DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydroelectric Power Generation and Distribution Planning Under Supply Uncertainty

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydroelectric Power Generation and Distribution Planning Under Supply Uncertainty Hydroelectric Power Generation and Distribution Planning Under Supply Uncertainty by Govind R. Joshi A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Engineering Colorado State University-Pueblo In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed on December 16th, 2016 ABSTRACT Govind Raj Joshi for the degree of Master of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering presented on December 16th, 2016. Hydroelectric Power Generation and Distribution Planning Under Supply Uncertainty Abstract approved: ------------------------------------------- Ebisa D. Wollega, Ph.D. Hydroelectric power system is a renewable energy type that generates electrical energy from water flow. An integrated hydroelectric power system may consist of water storage dams and run-of-river (ROR) hydroelectric power projects. Storage dams store water and regulate water flow so that power from the storage projects dispatch can follow a pre-planned schedule. Power supply from ROR projects is uncertain because water flow in the river, and hence power production capacity, is largely determined by uncertain weather factors. Hydroelectric generator dispatch problem has been widely studied in the literature; however, very little work is available to address the dispatch and distribution planning of an integrated ROR and storage hydroelectric projects. This thesis combines both ROR projects and storage dam projects and formulate the problem as a stochastic program to minimize the cost of energy generation and distribution under ROR projects supply uncertainty. Input data from the Integrated Nepal Power System are used to solve the problem and run experiments. Numerical comparisons of stochastic solution (SS), expected value (EEV), and wait and see (W&S) solutions are made. These solution approaches give economic dispatch of generators and optimal distribution plan that the power system operators (PSO) can use to coordinate, control, and monitor the power generation and distribution system. The W&S solution approach provided the least cost plan. The EEV solution was worse than the SS. The PSO may invest in advanced technologies to more accurately reveal the uncertainties in the planning process, to operate at the W&S operational cost. However, the tradeoff between using the SS solution and investing in new technologies to operate at W&S solution may require rigorous feasibility study. ii Certificate of Acceptance This thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science has been accepted by the program of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Colorado State University - Pueblo APPROVED --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dr. Ebisa D. Wollega Date Assistant Professor of Engineering and Committee Chair --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dr. Leonardo Bedoya-Valencia Date Associate Professor of Engineering and Committee Member --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dr. Jane M. Fraser Date Professor and Director of Engineering and Committee Member Master’s Candidate Govind R. Joshi Date of thesis presentation December 16, 2016 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this research. First and foremost, I offer my utmost gratitude to my academic advisor and committee chair, Dr. Ebisa Wollega, for his support throughout the development of this thesis with his knowledge and patience. I also would like to thank the Department of Engineering at Colorado State University -Pueblo for giving me the opportunity to work on this thesis and for providing me the required resources to carry out this research. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents as well as my uncle Rajendra Awasthi and aunt Kacie Awasthi for their guidance and support throughout my master degree at Colorado State University - Pueblo. iv ABBREVIATIONS Table I List of abbreviations Current measurement unit A (Amperes) MWhr/MWh Mega Watt Hour AC Alternating Current NEA Nepal Electricity Authority AI Artificial Intelligence OPF Optimal Power Flow CF Capacity Factor pf power factor DC Direct Current PF Plant Factor DGs Distributed Generators PP Power Plant DL Distribution Line Q Water discharge Expectation of Expected Water discharge during dry EEV Value Qdry season Water discharge during wet FY Fiscal Year Qwet season H Head or Height ROR Run-of -River HEP Hydroelectric Project SS Stochastic Solution Integrated Nepal Power INPS System TL Transmission Line kV Kilo Volts TP Transportation Problem Active power measurement unit LOLP Loss of Load Probability W (Watts) MW Mega Watts W&S Wait and See v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Power system network block diagram consisting of hydroelectric power projects. ..... 5 Figure 2.1 Integrated power system ................................................................................................ 7 Figure 3.1 Electromechanical governor ........................................................................................ 34 Figure 3.2 Integrated power system network ................................................................................ 37 Figure 4.1 Plant factors of the ROR projects ................................................................................ 43 Figure 4.2 Monthly energy generation by the ROR projects. ....................................................... 44 Figure 4.3 Seasons of a year in the INPS..................................................................................... 45 Figure 4.4 Decision variable values from EEV approach. ............................................................ 