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Material. Under Cetzbin Conditions Specified in the Law, Libraries and Archives Specific Mditions Is That the Phohmpy Or Reprodu .. ....... .. I. ... ., ... : .. , . j;. ..... .. .... The Copyright law of the United States (title 17, United States Code) governs the making of phwtmwpies or wtha reproductiwns of mpyrighted material. Under cetZBin conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorid to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specific mditions is that the phohmpy or reproduction is not to be “Used fir my purpose other than private study, schdanhip, or research.” If B user make3 a quest far, or later uses, a photompy or repductim for puqmses in ecess of ‘‘fair we9’’that user may be liable for mpyright infringement, This institution reserves the right to rehe to accept a copying order if, in its judgmenk fulfitlrnent of the order would involve violation ofcoMght Jaw- By the using this materid, you are couwnting t~ abide by this copyright policy, Any duplication, reprodndinn, nr modification of this material without express waitken consent from Asbuv Theological Seminary andhr the original publisher is prohibited. Q Asbury TheoIogi@alSeminary 2009 ASBURY SEMINARY 1390507371 THE CHRISTIAN FAITH AM> DIVISNE ETHN-ICITY IN AFRICA: A Case Study of the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA) in Nigeria A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the E. Stanley Jones School of World Mission and Evangelism Asbury Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Barje S. Maigadi May 1997 DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation, entitled THE CHRISTIAN FAITH AND DIVISIVE ETHNICITY IN AFRICA: A Case Study of the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA) in Nigeria l49b."4" written by Bade S. Maigadi and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the Faculty of the E. Stanley Jones School of World Mission and Evangelism, Asbury Theologcal Seminary. Darrell L. Whiteman, Ph.D. Eunice L. Irwin, Ph.D. George G. Hunter, Ph.D. Date: May 1997 Abstract THE CHRISTIAN FAITH AND DIVISIVE ETHNICITY IN AFRICA: A Case Study of the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA) in Nigeria With an estimated over 350 ethnic groups speaking different languages, Nigeria is not only the most populous country in Africa but it is also the most multi-ethnic society in Afiica as well. Such ethnic diversity makes ethnicity an important element in the life of each ethnic group because it provides each group with a positive sense of self-identity, security, self-determination, and belongingness. However, at the boundary of human interaction in a multi- ethnic society like Nigeria, a phenomenon emerges that I called divisive ethnicity (which is a conscious act whereby an ethnic group or groups discriminate against another ethnic group on the basis of ethnic differences). It is in this type of multi-ethnic environment that the Sudan Interior Mission now the Society for International Ministries (SIM) established a multi-ethnic and institutionalized church called the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA). This church is now internally threatened by divisive ethnicity. This study is an attempt to analyze this internal problem in ECWA and to suggest a possible solution. It has been argued in this dissertation that the gospel as preached and lived by SIM missionaries was clothed with Western culture and therefore is incapable of minimizing divisive ethnicity in ECWA. Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated through the study of the institutionalization of religion and its dilemmas that the institutionalization of ECWA also in part exacerbates divisive ethnicity in ECWA. Although external factors such as the sociocultural, historical, political, and spiritual are also involved, I have limited myself to the above two factors because they reveal the internal weakness of the ECWA and the church in Africa in general. A model of the church as the one family of God, as one among many other models, with agape (love) as its fimdamental character, has been suggested as a possible solution to the problem. The choice of this model is based on its relational element since family relationship is a core value in African cultures. From this model, seven implications for ethnic relations in ECWA are identified. Among them are, fmt, where agape exists among members of the one family of God, there is no place for divisive ethnicity; second, God is glorified when Christians view themselves as members of one family; third, an attitude of voluntary surrender is generated; and fourth, God's children are compelled to learn each other's cultures. I have recommended seven strategic interventions, These are: (1) the development of deeper Christian communities; (2) training of servant-leaders; (3) the development of an organizational structure that supports inclusion; (4) the affirmation and celebration of ethnic diversity; (5) facilitation of cross-culhual leaming; (6) the exposure of divisive ethnicity as sin and an invitation to repent; and (7) the development of a community of prayer. Table of Contents Page List of Tables .......................................... viii... ... List of Figures .......................................... viii Acknowledgements ....................................... ix Chapter 1. Study of the Institutionalization of the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA) and the Problem of Divisive Ethnicity .............................. 