Cultural Awareness and Relationship Building with Indigenous Peoples 1

2020

Town of Devon

Table of Contents

Preface ...... 5 Using this Document ...... 5 Purpose of this Document ...... 5 Introduction ...... 6 About the Town of Devon ...... 6 Town of Devon Indigenous Engagement Mission and Vision ...... 6 Vision ...... 6 Mission ...... 6 Commitment to Indigenous Peoples and the Treaty Relationship ...... 6 Why Indigenous Engagement ...... 7 Genuine Engagement ...... 7 Treaty Territory and Land Acknowledgement ...... 7 Indigenous Cultures and Communities ...... 9 Visiting a Community ...... 10 Understanding Treaties ...... 10 Royal Proclamation of 1763 ...... 10 Jay Treaty ...... 10 Treaty Principles ...... 11 Treaty Number Six ...... 12 Métis Nation Regions ...... 15 Engagement ...... 16 Responsibilities at the Municipal Level ...... 16 The Consultation Process ...... 17 What happens when a proposed development is found to have a culturally significant area ...... 18 Current Legislation ...... 19 The Indian Act ...... 19 Constitution Act 1982 ...... 20 International Rights of Indigenous Peoples ...... 21 Indigenous Engagement Objectives and Best Practices ...... 21 Implementing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Calls to Action ...... 23

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The Town of Devon and Truth and Reconciliation...... 24 Understanding the Community ...... 27 Sincere Approach ...... 28 Introductions ...... 28 Protocol and Honorarium ...... 29 Tobacco ...... 29 Types of Tobacco ...... 30 Prints/Flags ...... 31 Elders and Protocol ...... 31 Honorarium ...... 31 Ceremony ...... 32 Building Relationships ...... 32 Transparency ...... 33 Equality ...... 33 Maintaining Relationships ...... 33 Future Opportunities ...... 36 Where to find more Information ...... 37 List of Nations and Organizations ...... 37 References ...... 41

Town of Devon

Preface

This framework is an initiative supported and implemented by the Town of Devon for use by municipal staff, government and community members. In Canada, there has been a growing awareness of historical and contemporary topics about Indigenous Peoples, especially in regard to intergenerational trauma caused by the Indian residential school system, sixties-scoop, colonization and Indigenous rights. Generally, there is also a greater demand and need for more awareness of Indigenous cultures. Through awareness and education comes respect and understanding, and from respect and understanding comes the breakdown of barriers, stigmas, stereotypes, racism and prejudice. Canadians should make it a priority to become educated; not educated in the traditional sense of sitting in a classroom, but education in the sense of interacting with Indigenous communities, attending events, and sitting with community members, whether they be Elders, leadership, or the general public. We must pave the way for our own individualized learning about the vast Indigenous cultures of the land and take an empathetic and genuine approach to learning about the true history of Canada and the history of Indigenous Peoples. Many Canadians have little to no understanding of Treaties and although they may seem like ancient documents, many of the Treaties were signed only within the last few centuries and are still legally binding to this day. This document is not intended, in any way, to fully educate the reader on every historical aspect, treaty right or cultural detail, but instead to be an introductory guide and plan in helping the reader develop a general understanding of the Treaty relationship.

Using this Document This document has been created for the Town of Devon leadership, staff, and residents who have a direct and/or indirect role in planning, developing and implementing Indigenous and community engagement activities. It is meant to be used as an introductory reference guide.

Purpose of this Document The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of the engagement and relationship building process between the Town of Devon and Indigenous Peoples. It will assist the Towns relationship building efforts and will serve as an educational document allowing the reader to gain a basic understanding about various topics related to Indigenous engagement.

**Disclaimer: It is not the right or intention of this document to describe, discuss, or infer qualities or attributes of one Indigenous culture to the next, as it is the right of the individual and respective Nation(s) to decide how they identify as Indigenous People. Information presented in this document has been compiled from academic sources (see references) and Indigenous Peoples throughout Treaty Six territory.

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Introduction

About the Town of Devon1 The Town of Devon is a progressive community located southwest of the City of Edmonton and situated along the North Saskatchewan River Valley. In January of 1950, Devon was incorporated as a Village and in March of the same year it became a Town. Devon was labeled as Canada's Model Town, since it was the first community in all of Canada to be approved by a Regional Planning Commission. The current area of the town borders the traditional territory of maskêkosihk (Lapotac Band or Enoch Cree Nation) whose territory borders the northern edge of the North Saskatchewan River north of Devon. The town is situated within the traditional lands and territories of the Bobtail First Nation (maskwacis Nations), Papaschase (Pa-Pas-Chase) Nation, maskêkosihk (maw-sgeg- sig) Nation and many others who had used the area.

Town of Devon Indigenous Engagement Mission and Vision

Vision Devon will create an example for all other communities and municipalities to follow by way of genuine Indigenous engagement, collaboration, Treaty rights acknowledgement, reconciliation and reconciliaction so as to foster a community of understanding, respect, and genuine relationships between all Treaty people.