52 Figure 4.5 Decision variable values from SS approach. ............................................................... 54 Figure 4.6 Decision variable values from W&S approach. .......................................................... 56 Figure A.1 Integrated Nepal Power System map………………………………………………...68 Figure A.2 Integrated Nepal Power System single line diagram………………………………...69 Figure A.3 MATLAB simulation diagram of the Integrated Nepal Power System……………..69 Figure B.1 Monthly energy generation by the ROR projects in Nepal………………………….71 Figure B.2 Total monthly energy generation by the ROR projects in Nepal……………………73 Figure B.3 Average monthly plant factor or the ROR projects in Nepal (in Percentage)……….74 Figure C.1 Hourly peak demand in the INPS……………………………………………………75 Figure E.1 MATLAB and PSAT results for bus voltages in the INPS………………………….79 Figure E.2 INPS bus voltage level for each season……………………………………………...80 vi LIST OF TABLES Table I List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................... vi Table 3.1 Notation ........................................................................................................................ 25 Table 4.1 Existing major hydroelectric power plants and their types (source: NEA [56]) .......... 42 Table 4.2 Nepali to English calendar conversion ......................................................................... 44 Table 4.3 Seasons in a year and their probabilities ....................................................................... 46 Table 4.4 Existing transmission and distribution lines capacity in the INPS .............................. 47 Table 4.5 Existing substations in the INPS and their capacities ................................................... 49 Table 4.6 Cost parameter computation ......................................................................................... 50 Table 4.7 Total operation and maintenance cost from the NEA report ........................................ 51 Table 4.8 Legend .......................................................................................................................... 52 Table 4.9 The objective function values from SS, W&S, and EEV approach ............................. 59 Table C.1 Current power supply and demand in Nepal………………………………………….75 Table D.1 Cost and capacity parameters computation of the power system components……….76 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... IV ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... VII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1. BRIEF OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. RESEARCH MOTIVATION ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigating Hidden Flexibilities Provided by Power-To-X Consid- Ering Grid Support Strategies
    InVESTIGATING Hidden FleXIBILITIES ProVIDED BY Power-to-X Consid- ERING Grid Support StrATEGIES Master Thesis B. Caner YAgcı˘ Intelligent Electrical POWER Grids Investigating Hidden Flexibilities Provided by Power-to-X Considering Grid Support Strategies Master Thesis by B. Caner Yağcı to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Tuesday September 14, 2020 at 9:30. Student number: 4857089 Project duration: December 2, 2019 – September 14, 2020 Thesis committee: Dr. Milos Cvetkovic, TU Delft, supervisor Dr. ir. J. L. Rueda Torres, TU Delft Dr. L. M. Ramirez Elizando TU Delft This thesis is confidential and cannot be made public until September 14, 2020. An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Preface First of all, I would like to thank PhD. Digvijay Gusain and Dr. Milos Cvetkovic for not only teaching me the answers through this journey, but also giving me the perception of asking the right questions that lead simple ideas into unique values. I would also like to thank my family Alican, Huriye, U˘gur, Gökhan who have been supporting me from the beginning of this journey and more. You continue inspiring me to find my own path and soul, even from miles away. Your blessing is my treasure in life... My friends, Onurhan and Berke. You encourage me and give me confidence to be my best in any scene. You are two extraordinary men who, I know, will always be there when I need. Finally, I would like to thank TU Delft staff and my colleagues in TU Delft for making this journey enter- taining and illuminative for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
    Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Engineering (ENER) 1
    Energy Engineering (ENER) 1 ENER 552. Design of Energy Efficient Buildings. 4 hours. Energy Engineering Emerging technologies in designing energy efficient buildings, including new code issues. Course Information: Prerequisite(s): Open only to (ENER) Master of Energy Engineering students. ENER 553. Sustainable Energy Engineering and Renewable Energy. Courses 4 hours. A view of the energy industries future from the perspective of emerging ENER 420. Combined Heat and Power, Design, and Management. 4 and alternative technologies. Examples include fuel cells, distributed hours. energy, micro-grids, hydrogen energy systems, and renewables. Course CHP systems construction, operation, economics, and includes a student Information: Prerequisite(s): Open only to Master of Energy Engineering design project. Also, builds on previous courses in power plants, engines, students. HVAC, a stress on economic and software analysis, utility rates, and regulations. Course Information: Credit is not given in ENER 420 if the ENER 554. Nuclear Power Generation. 4 hours. student has credit in ME 420. Prerequisite(s): Open only to Master of Theoretical and practical aspects of nuclear power generation, Energy Engineering students. operations, reactor design, power train design, licensing, regulation, health, safety, maintenance on new and existing plants. Course ENER 422. Building Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning. 4 Information: Prerequisite(s): ENER 451 and ME 205; or consent of the hours. instructor. Establishes the basic knowledge needed to understand heating and cooling systems, mass transfer in humidification, solar heat transfer ENER 555. Energy Markets and Contracting. 4 hours. in buildings, and psychrometrics. A computer design project will be Focuses on how energy markets work, how energy prices are completed.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy Australian Water Utilities