1 Background to the Problem .............................. 1 Statement of Purpose .................................. 18 DefinitionofTerms ................................... 21 Significance of the Study ............................... 25 The Nature and Function of Ethnicity ..................... 29 The Challenge and Mystery of Ethnicity ................... 36 Theoretical Framework ................................ 44 The Institutionalization of Religion ........... '4' I.-- 44 Five Dilemmas in the Institutionalization of Religion ............................... 56 Theory ofthe Institutionalization of Religion Applied to ECWA .......................... 63 Method of Collecting Data ............................. 65 A Proposed Model of the Church as the One Family of God ................................. 69 summary .......................................... 75 Notes ............................................. 79 Chapter 2. The Sudan Interior Mission: Its Work and Divisive Ethnicity in Nigeria .............................. 80 Background of the Sociocultural Context of Nigeria .......... 80 Sociocultural Context of Pre-Colonial Nigeria .......... 80 Sociocultural Context of Post-Colonial Nigeria: A Reverse Shift ............................89 Sudan Interior Mission's Effort to Reach the Muslims in NorthemNigeria ........................... 92 Call and Burden of the Sudan Interior Mission ........ 101 Thecal1 ..................................... 102 TheBurden ................................... 104 Challenges of the Sudan Interior Mission .................. 105 Challenge of Disease and Death ................... 106 Challenge of Language and Translation .............. 116 Challenge of Culture and Divisive Ethnicity .......... 122 Strategies of the Sudan Interior Mission .................. 140 The "Homogeneous" Strategy ..................... 141 The "Three Self' Principle and Roland Allen's Concept of the Work of the Holy Spirit in Mission ............................... 145 surmnary..........................................153 Notes ............................................ 156 Chapter 3. Institutionalization of ECWA and Its Exacerbation of Divisive Ethnicity ............................ 159 Introduction ........................................ 159 Factors Leading to the Institutionalization ofECWA .................................... 160 The Political Factor ............................. 161 The Doctrinal Factor ............................166 Stages of Institutionalization of ECWA ................... 16'7 Licensing and Ordination ......................... 168 Registration of SUI Churches ..................... 169 Church Constitution and Association ................ 170 Consolidation ................................. 184 Result of Institutionalization ...................... 194 summary..........................................195 Notes ............................................ 197 Chapter 4. Evidences and Opinions on the Emergence of Divisive Ethnicity in ECWA . 200 ~~oduction........................................ 200 Three Major Areas of Divisive Ethnicity in ECWA . 202 Divisive Ethnicity in the Elections of Leaders . 203 Divisive Ethnicity in Appointments of Staff . ,210 Divisive Ethnicity in the Proliferation of Administrative Units . .214 Six Major Factors Contributing to Divisive Ethnicity in ECWA Identified . .216 Spiritual Poverty or Immaturity . .216 The Principle of Ethnic Representation in ECWA Units . , . , I . .220 Cultural Differences . , . .227 The Consolidated Salary Scale . - . .232 Loss of Vision . 132 Democratic Principle . I - . .) . 134 Suggested Solutions for Divisive Emcity . 237 iv Biblical Teaching on the Nature of the Church ......... 238 Prayer for Revival .............................. 238 Leadership by Example .......................... 239 Decentralization of the Organizational Structure .......241 Inter-District Transfer of Chairmen .................244 Application of the Spirit of ECWA Constitution .......244 Summary .......................................... 246 Notes ............................................248 Chapter 5
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