Mission The Town of Devon will continue to uphold the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Calls to Action and will strive to develop and maintain genuine relationships and collaboration with all Indigenous Peoples, communities and organizations of Treaty Six territory and all other Treaty and non-Treaty lands all while acknowledging and upholding Treaty rights, responsibilities and implementing genuine reconciliation efforts.

Commitment to Indigenous Peoples and the Treaty Relationship The Town of Devon is committed to working together with all Indigenous Peoples of Treaty Six territory and Treaty people throughout the land. We commit to genuine and meaningful engagement as well as the implementation of cultural awareness training and learning opportunities for staff, council, and residents of the Town. We recognize that reconciliation cannot happen without action, which is why we will begin to recognize and implement applicable TRC Calls to Action within the community and within our municipal governance structure. We will continue to work with all Indigenous communities, Elders and leaders within Treaty Six territory and beyond to ensure that our engagement is transparent, inclusive, genuine, and collaborative. We recognize the rights of Indigenous Peoples of Treaty Six and the

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inherent rights of all Indigenous Peoples. Through collaboration and meaningful relationships, we solemnly commit to working with Indigenous Peoples to help build a safer, sustainable and inclusive community for the future.

Why Indigenous Engagement?2 Indigenous engagement is paramount to the success of intergovernmental relations between municipalities and Indigenous Nations. From the signing of Treaty 1 in 1871, these agreements, from 1 to 11 were not necessarily peace treaties as people have come to believe but instead are legal agreements made to share the land between the First Nations and settlers (Canadians). It is an inherent right of Indigenous Peoples to be consulted on decisions that affect them, their communities, and their traditional territories. Through proper and genuine consultation and engagement, Nation-to-municipality relationships can begin to strengthen.

Genuine Engagement Genuine engagement starts at the ground level. Without cultural understanding, the municipality risks engaging in superficial and unsubstantial relationship building.

The keys to success include:

• Community visits, • Participation in events, • Education on current and historical issues, • Education on culture, protocol, customs, traditions and Treaties, • Recognition of Treaty rights and land/territory acknowledgments by the municipality, • Developing connections with Treaty Six communities, • Indicate how any information collected will be shared or used, • Keep dialogue open and the relationship building process fair and equitable, and • Meet with community members, Elders, and leadership frequently.

Treaty Territory and Land Acknowledgement

It is important that municipalities adopt a Treaty territory and land acknowledgement within their procedural by-laws. These acknowledgements serve to honor and acknowledge the Treaty territory, traditional lands and territories of Indigenous Peoples. As Treaty relationships are viewed as a “marriage,” it is important that Canadians continue to honor the lands and territories they reside in. As the lands of Canada were never transferred or sold to the Crown, Indigenous Peoples of this land are still, and will always be, the legal guardians and keepers of the land. Treaties are

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agreements to share the land for all to benefit and the Town of Devon can become a leader in re-establishing the Treaty relationship. Treaty territory and land acknowledgements must be done with good intentions. These acknowledgements are done so that the community can move forward in a positive manner, working together with each other as Treaty was intended. As discussed with Treaty Six members, municipalities should have two land acknowledgements; one being a formal territory and land acknowledgement meant for government and municipal activities such as:

• At the start of all council meetings, • At the start of all Town-run public events such as a Mayor’s address to the public, • At the start of all intergovernmental meetings, especially between a municipal government and Tribal government (Chief and council/ Band Council), and • At the start of any new major development such as newly purchased land for housing, commercial, industrial development, etc. Small projects within previously developed areas or privately owned structures would not need a land acknowledgement (i.e. an addition to an existing building, yard, etc.).

An Informal land acknowledgement is used for smaller events such as:

• The start of Town-run community presentations and speakers’ events, • The start of Town-run community gatherings, and • The start of any Town-run events and workshops, especially those that include Indigenous content and/or presenters.

Although Land and Territory acknowledgements are intended to be genuine and meaningful, they can sometimes become a repetitive statement. Like a national anthem, they are a statement that is said with the utmost respect and utilized in a similar way to open events and gatherings.

Internally, a land acknowledgement can also be included in the signature line of staff emails. This also shows respect and acknowledgement of Indigenous Peoples and the lands and territories in which we work on. A signature line could include: “The Town of Devon acknowledges that we are on Treaty Six territory, the traditional lands and territories of the nehiyawak, Blackfoot, Nakota, Anishinaabe and Métis peoples who are the legal caretakers and water protectors of this land, and who have been here since time immemorial.”

Formal Territory and Land Acknowledgement The Town of Devon acknowledges the land we are on, Treaty Six territory, which encompasses the traditional lands of the nehiyawak (neh-hee-yaw-wahk), Blackfoot, Nakota, Anishinaabe (an-ish-naw-bey), and Métis (may-tee) Peoples, who are the legal caretakers and protectors of this land, and who have been here since time immemorial. We acknowledge that Devon is

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within the traditional lands and territories of Bobtail, Papaschase and maskêkosihk (maw-sgeg- sihg) First Nations. We shall continue to uphold our Treaty responsibilities to all Treaty Six Peoples, and continue to work with all Nations towards a brighter future together.

