Electrical Balance of Plant Solutions for Power Generation
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Investigating Hidden Flexibilities Provided by Power-To-X Consid- Ering Grid Support Strategies
InVESTIGATING Hidden FleXIBILITIES ProVIDED BY Power-to-X Consid- ERING Grid Support StrATEGIES Master Thesis B. Caner YAgcı˘ Intelligent Electrical POWER Grids Investigating Hidden Flexibilities Provided by Power-to-X Considering Grid Support Strategies Master Thesis by B. Caner Yağcı to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Tuesday September 14, 2020 at 9:30. Student number: 4857089 Project duration: December 2, 2019 – September 14, 2020 Thesis committee: Dr. Milos Cvetkovic, TU Delft, supervisor Dr. ir. J. L. Rueda Torres, TU Delft Dr. L. M. Ramirez Elizando TU Delft This thesis is confidential and cannot be made public until September 14, 2020. An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Preface First of all, I would like to thank PhD. Digvijay Gusain and Dr. Milos Cvetkovic for not only teaching me the answers through this journey, but also giving me the perception of asking the right questions that lead simple ideas into unique values. I would also like to thank my family Alican, Huriye, U˘gur, Gökhan who have been supporting me from the beginning of this journey and more. You continue inspiring me to find my own path and soul, even from miles away. Your blessing is my treasure in life... My friends, Onurhan and Berke. You encourage me and give me confidence to be my best in any scene. You are two extraordinary men who, I know, will always be there when I need. Finally, I would like to thank TU Delft staff and my colleagues in TU Delft for making this journey enter- taining and illuminative for me. -
Use of Cogeneration in Large Industrial Projects
COGENERATION USE OF COGENERATION IN LARGE INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS (RECENT ADVANCES IN COGENERATION?) PRESENTER: JIM LONEY, PE [email protected] 281-295-7606 COGENERATION • WHAT IS COGENERATION? • Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful thermal energy (steam in most cases) • WHY COGENERATION? • Cogeneration is more efficient • Rankine Cycle – about 40% efficiency • Combined Cycle – about 60% efficiency • Cogeneration – about 87% efficiency • Why doesn’t everyone use only cogeneration? COGENERATION By Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - https://www.flickr.com/photos/boellstiftung/38359636032, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=79343425 COGENERATION GENERATION SYSTEM LOSSES • Rankine Cycle – about 40% efficiency • Steam turbine cycle using fossil fuel • Most of the heat loss is from the STG exhaust • Some heat losses via boiler flue gas • Simple Cycle Gas Turbine– about 40% efficiency • The heat loss is from the gas turbine exhaust • Combined Cycle – about 60% efficiency • Recover the heat from the gas turbine exhaust and run a Rankine cycle • Cogeneration – about 87% efficiency COGENERATION • What is the problem with cogeneration? • Reality Strikes • In order to get to 87% efficiency, the heating load has to closely match the thermal energy left over from the generation of electricity. • Utility electricity demand typically follows a nocturnal/diurnal sine pattern • Steam heating loads follow a summer/winter cycle • With industrial users, electrical and heating loads are typically more stable COGENERATION • What factors determine if cogeneration makes sense? • ECONOMICS! • Not just the economics of the cogeneration unit, but the impact on the entire facility. • Fuel cost • Electricity cost, including stand-by charges • Operational flexibility including turndown ability • Reliability impacts • Possibly the largest influence • If the cogeneration unit has an outage then this may (will?) bring the entire facility down. -
Innovation to Reality-Introducing State-Of-The-Art Protection And
INNOVATION TO REALITY – INTRODUCING STATE-OF-THE-ART PROTECTION AND MONITORING TO EXISTING LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR Sherwood Reber Michael Pintar Christopher Eaves Lafarge North America General Electric General Electric Abstract – A large array of components with communications capabilities exists for constructing I. INTRODUCTION protection, monitoring, and control systems for A. Background power distribution equipment (switchgear). While most of these components or devices perform Communicating devices and associated multiple functions, a typical application will contain networks are increasingly common in electrical at least several different devices that must be power distribution equipment. The networks interconnected to function as a complete system. provide the important connection among individual An example might be multifunction meters coupled devices, such as trip units, meters, and protective with multifunction protective relays, and a relays, for gathering and reporting critical power programmable logic controller for a complete system information. In low-voltage power systems system. Could it be possible to take the functions (600 V and below), a network of communicating of multiple microprocessor-based devices and devices can provide supervisory control functions, combine those functions into a single-processor gather substation electrical data, and report event system? Would the new system be able to status to a central control computer. execute instructions for fast acting overcurrent protection while gathering simultaneous -
Utility Incentives for Combined Heat and Power
UTILITY INCENTIVES FOR COMBINED HEAT AND POWER U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat and Power Partnership October 2008 FOREWORD The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Partnership as a voluntary program that seeks to reduce the environmental impact of power generation by promoting the use of CHP. CHP is an efficient, clean, and reliable approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. CHP can increase operational efficiency and decrease energy costs, while reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change. The CHP Partnership works closely with energy users, the CHP industry, state and local governments, and other stakeholders to support the development of new CHP projects and promote their energy, environmental, and economic benefits. The CHP Partnership provides resources about CHP technologies, incentives, emissions profiles, and other information on its Web site at <www.epa.gov/chp>. i CONTENTS About This Report........................................................................................................................... 1 Utility-Initiated Incentives, Policies, and Programs for CHP......................................................... 5 Investor-Owned Gas Utilities ..................................................................................................... 5 Investor-Owned Electric Utilities ...............................................................................................9 -
