vital for installations trips and isolates the fault, leaving the transformer where conventional protective equipment doesn't load uninterrupted. -
Powervac Switchgear Application Guide
Power/Vac® Product Family Application Guide Intentionally left blank Application Guide Power/Vac® Metalclad Switchgear And Related Products Power/Vac® is a registered trademark of Powell Industries Inc., Houston, Texas. Information contained in this Application Guide is based on established industry standards and practices. It is published in the interest of assisting power system planners and engineers in the preparation of their plans and specifications for medium-voltage metalclad switchgear. Neither Powell Electrical nor any person acting on its behalf assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages or injury resulting from the use of any information contained in this Application Guide. The information in this guide does not supplement or replace performance data contained in other product publications of the Company. The Com- pany reserves the right, at its discretion, to change material or design without prior notification. Sections Power/Vac® Switchgear Concepts And Basic Configurations 1 Creating System One-Line Diagrams 2 Circuit Breaker Ratings and Selection 3 Control Power Considerations 4 System and Equipment Protection 5 Power/Vac® Switchgear Equipment Applications 6 Standard Power/Vac® Construction Features and Installation Information 7 Ground and Test Device, Dummy Breaker 8 Intentionally left blank ContentsSection 1 Section 1 Power/Vac® Switchgear Concepts And Basic Configurations Page USE OF APPLICATION GUIDE.......................................................................... 1-2 Power/Vac® METALCLAD -
Westinghouse AP1000 Design Control Document Rev. 16
8. Electric Power AP1000 Design Control Document 8.3 Onsite Power Systems 8.3.1 AC Power Systems 8.3.1.1 Description The onsite ac power system is a non-Class 1E system comprised of a normal, preferred, maintenance and standby power supplies. The normal, preferred, and maintenance power supplies are included in the main ac power system. The standby power is included in the onsite standby power system. The Class 1E and non-Class 1E 208/120 Vac instrumentation power supplies are described in subsection 8.3.2 as a part of uninterruptible power supply in the dc power systems. 8.3.1.1.1 Onsite AC Power System The main ac power system is a non-Class 1E system and does not perform any safety-related functions. It has nominal bus voltage ratings of 6.9 kV, 480 V, 277 V, 208 V, and 120 V. Figure 8.3.1-1 shows the main generator, transformers, feeders, buses, and their connections. The ratings of major ac equipment are listed in Table 8.3.1-3. During power generation mode, the turbine generator normally supplies electric power to the plant auxiliary loads through the unit auxiliary transformers. The plant is designed to sustain a load rejection from 100 percent power with the turbine generator continuing stable operation while supplying the plant house loads. The load rejection feature does not perform any safety function. During plant startup, shutdown, and maintenance the generator breaker remains open. The main ac power is provided by the preferred power supply from the high-voltage switchyard (switchyard voltage is site-specific) through the plant main stepup transformers and two unit auxiliary transformers.