Informal Territory and Land Acknowledgement The Town of Devon acknowledges that we are on Treaty Six Territory and within the traditional lands of the nehiyawak (neh-hey-yaw-wahk), Blackfoot, Nakota, Anishinaabe (an-ish-naw-bey), and Métis (may-tee) Peoples. We commit to keeping the spirit and intent of Treaty Six alive through continued collaboration with all Indigenous Peoples and by working towards a brighter future together.

Indigenous Cultures and Communities

Indigenous cultures are rich with history, knowledge and many belief systems which can be unique to each Nation. Although there are many Nations throughout the land, most communities within Treaty Six territory (specifically around the Edmonton region) are Plains Cree, Nakota, and Anishinaabe. Cree Nations Enoch - maskêkosak (maw-sgehg-sahg) Paspaschase (Paa-paas-chase) Alexander - kipohtakaw (gih-poh-tih-gow) Saddle Lake - onihcikiskwapiwinihk (oh-knee-chi-gisk-wapey-win-ihg) Sunchild Samson - nipisikopahk (nip-sig-oh-pawg) Ermineskin - neyaskweyahk (ney-awsg-way-ahg) Montana - akamihk (ahg-amig) Louis Bull - kisipatinahk (kiss-pawt-eh-nahg)

Other communities include Paul First Nation and Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation (primarily Nakota), O’Chiese Nation (primarily Anishinaabe) and Michel Nation (Iroquois and Cree).

Michif3 Michif is the language spoken exclusively by the Métis, dating back to the days of the Red River Settlement in Manitoba. The Michif language is a combination of French and Cree and is still spoken by Métis Peoples of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and the South Slave region of the Northwest Territories. Although there are not many Métis settlements around the Devon-Edmonton area, communities such as St. Albert and Beaumont have a high Métis population. The Métis played a pivotal role in the development of St. Albert, as many of the first agricultural settlements were performed by the Métis.

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Visiting a Community Some Canadians still believe that they cannot enter a reserve or attend a cultural event unless they are Indigenous. This is not true, as everyone is welcome to cultural events and celebrations unless the community specifically holds an event for its members. The best way to meet new people and learn about a community and/or culture is by visiting. Pow-wows and other cultural events are held throughout the year in many communities which provide great opportunities to learn about and experience Indigenous cultures.

Understanding Treaties

Although there are numerous Treaties between the British Crown (Federal Government) and Indigenous Nations in Canada, we will focus primarily on the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Treaty Six, and the Jay Treaty.

Royal Proclamation of 17634 The Royal Proclamation of 1763 issued by King George III recognized First Nations title, sovereignty and established the treaty-making process. The Royal Proclamation also established the relationship of mutuality between two sovereign Nations and the principle of consent between First Nations Peoples and the Imperial Crown.

Jay Treaty5 The Jay Treaty was an agreement signed between Great Britain and the United States in 1794. This Treaty allowed for First Nations who were born in what is now Canada to freely travel across the Canadian-U.S. border without issue. Still legally binding, the Jay Treaty states that “The Indians dwelling on either side of the...boundary line...shall have the right freely to pass and repass by land or island navigation...and to navigate all the lakes, rivers and waters thereof, freely, to carry on trade and commerce with each other.” Since 1928, United States law has recognized the right of "American Indians born in Canada to pass the borders of the United States" but has only limited that right to "persons who possess at least 50 per centum of blood of the American Indian race." This means that individuals, who, according to the Federal government, contain at least 50% “Indian Blood” can freely pass over the border without issue to visit, live or work in the United States. Eligible individuals do not need to register or obtain authorization, and cannot be denied entry, services, or searched of sacred objects that have religious, ceremonial, or spiritual significance to that individual as an Indigenous person.

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Treaty Principles6

• Pursuant to the Royal Proclamation of 1763, treaties were entered into between sovereign and independent nations with their own preexisting laws, principles, and forms of government. The Treaty First Nations agreed to live in peaceful coexistence with other peoples; with respect to and without interference in one another's laws, governments, and ways of life.

• At no time did Treaty First Nations relinquish their right to nationhood, their Inherent Right to determine their own destinies, nor did they allow any foreign government to govern them.

• The spirit and intent of the treaties must be respected and honored as made sacred by traditional Indian laws and ceremonies and the involvement of the Crown.

• Treaties are not static, nor can they be unilaterally defined. They evolve and will continue to evolve for "...as long as the sun shines, the grass grows, and the waters flow..."

• The International stature of treaties must be recognized, respected, and upheld.

• Pursuant to the Royal Proclamation of 1763, treaties established a bilateral nation-to- nation relationship between Treaty First Nations and the Imperial Crown.

• In accordance with the bilateral process, as recognized and confirmed by Treaty, the Crown in right of Canada is under a continuing obligation to deal directly with the First Nations signatories to Treaty. Therefore, no discussions on treaties can proceed which deviate from or diminish the bilateral nation-to-nation relationship.

• Since the principle of consent is entrenched in the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the Government of Canada is not entitled to make unilateral decisions with respect to Treaty issues.