Basics in Low Voltage Distribution Equipment
Thought leadership White paper Basics in low voltage distribution equipment Mark Rumpel Basics of electricity generation Product line manager Eaton In the U.S., as elsewhere, electricity has historically been generated from precious natural resources including coal, oil or natural gas. Nuclear energy and hydropower innovations advanced electrical Executive summary generation capabilities at the end of the 20th century. Today, Depending on their unique needs, multi-family, commercial and alternative and renewable fuels such as geothermal energy, wind industrial sites typically rely upon either low or medium voltage power, biomass and solar energy are gradually becoming more service entrance equipment to control or cut off the electrical readily available; these sources are popular both for their higher supply of their buildings from a single point. Low voltage efficiency and long-term sustainability. distribution equipment typically operates at less than 600 volts; Once harvested, natural resources and mechanical energy sources in contrast, medium voltage equipment affords a wider range must first be converted into electrical energy to make it transmis- of 600 to 38,000 volts. sible and usable. Power plants complete this function using steam This paper provides a basic overview of the definitions, turbines. components, applications and other details associated Water is heated in a massive boiler to produce steam, which is used with low voltage distribution equipment. It covers electrical to turn a series of blades mounted on a shaft turbine. The force of panelboards, switchboards and switchgear operating at the steam rotates a shaft connected to a generator. The spinning 600 volts alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) or below. -
Circuit Breaker Control Guidelines for Vacclad-W Metal-Clad Switchgear
Application Paper AP083012EN Circuit breaker control guidelines for VacClad-W metal-clad switchgear Circuit breaker control Control breaker control equipment Relays Eaton’s VCP-W circuit breaker has a motor charged Microprocessor-based or solid-state relays spring type stored energy closing mechanism. would generally require dc power or reliable Closing the breaker charges accelerating springs. uninterruptible ac supply for their logic circuits. Protective relays or the control switch will energize a shunt trip coil to release the accelerating springs Auxiliary switches and open the breaker. This requires a reliable Optional circuit breaker and cell auxiliary switches source of control power for the breaker to function are available where needed for interlocking or as a protective device. Figure 2 and Figure 3 control of auxiliary devices. Typical applications and show typical ac and dc control schematics for type operation are described in Figure 1 and Table 1. VCP-W circuit breakers. Breaker auxiliary switches and MOC switches For ac control, a capacitor trip device is used are used for breaker open/close status and with each circuit breaker shunt trip to ensure that interlocking. energy will be available for tripping during fault conditions. A control power transformer is required Auxiliary contacts available for controls or external on the source side of each incoming line breaker. use from auxiliary switch located on the circuit Closing bus tie or bus sectionalizing breakers breaker are typically limited in number by the will require automatic transfer of control power. breaker control requirements as follows: This control power transformer may also supply • Breakers with ac control voltage: 1NO and 3NC other ac auxiliary power requirements for the switchgear. -
Electric Power Grid Modernization Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
Electric Power Grid Modernization Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Michael I. Henderson, Damir Novosel, and Mariesa L. Crow November 2017. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 United States License. Background The traditional electric power grid connected large central generating stations through a high- voltage (HV) transmission system to a distribution system that directly fed customer demand. Generating stations consisted primarily of steam stations that used fossil fuels and hydro turbines that turned high inertia turbines to produce electricity. The transmission system grew from local and regional grids into a large interconnected network that was managed by coordinated operating and planning procedures. Peak demand and energy consumption grew at predictable rates, and technology evolved in a relatively well-defined operational and regulatory environment. Ove the last hundred years, there have been considerable technological advances for the bulk power grid. The power grid has been continually updated with new technologies including increased efficient and environmentally friendly generating sources higher voltage equipment power electronics in the form of HV direct current (HVdc) and flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) advancements in computerized monitoring, protection, control, and grid management techniques for planning, real-time operations, and maintenance methods of demand response and energy-efficient load management. The rate of change in the electric power industry continues to accelerate annually. Drivers for Change Public policies, economics, and technological innovations are driving the rapid rate of change in the electric power system. The power system advances toward the goal of supplying reliable electricity from increasingly clean and inexpensive resources. The electrical power system has transitioned to the new two-way power flow system with a fast rate and continues to move forward (Figure 1). -
Modernizing the U.S. Electrical Grid