    Case Study 7 Renewable energy Australian water utilities The Australian water sector is a large emissions, Melbourne Water also has a Water Corporation are offsetting the energy user during the supply, treatment pipeline of R&D and commercialisation. electricity needs of their Southern and distribution of water. Energy use is These projects include algae for Seawater Desalination Plant by heavily influenced by the requirement treatment and biofuel production, purchasing all outputs from the to pump water and sewage and by advanced biogas recovery and small Mumbida Wind Farm and Greenough sewage treatment processes. To avoid scale hydro and solar generation. River Solar Farm. Greenough River challenges in a carbon constrained Solar Farm produces 10 megawatts of Yarra Valley Water, has constructed world, future utilities will need to rely renewable energy on 80 hectares of a waste to energy facility linked to a more on renewable sources of energy. land. The Mumbida wind farm comprise sewage treatment plant and generating Many utilities already have renewable 22 turbines generating 55 megawatts enough biogas to run both sites energy projects underway to meet their of renewable energy. In 2015-16, with surplus energy exported to the energy demands. planning started for a project to provide electricity grid. The purpose built facility a significant reduction in operating provides an environmentally friendly Implementation costs and greenhouse gas emissions by disposal solution for commercial organic offsetting most of the power consumed Sydney Water has built a diverse waste. The facility will divert 33,000 by the Beenyup Wastewater Treatment renewable energy portfolio made up of tonnes of commercial food waste Plant.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the State of Microgeneration Technologies in the UK
    An overview of the state of microgeneration technologies in the UK Nick Kelly Energy Systems Research Unit Mechanical Engineering University of Strathclyde Glasgow Drivers for Deployment • the UK is a signatory to the Kyoto protocol committing the country to 12.5% cuts in GHG emissions • EU 20-20-20 – reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels; 20% of all energy consumption to come from renewable resources; 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. • UK Climate Change Act 2008 – self-imposed target “to ensure that the net UK carbon account for the year 2050 is at least 80% lower than the 1990 baseline.” – 5-year ‘carbon budgets’ and caps, carbon trading scheme, renewable transport fuel obligation • Energy Act 2008 – enabling legislation for CCS investment, smart metering, offshore transmission, renewables obligation extended to 2037, renewable heat incentive, feed-in-tariff • Energy Act 2010 – further CCS legislation • plus more legislation in the pipeline .. Where we are in 2010 • in the UK there is very significant growth in large-scale renewable generation – 8GW of capacity in 2009 (up 18% from 2008) – Scotland 31% of electricity from renewable sources 2010 • Microgeneration lags far behind – 120,000 solar thermal installations [600 GWh production] – 25,000 PV installations [26.5 Mwe capacity] – 28 MWe capacity of CHP (<100kWe) – 14,000 SWECS installations 28.7 MWe capacity of small wind systems – 8000 GSHP systems Enabling Microgeneration
    [Show full text]
  • ECCENTRIC LEVER ARM AMPLIFICATION SYSTEM for FRICTIONAL ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES 1. Introduction
    16th World Conference on Earthquake, 16WCEE 2017 Santiago Chile, January 9th to 13th 2017 Paper N° 3870 Registration Code: S-XXXXXXXX ECCENTRIC LEVER ARM AMPLIFICATION SYSTEM FOR FRICTIONAL ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES José Luis Almazán(1), Nicolás Tapia(2), Juan Baquero(3). (1) Ph.D., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, [email protected] (2) M.Sc., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, [email protected] (3) M.Sc., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, [email protected] Abstract Recent analytic, experimental, and practical studies are developing energy dissipation devices combined with amplifying mechanisms (AM) to enhance the seismic perfomance of structures with small inter-story deformations. This research presents the theoretical and experimental development of the Eccentric Lever-Arm System (ELAS), a new system which is a combination of an AM with one or more dampers capable of supporting large deformations. This work is divided in four parts: (1) kinematics of the ELAS and definition of an equivalent system without AM; (2) parametric analysis of a linear single-story structure with ELAS; (3) numerical analysis of a stiff multi-degree of-freedom structure with two types of frictional dampers; and (4) pseudo-dynamic tests of a full scale asymmetric one story steel structure with and without frictional dampers. Parametric analyses demonstrate that using high amplification ratios and low supplemental damping could be a very good practice . On the other hand, similar to systems without AMs, dissipation efficiency increases conformably with the stiffness of the secondary structure. As expected, it was observed that deformation was highly concentrated in the flexible edge of the asymmetric test model without damper.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 09 Closing Switches.Pdf