• As each First Nation is its own governing entity, respect and recognition must be given to the political structure and authority of each First Nation government.

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Treaty Number Six7, 8 Treaty Six was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton and on September 9, 1876 in Fort Pitt. Adhesions to the treaty were signed at later dates.

First Nations understood they would receive assistance to the transition of a new lifestyle, maintenance of their cultural and spiritual rights, right to hunt, trap, and fish, education, medical assistance, reserve land, agricultural tools and support, and peaceful co-existence with the newcomers. The text of the Treaty states:

• Reserve land in the amount of one square mile per family of five, • An annual cash payment at a rate of $25 per Chief, $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members, and a one-time present of $12 for each member of the band who agreed to the Treaty, • Twine and ammunition at a value of $1500 per year, • For each band and family, certain agricultural implements such as hoes, spades, livestock, horses, and wagons, • A school once the people settled on a reserve, • The right to pursue hunting, trapping, and fishing, • The Medicine Chest clause (free access to healthcare), • Rations were to be given in times of pestilence and famine, and • First Nations who had “settled” on reserves and were farming were to receive $1000 in agricultural provisions. Treaty Six also stipulated that no more than the top six inches of soil shall be used by the Crown and its people. This stipulation is why engagement is important, as it shows respect for the Treaty relationship. It creates a transparent and collaborative process allowing all voices to be heard and ensures that culturally significant areas can be protected through joint collaboration. This would not mean Devon cannot proceed with future development, but instead means that consultation and engagement would show consideration of Indigenous Peoples, Nations and the land. It is a respectful way to acknowledge the Treaty lands in order to preserve important cultural areas.

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Below are maps of the numbered treaties (territories of Canada), Nations and Territories of Alberta and Métis Nation (MNA) Zones 9,10

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Métis Nation Regions11

Alberta is also made up of Métis Nation regions. These regions are not the same as Treaty territories, as the Métis Peoples of Canada did not sign Treaty with the Crown. Instead, Métis people were offered “scrip” which was designed to extinguish Métis title in exchange for land or money. The term “Métis” in Section 35 of the Constitution Act does not encompass all individuals with mixed “Indian” and European heritage. Rather, it refers to distinctive Peoples who, in addition to their mixed ancestry, developed their own customs, way of life, and recognizable group identity separate from their Indigenous and European forebearers. Métis governance is now divided into six regions or “zones” across the province which overlap the Treaty territories. On June 27, 2019, the Métis Nation of Alberta (MNA) signed the first ever self-government agreement between the Government of Canada and a Métis government.

Flag of Treaty Six Territory. This flag includes the treaty medallion showing friendship between First Nations and

Settlers

The flag of the Métis. This flag includes the infinity symbol which represents the permanence of the Métis culture, and the heritage of the Métis, a mixture of French and First Nations ancestry.

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Engagement

Engagement is extremely important when working together with Indigenous Peoples. It is one of the key elements that must be acknowledged and implemented in a timely and thoughtful manner if beneficial relationships are to develop. Engagement with Nations such as Louis Bull, Montana, Ermineskin, Samson, Enoch and others will strengthen the Treaty relationship with Devon, and shows respect and good intentions by the Town.

Indigenous engagement has many different definitions. In general, it is the engagement, consultation, interaction and communication with Indigenous Peoples, on and off reserve, in regard to any process, development, or activity that will affect them, their well-being, way of life (including customs, traditions, hunting, gathering), and *inherent Treaty rights.

* Inherent Treaty rights are the rights of Indigenous Peoples under the respective Treaty Although(such as the rightDuty to selfConsult-government, is a Crown rights responsibility, to the land, it isand best a right practice to practice for municipalities their own to engageculture and and consult customs) with which Indigenous have been Peoples. passed This down signifies each and gener strengtationhens since the the intent signing of ofTreaty andthe the treaties Treaty and Relationship are recognized of collaboration by the respective and working Nation. together.

For example, if Devon is planning development of a new section of land, the Nation(s) who governed or who hold the area as their traditional territory should be engaged with and informed of the planned development prior to any ground-breaking, excavating or building. This is so any culturally significant areas (if any), can be identified by the respective Nation(s) and protected in collaboration with the Town. This process does not need to be difficult or complicated, but instead should be a respectful and neighbourly process done in good faith. This consultation process should allow the Nation(s) enough time to address any areas of concern (if any) such as grave sites, traditional land use areas, medicinal plants, etc. so that development will not affect or destroy any sensitive or traditional use area. Consultation timelines can vary, and as municipal developments are smaller in scope compared to large industry, timelines can vary from two weeks or more depending on the project.

Responsibilities at the Municipal Level12

Like federal and provincial governments, municipalities also have decision making power that may impact Indigenous Peoples and their Treaty rights. Municipalities are not Crown entities as they are created by provincial statute and not constitutional authority. The Supreme Court of Canada has concluded that third parties are not responsible for discharging the Crown’s duty to consult and accommodate, yet it has not specifically commented on the obligations of municipalities. Although the Duty to Consult in relation to local governments has not been legally determined by a court ruling with a potential Indigenous and Treaty rights infringement, consultation can be done as an in good faith process.