Transmission Innovation Symposium Modernizing the U.S. Electrical Grid Chen-Ching Liu Electricity Transmission Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State System Research University and Development: Emma M. Stewart Distribution Integrated Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory with Transmission Operations Prepared for the Transmission Reliability and Renewable Integration Program Advanced Grid R&D, Office of Electricity US Department of Energy April 2021 Electricity Transmission System Research and Development: Distribution Integrated with Transmission Operations Transmission Innovation Symposium: Modernizing the U.S. Electric Grid 2021 White Papers Prepared for the Office of Electricity U.S. Department of Energy Principal Authors Chen-Ching Liu Power and Energy Center Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Emma M. Stewart Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory April 2021 The work described in this study has been authored by authors at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, under a subcontract from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Disclaimer This work was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors. -
WL Arc Resistant Low Voltage Switchgear Product Guide
WL Arc Resistant Low Voltage Switchgear Product guide usa.siemens.com/switchgear WL Arc Resistant Low Voltage Switchgear Features, Benefits and Ratings Enhanced safety • One piece circuit breaker compartment doors with insert panels Siemens now offers arc resistant, metal-enclosed, low for control devices such as fuses, indicating lights and circuit voltage switchgear designed to provide an additional degree breaker control switches when required. of protection for personnel performing normal operating duties • Reinforced bolted rear covers. in proximity to the energized equipment. Such duties include • Insulated/Isolated bus bar system. opening or closing circuit breakers, closed door circuit breaker • Integrally designed circuit breaker door sealing frame that racking, reading instruments, or other activities that do not allows the user to rack a circuit breaker to connect, test or require cover removal or opening doors (other than auxiliary/ disconnect position without having to install additional instrument compartment doors). hardware (bellows, shrouds, etc) and still maintain arc resistant rating of the apparatus. Why arc resistant switchgear • Shutters in circuit breaker compartments. Standard metal-enclosed switchgear is designed to withstand the mechanical forces generated by bolted faults on the load • Riser Base with integrated arc plenum. terminals until a power circuit breaker or other protective device • Four high power circuit breaker stacking capability. No can interrupt the flow of fault current. This capability is verified additional stacking/configuration restrictions. by short-circuit and short-time withstand tests on the equipment • All section configurations available. Available in solidly and interruption tests on the power circuit breakers. During grounded or resistance grounded configurations. a bolted fault, the voltage at the fault location is essentially • Non-fused non current-limiting circuit breakers allow full zero and the fault energy is dissipated throughout the power power coordination. -
Grid Energy Storage
Grid Energy Storage U.S. Department of Energy December 2013 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the members of the core team dedicated to developing this report on grid energy storage: Imre Gyuk (OE), Mark Johnson (ARPA-E), John Vetrano (Office of Science), Kevin Lynn (EERE), William Parks (OE), Rachna Handa (OE), Landis Kannberg (PNNL), Sean Hearne & Karen Waldrip (SNL), Ralph Braccio (Booz Allen Hamilton). Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.0 State of Energy Storage in US and Abroad .......................................................................................... 11 3.0 Grid Scale Energy Storage Applications .............................................................................................. 20 4.0 Summary of Key Barriers ..................................................................................................................... 30 5.0Energy Storage Strategic Goals .......................................................................................................... 32 6.0 Implementation of its Goals ............................................................................................................... -
Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services Workshop
02 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy EfficiencyWorkshop Structure and Renewable / 1 Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services February 2015 Hydrogen Energy Storage: Grid and Transportation Services Proceedings of an Expert Workshop Convened by the U.S. Department of Energy and Industry Canada, Hosted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the California Air Resources Board Sacramento, California, May 14 –15, 2014 M. Melaina and J. Eichman National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. HT12.2S10 Technical Report NREL/TP-5400-62518 February 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 www.nrel.gov NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. -
VFI Transformer Vs. Switchgear Information
Distribution Transformers Reference Data COOPER POWER Effective March 2015 TD202003EN Supersedes R210-90-2 August 2012 SERIES VFI transformer vs switchgear At issue Simplified installation A comparison of operating capabilities and costs Because there is only one piece of low-profile demonstrates that a transformer equipped with equipment to install, the installation is faster, an integral vacuum fault interrupter (VFI) can be simpler, cheaper, and more aesthetically pleasing. a superior alternative to a non-VFI transformer in Lower operating and maintenance costs combination with stand-alone switchgear. There is one piece of equipment to maintain Recommendation instead of two. Substation units reduce inventory and maintenance costs associated with insulators Eaton combines a conventional distribution or barriers. The sealed tank design protects transformer with the VFI vacuum fault interrupter the oil-immersed VFI breaker so that operation – the same advanced technology used in VFI is unimpaired by contaminated or hazardous pad-mounted switchgear in its Cooper Power™ environments or flood conditions. Breaker series VFI transformer. This combination provides maintenance is virtually eliminated. both voltage transformation and overcurrent Transformer or loop overcurrent protection protection in one space-saving, money-saving up to 35 kV package. When a transformer fault or overload condition The VFI transformer is practical for application occurs, the VFI breaker trips and isolates the on all distribution systems—new or existing, transformer, leaving the feeder uninterrupted. outdoor or indoor (Envirotemp™ FR3™ fluid-filled), When a fault occurs downstream, the VFI breaker commercial or industrial. It is vital for installations trips and isolates the fault, leaving the transformer where conventional protective equipment doesn't load uninterrupted.