    High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Closing Switches Fall, 2018 Kyoung-Jae Chung Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University Switch fundamentals The importance of switches in pulsed power systems In high power pulse applications, switches capable of handling tera-watt power and having jitter time in the nanosecond range are frequently needed. The rise time, shape, and amplitude of the generator output pulse depend strongly on the properties of the switches. The basic principle of switching is simple: at a proper time, change the property of the switch medium from that of an insulator to that of a conductor or the reverse. To achieve this effectively and precisely, however, is rather a complex and difficult task. It involves not only the parameters of the switch and circuit but also many physical and chemical processes. 2/44 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Switch fundamentals Design of a switch requires knowledge in many areas. The property of the medium employed between the switch electrodes is the most important factor that determines the performance of the switch. Classification Medium: gas switch, liquid switch, solid switch Triggering mechanism: self-breakdown or externally triggered switches Charging mode: Statically charged or pulse charged switches No. of conducting channels: single channel or multi-channel switches Discharge property: volume discharge or surface discharge switches 3/44 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Characteristics of typical switches A. Trigger pulse: a fast pulse supplied externally to initiate the action of switching, the nature of which may be voltage, laser beam or charged particle beam.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy Systems Usa
    Renewable Energy Systems Usa Which Lamar impugns so motherly that Chevalier sleighs her guernseys? Behaviorist Hagen pagings histhat demagnetization! misfeature shrivel protectively and minimised alarmedly. Zirconic and diatonic Griffin never blahs Citizenship information on material in the financing and energy comes next time of backup capacity, for reward center. Energy Systems Engineering Rutgers University School of. Optimization algorithms are ways of computing maximum or minimum of mathematical functions. Please just a valid email. Renewable Energy Degrees FULL LIST & Green Energy Job. Payment options all while installing monitoring and maintaining your solar energy systems. Units can be provided by renewable systems could prevent automated spam filtering or system. Graduates with a Masters in Renewable Energy and Sustainable Systems Engineering and. Learn laugh about renewable resources such the solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectricity. Creating good decisions. The renewable systems can now to satisfy these can decrease. In recent years there that been high investment in solar PV, due to favourable subsidies and incentives. Renewable Energy Research developing the renewable carbon-free technologies required to mesh a sustainable future energy system where solar cell. Solar energy systems is renewable power system, and the grid rural electrification in cold water pumped uphill by. Apex Clean Energy develops constructs and operates utility-scale wire and medicine power facilities for the. International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA. The limitation of fossil fuels has challenged scientists and engineers to vocabulary for alternative energy resources that can represent future energy demand. Our solar panels are thus for capturing peak power without our winters, in shade, and, of cellar, full sun.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Cogeneration in Large Industrial Projects
    COGENERATION USE OF COGENERATION IN LARGE INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS (RECENT ADVANCES IN COGENERATION?) PRESENTER: JIM LONEY, PE [email protected] 281-295-7606 COGENERATION • WHAT IS COGENERATION? • Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful thermal energy (steam in most cases) • WHY COGENERATION? • Cogeneration is more efficient • Rankine Cycle – about 40% efficiency • Combined Cycle – about 60% efficiency • Cogeneration – about 87% efficiency • Why doesn’t everyone use only cogeneration? COGENERATION By Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - https://www.flickr.com/photos/boellstiftung/38359636032, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=79343425 COGENERATION GENERATION SYSTEM LOSSES • Rankine Cycle – about 40% efficiency • Steam turbine cycle using fossil fuel • Most of the heat loss is from the STG exhaust • Some heat losses via boiler flue gas • Simple Cycle Gas Turbine– about 40% efficiency • The heat loss is from the gas turbine exhaust • Combined Cycle – about 60% efficiency • Recover the heat from the gas turbine exhaust and run a Rankine cycle • Cogeneration – about 87% efficiency COGENERATION • What is the problem with cogeneration? • Reality Strikes • In order to get to 87% efficiency, the heating load has to closely match the thermal energy left over from the generation of electricity. • Utility electricity demand typically follows a nocturnal/diurnal sine pattern • Steam heating loads follow a summer/winter cycle • With industrial users, electrical and heating loads are typically more stable COGENERATION • What factors determine if cogeneration makes sense? • ECONOMICS! • Not just the economics of the cogeneration unit, but the impact on the entire facility. • Fuel cost • Electricity cost, including stand-by charges • Operational flexibility including turndown ability • Reliability impacts • Possibly the largest influence • If the cogeneration unit has an outage then this may (will?) bring the entire facility down.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Transmission Technologies