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If unsure about the consultation process and the role of the municipality, feel free to contact the Confederacy of Treaty Six office (see List of Nations and Organizations) as they can provide more information about consultation and can connect you to any Treaty Six Nation band office.

The Consultation Process13

Consultation with Indigenous Peoples must be thoroughly thought out and presented in a transparent and engaging manner. This has the potential to strengthen the relationship between the Town and Indigenous Nations. For contact information of the Treaty Six Nations, see the list of Nations and organizations (page 37).

A proper consultation process can include:

• An introductory meeting or phone call/video call between departments involved with the planned development and the consultation offices of the respective Nations. This introductory call can also include Elders, knowledge keepers, and possibly leadership.

• An open house targeted at the Indigenous Nation(s) for whose traditional and/or current territory you are residing in and/or planning the development in. o For Devon, this would consist of consulting with all maskwacis Nations (Montana, Louis Bull, Ermineskin and Samson) and maskêkosihk (Enoch Cree Nation) in regard to new developments.

• Detailed presentations of any relevant documents pertaining to the proposed development o Maps, aerial and ground photos, utilities, proposals, master plans, etc… detailing the area scheduled for development, the type of development, etc.

• A TLU (Traditional Land Use) study or similar study by the respective Nation o This can include Nation members, Elders and/or leadership travelling out to the proposed development area with municipal staff to identify areas of sensitivity which could include: ▪ Medicinal plants, ▪ Grave sites, ▪ Traditional harvesting areas and food sources (berry patches, etc.), ▪ Ceremonial sites, and ▪ Traditional use areas (dwellings, lodges, structures, etc.).

• Appropriate time given for Nation members, Elders, and leadership to review proposed development plans on raw undeveloped lands. o The consultation process should not be rushed, and enough time should be given to the Nations to review documentation and development plans in order to assess whether the proposed development will have an impact on the lands,

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waters, and medicines (including any areas identified by the Nation such as TLU sites, etc.).

o Consultation will be during the Area Structure Plan approval. If there is no Area Structure Plan, consultation will happen at the subdivision stage.

o Consultation timelines will be as per regulated under the Municipal Government Act which allows all agencies, governments, First Nations and landowners twenty-one days to respond on an Area Structure Plan application or a proposed subdivision development process. Where an Area Structure Plan has been approved, no further approvals (including subdivision) will be required.

• Collaboration, Transparency, and Input. o Development plans must be transparent and detailed.

o If it is found that a proposed development will cause a negative impact to a culturally significant area, the municipality and respective Nations(s) should come together to discuss options to mitigate any concerns.

• Honorariums and Expenses. o The average cost associated with a site visit (with Elders and Consultation Department workers) varies. These costs are to compensate for time and travel and can depend on the scope and size of the project. Fees and compensation can be negotiated at the beginning of the consultation process.

o Indigenous communities are realizing that municipalities do not have the same consultation budgets as industry, and therefore are open to discussing fee structures based on what the municipality can afford.

What happens when a proposed development is found to have a culturally significant area?14

There can be concern surrounding the potential of a culturally significant area being found. A municipality that takes steps to engage with Indigenous Nations shows great respect and good intentions. Consultation departments are committed to working collaboratively and having open discussions throughout the process to discuss options if a culturally significant area is found so that any impact can be mitigated or avoided.

Because most of the land around Devon has been utilized for agriculture and oil & gas development for so long, areas that may have held significance may have already been lost or destroyed over the years. The main goal for moving forward is to work together so that any significant areas that are discovered can be protected and preserved.

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One way that Devon can be proactive is by discussing with the Nations early on about future development plans. Looking 20 or 30 years ahead and consulting on identified development areas gives plenty of time to address any concerns there might be. By doing this, future developments can move forward without hindrance.

Current Legislation15,16

The Indian Act The Indian Act is a Canadian federal law that governs all matters pertaining to First Nations people (defined as “Indians” in the act), Indian status, bands, and reserves. This law has been invasive and restrictive, as it authorizes the federal government to regulate and administer the affairs and day-to-day lives of registered “Indians” and reserve communities. This authority has ranged from extensive political control, such as imposing governing structures on Indigenous communities in the form of band councils, to control over the rights of Indigenous Peoples to practice their culture and traditions. The Indian Act also enables the government to determine the land base of these groups in the form of reserves, and even to define who qualifies as an “Indian” in the form of Indian status (kept in a federal registry).

While the Indian Act has undergone many amendments and minor changes since it was first passed in 1876, today it remains relatively unchanged. The Indian Act is administered by Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC), formerly the department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC). The Indian Act is part of a long history of assimilation policies that intended to terminate the cultural, social, economic, and political distinctiveness of Indigenous Peoples by forcefully assimilating and absorbing them into mainstream Canadian life and values.

“The great aim of our legislation has been to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the other inhabitants of the Dominion as speedily as they are fit to change.” -John A. Macdonald, 1887

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Canadian and International Legislation17 Constitution Act, 1982

Part I Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: 25. The guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed so as to abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada including:

a. any rights or freedoms that have been recognized by the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763; and b. any rights or freedoms that now exist by way of land claim agreements or may be so acquired.

Part II Section 35 of the Constitution Act: 35. (1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed. (2) In this Act, “aboriginal peoples of Canada” includes the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. (3) For greater certainty, in subsection (1) “treaty rights” includes rights that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired. (4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the aboriginal and treaty rights referred to in subsection (1) are guaranteed equally to male and female persons.

It is important to understand that Section 35 recognizes Aboriginal rights but did not create them; Aboriginal and/or Indigenous rights have existed before Section 35.

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International Rights of Indigenous Peoples18

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is an international declaration adopted by the United Nations on September 13, 2007 to preserve the rights that “constitute the minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world.” The UNDRIP protects collective rights that may not be addressed in other human rights charters that emphasize individual rights, and it also safeguards the individual rights of Indigenous people. The Declaration is the product of almost 25 years of deliberation by U.N. member states and Indigenous Peoples globally. The first of the UNDRIP’s 46 articles declare that “Indigenous peoples have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (4) and international human rights law.” The Declaration goes on to guarantee the rights of Indigenous Peoples to enjoy and practice their cultures and customs, their religions, and their languages, and to develop and strengthen their economies and their social and political institutions. Indigenous Peoples have the right to be free from discrimination, and the right to a nationality. UNDRIP recognizes Indigenous Peoples’ right to self-determination, which includes the right “to freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.” It also affirms Indigenous Peoples’ right “to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to their internal and local affairs,” and protects their right “to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions”. It also states that “Indigenous peoples have the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired,” and it directs states to give legal recognition to these territories. The Declaration does not override the rights of Indigenous Peoples contained in other Treaties and agreements with individual nation-states, and it commands these states to observe and enforce the agreements.

Indigenous Engagement Objectives and Best Practices

Indigenous engagement is paramount to successful community events, programs and long-term relationships with Indigenous Peoples. It can also assist with improving the lives of Indigenous and non-indigenous residents and neighbours. This means communicating with community leaders and members who have diverse backgrounds, ideas, values, priorities, and concerns.

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Indigenous Engagement Objectives:

• Build and maintain beneficial long-term relationships with Indigenous Peoples.

• Better developed services and programs that will improve the lives of Indigenous and non-indigenous residents of Devon.

• To develop a common understanding of the Treaty relationship.

• To increase staff and public awareness of Indigenous Peoples and cultures.

• To build mutual trust and promote collaboration between the Town of Devon and Indigenous Peoples.

Best Practices for Indigenous Engagement:

• Identify a full range of interests, opportunities and needs within the communities.

• Share information about community events, workshops, programs, and cultural awareness training.

• Discuss ideas with community members, Elders, and leadership.

• Create measures to enhance opportunities for public and community involvement in awareness initiatives.

• Maintain open dialogue with Indigenous communities, Elders, leadership and residents.

• Build mutual trust and maintain inclusion and transparency.

Effective engagement will enable one to:

• Communicate successes of Town events and programs.

• Build a reputation of positive communication and interaction.

• Monitor the feedback of the community in order to adapt to the wants and needs of residents.

• Identify and address issues or concerns raised by residents, visitors and Nation members.

• Create awareness about the benefits of relationship building with Indigenous Peoples.

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Successful engagement should include a wide range of activities aimed at creating opportunities for open dialogue between the Town of Devon and Indigenous Nations. This dialogue creates greater collaboration and allows for new ideas to be incorporated into program and event development. Indigenous engagement is a long-term commitment, and all communications with Nation leaders, Elders and community members will shape the overall reputation of the Town. Every interaction that shapes the reputation of Devon also affects the degree in which the Town will be welcomed into a community. Successful engagement will help to pave the way for further collaboration and partnerships with Indigenous Peoples.

Implementing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Calls to Action19,20

In 2015, The TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada) announced 94 Calls to Action in which all cities, towns, municipalities, governments and individual Canadians are urged to implement in their day-to-day operations. The 94 Calls to Action were created in order to “redress the legacy of residential schools and advance the process of Canadian reconciliation”. The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, which is the largest class-action settlement in Canadian history, began to be implemented in 2007. A part of the agreement was to establish the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada to facilitate reconciliation among former students and survivors, their families, their communities, and all Canadians. The TRC spent six years travelling to all parts of Canada and heard from more than 6,500 witnesses. The TRC also hosted seven national events across Canada to engage the Canadian public, educate people about the history and legacy of the residential school system, and share and honour the experiences of former students and their families. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission created a historical record of the residential school system, and The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation at the University of Manitoba now houses all the documents collected by the TRC. In June 2015, the TRC held its closing event in Ottawa and presented the executive summary of the findings contained in its multi-volume final report, including 94 "calls to action” to further reconciliation between Canadians and Indigenous peoples. In December 2015, the TRC released its entire 6-volume final report. All Canadians are encouraged to read the summary or the final report to learn more about the terrible history of Indian Residential Schools and its sad legacy.