    Advanced Transmission Technologies December 2020 United States Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 Executive Summary The high-voltage transmission electric grid is a complex, interconnected, and interdependent system that is responsible for providing safe, reliable, and cost-effective electricity to customers. In the United States, the transmission system is comprised of three distinct power grids, or “interconnections”: the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and a smaller grid containing most of Texas. The three systems have weak ties between them to act as power transfers, but they largely rely on independent systems to remain stable and reliable. Along with aged assets, primarily from the 1960s and 1970s, the electric power system is evolving, from consisting of predominantly reliable, dependable, and variable-output generation sources (e.g., coal, natural gas, and hydroelectric) to increasing percentages of climate- and weather- dependent intermittent power generation sources (e.g., wind and solar). All of these generation sources rely heavily on high-voltage transmission lines, substations, and the distribution grid to bring electric power to the customers. The original vertically-integrated system design was simple, following the path of generation to transmission to distribution to customer. The centralized control paradigm in which generation is dispatched to serve variable customer demands is being challenged with greater deployment of distributed energy resources (at both the transmission and distribution level), which may not follow the traditional path mentioned above. This means an electricity customer today could be a generation source tomorrow if wind or solar assets were on their privately-owned property. The fact that customers can now be power sources means that they do not have to wholly rely on their utility to serve their needs and they could sell power back to the utility.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Grid Failure
    Power grid failure Presentation by: Sourabh Kothari Department of Electrical Engineering, CDSE Introduction • A power grid is an interconnected network of transmission lines for supplying electricity from power suppliers to consumers. Any disruptions in the network causes power outages. India has five regional grids that carry electricity from power plants to respective states in the country. • Electric power is normally generated at 11-25kV and then stepped-up to 400kV, 220kV or 132kV for high voltage lines through long distances and deliver the power into a common power pool called the grid. • The grid is connected to load centers (cities) through a sub- transmission network of normally 33kV lines which terminate into a 33kV (or 66kV) substation, where the voltage is stepped-down to 11kV for power distribution through a distribution network at 11kV and lower. • The 3 distinct operation of a power grid are:- 1. Power generation 2. Power transmission 3. Power distribution. Structure of Grids Operations of Power grids • Electricity generation - Generating plants are located near a source of water, and away from heavily populated areas , are large and electric power generated is stepped up to a higher voltage-at which it connects to the transmission network. • Electric power transmission - The transmission network will move the power long distances–often across state lines, and sometimes across international boundaries, until it reaches its wholesale customer. • Electricity distribution - Upon arrival at the substation, the power will be stepped down in voltage—to a distribution level voltage. As it exits the substation, it enters the distribution wiring. Finally, upon arrival at the service location, the power is stepped down again from the distribution voltage to the required service voltage.
    [Show full text]
  • Utility Incentives for Combined Heat and Power
    UTILITY INCENTIVES FOR COMBINED HEAT AND POWER U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat and Power Partnership October 2008 FOREWORD The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Partnership as a voluntary program that seeks to reduce the environmental impact of power generation by promoting the use of CHP. CHP is an efficient, clean, and reliable approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. CHP can increase operational efficiency and decrease energy costs, while reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change. The CHP Partnership works closely with energy users, the CHP industry, state and local governments, and other stakeholders to support the development of new CHP projects and promote their energy, environmental, and economic benefits. The CHP Partnership provides resources about CHP technologies, incentives, emissions profiles, and other information on its Web site at <www.epa.gov/chp>. i CONTENTS About This Report........................................................................................................................... 1 Utility-Initiated Incentives, Policies, and Programs for CHP......................................................... 5 Investor-Owned Gas Utilities ..................................................................................................... 5 Investor-Owned Electric Utilities ...............................................................................................9
    [Show full text]