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The Town of Devon and Truth and Reconciliation

Although there are 94 Calls to Action outlined by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, not all are currently applicable to the Town of Devon. Current Truth and Reconciliation Commission Calls to Action that can currently be implemented within the Town of Devon are:

Language and Culture 17. We call upon all levels of government to enable residential school Survivors and their families to reclaim names changed by the residential school system by waiving administrative costs for a period of five years for the name-change process and the revision of official identity documents, such as birth certificates, passports, driver’s licenses, health cards, status cards, and social insurance numbers.

Health 18. We call upon the federal, provincial, territorial, and Aboriginal governments to acknowledge that the current state of Aboriginal health in Canada is a direct result of previous Canadian government policies, including residential schools, and to recognize and implement the healthcare rights of Aboriginal people as identified in international law, constitutional law, and under the Treaties.

Justice 38. We call upon the federal, provincial, territorial, and Aboriginal governments to commit to eliminating the overrepresentation of Aboriginal youth in custody over the next decade. 40. We call on all levels of government, in collaboration with Aboriginal people, to create adequately funded and accessible Aboriginal-specific programs and services with appropriate evaluation mechanisms 42. We call upon the federal, provincial, and territorial governments to commit to the recognition and implementation of Aboriginal justice systems in a manner consistent with the Treaty and Aboriginal rights of Aboriginal peoples, the Constitution Act, 1982, and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, endorsed by Canada in November 2012.

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Reconciliation Canadian Governments and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People 43. We call upon federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal governments to fully adopt and implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as the framework for reconciliation. 47. We call upon federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal governments to repudiate concepts used to justify European sovereignty over Indigenous peoples and lands, such as the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius, and to reform those laws, government policies, and litigation strategies that continue to rely on such concepts.

Professional Development and Training for Public Servants 57. We call upon federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal governments to provide education to public servants on the history of Aboriginal peoples, including the history and legacy of residential schools, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Treaties and Aboriginal rights, Indigenous law, and Aboriginal–Crown relations. This will require skill-based training in intercultural competency, conflict resolution, human rights, and anti-racism.

Education for Reconciliation 64. We call upon all levels of government that provide public funds to denominational schools to require such schools to provide an education on comparative religious studies, which must include a segment on Aboriginal spiritual beliefs and practices developed in collaboration with Aboriginal Elders.

Museums and Archives 69. We call upon Library and Archives Canada to: i. Fully adopt and implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Joinet-Orentlicher Principles, as related to Aboriginal peoples’ inalienable right to know the truth about what happened and why, with regard to human rights violations committed against them in the residential schools. ii. Ensure that its record holdings related to residential schools are accessible to the public. iii. Commit more resources to its public education materials and programming on residential schools.

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Missing Children and Burial Information 75. We call upon the federal government to work with provincial, territorial, and municipal governments, churches, Aboriginal communities, former residential school students, and current landowners to develop and implement strategies and procedures for the ongoing identification, documentation, maintenance, commemoration, and protection of residential school cemeteries or other sites at which residential school children were buried. This is to include the provision of appropriate memorial ceremonies and commemorative markers to honour the deceased children.

National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 77. We call upon provincial, territorial, municipal, and community archives to work collaboratively with the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation to identify and collect copies of all records relevant to the history and legacy of the residential school system, and to provide these to the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation.

Sports and Reconciliation

87. We call upon all levels of government, in collaboration with Aboriginal peoples, sports halls of fame, and other relevant organizations, to provide public education that tells the national story of Aboriginal athletes in history. By beginning to implement the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Calls to Action within the municipality, Devon will continue to show progressive leadership in the area of Reconciliation and strengthened relationships between Indigenous peoples of Devon and surrounding communities. Although reconciliation cannot happen overnight, its small actions such as these that begin to create positive change and impact not only residents of Devon, but visitors and surrounding communities, thus benefiting everyone involved!

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Understanding the Community

The main points to be mindful of when visiting and beginning an engagement process with any indigenous community include a sincere approach, introductions, recognizing protocol, building the relationship, transparency, equality, and maintaining the relationship.

Sincere Approach

Maintaining the Introductions Relationship

Recocognizing Equality Protocol

Building the Transparency Relationship

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Sincere Approach

When visiting an Indigenous community, visitors should be mindful of their approach. Because of the impacts and legacy of colonization, community members may be skeptical of visitors and their intentions. There are a few points which can help a community visit turn into a positive experience for all:

• Demonstrate a respect for the people, land, and the territory, • Be friendly and demonstrate patience, • Observe protocols and do not be afraid to ask if unsure, • Always acknowledge Elders and introduce yourself to them first, • Humor is acceptable, but never use offensive slang or jokes, • Do your research, and o Do your best to pronounce words and names (such as the name of the community, etc.). Practice makes perfect and making an effort shows good intent. • Take your time and be prepared to participate in a thorough and inclusive process. o Because of the thoroughness and inclusiveness, these processes can often take longer, and patience may be required.

Introductions

When introducing yourself to community members, Elders or leadership, be mindful of cultural expectations:

• A handshake is common for introductions, but not necessarily a culturally appropriate one. Depending on the individual and atmosphere of the meeting, a good introduction can also start with a hug. • If Elders are in the meeting, acknowledge them first and introduce yourself and your intent. o If Elders are present, it is commonplace to offer them protocol first, and then leadership. • Acknowledge the land you are on. o A formal land acknowledgement is not necessarily appropriate for meetings on a Nation/reserve, but it is best practice to acknowledge the Nation for welcoming you. o Remember proper pronunciation and do research prior to the meeting.

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Protocol and Honorarium21

Acknowledging and following proper protocol is an important part of successful relationship building. It shows respect for the culture, the land and the community. Protocol (usually tobacco) is offered to leadership (such as Chief and Council), Elders, Knowledge keepers and community members.

Types of Protocol There are a few general guidelines to follow when offering protocol (either tobacco or prints). Depending on who is being met with, sometimes there are expectations of what type of tobacco is to be offered. Some individuals prefer pure ceremonial tobacco, which is organic, natural tobacco grown specifically for ceremony and protocol offerings. Some prefer plain, loose pipe tobacco and others accept cigarette tobacco/rolling tobacco. It can be difficult to know the expectations of an individual, especially if you have never met with them before, but it is usually safe to use plain or organic loose cigarette tobacco. Always remember, there is no harm in asking their preferred option.

Where to Purchase For the purposes of protocol, tobacco can be purchased at convenience stores and at tobacco shops. There are many choices of tobacconists in the Edmonton area that offer different types of tobacco used for protocol. Tobacco shops sell many varieties and brands of organic, loose, and ceremonial cigarette and pipe tobacco. These primarily come in 50-gram jars or pouches. Some locations also carry loose pipe tobacco, which can be a more economical and environmentally friendly alternative, as you can supply your own container to fill. Tobacco Tobacco is a sacred medicine, and its use must be respected and not abused. Tobacco is used as an offering to individuals such as Elders, community leaders and knowledge keepers as a sign of respect and acknowledgement. This is one of the most important protocols to follow.

Tobacco must be offered to community leaders or Elders when:

• Asking permission to access or present to the community, • Asking questions, especially about traditional knowledge (TK, TEK), and • Introducing yourself and engaging with Elders, Chiefs, Traditional Knowledge Holders, etc.

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Types of Tobacco

CNT or Northfield, a loose Mother Earth Tobacco, an additive-free cigarette tobacco organically grown ceremonial (organic options available) tobacco

Loose pipe tobacco, natural and un-flavored

Tobacco is viewed by First Nations as a sacred plant which connects one’s spirit to the spirits of the land, water, and Mother Earth. As everything is connected and encompasses a spirit connection, the plant is offered as a sign of respect and acknowledgment. The use of tobacco is one of the most important protocols and must be used properly with sincere respect.

Although tobacco is usually accepted as protocol in most First Nations communities, there are some Métis communities and Métis Elders who do not observe tobacco as protocol (due to the unique culture of the Métis). Research before visiting any community or settlement so that the initial visit goes smoothly and no one is insulted or offended.

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Prints/Flags Prints (or flags) are also used as protocol when one is asking for something, such as prayers. They are commonly given when attending ceremonies or meeting with Elders. Fabric supply stores and Indigenous supply retailers carry a wide variety, usually pre-cut for this purpose (called broadcloth panels). Typically, they come in the colors of the four directions. Different Nations and cultures use different colors to represent the four directions; for example, in most Cree cultures, the four primary colors are White, red, yellow and blue whereas Nakota primarily use white, red, yellow and black. Other Indigenous cultures may also use purple, orange and green.

Elders and Protocol When offering protocol to Elders, it is important to be mindful of colonial legacies, residential school trauma and personal beliefs. Because of colonization and the residential school system, some Elders may have lost their culture, traditional beliefs or may have a mixture of traditional and Christian-based beliefs. It is always a good idea to prepare for situations in which an Elder does not believe in tobacco as protocol. In these situations, a food or tea offering can be made in place of tobacco. If an Elder will not accept tobacco, a food basket or other gift can be offered. This could include tea, food (fruits, vegetables, etc.), blankets or other useful items. To avoid insult, it is a good idea to call the community and ask ahead of time if the Elders will accept tobacco as protocol or if other protocol should be observed.

Honorarium When inviting an Elder or community member out to participate in an event, sometimes an honorarium will be expected. Honoraria are not intended to be payment for a ceremony but instead is used to cover the costs of travel and expenses for the individual. There is no written rule or specific amount to provide as an honorarium. It is instead based on what one can give and what is sensible. As it is usually inappropriate to ask “what amount” should be given, instead consider the invited attendees travel time, cost of fuel, food and even lodging. This can help one decide on an appropriate amount to be given.

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Ceremony Ceremonies are an important part of engaging with Indigenous Peoples. They are also an integral part of community well-being, healing and day-to-day living. Ceremony takes precedence over all other matters, so understand if a community member is partaking in ceremony and is unavailable to meet for a week or more. Exercise patience and understand that ceremony is very important and is not just an “event” that can wait. Proper protocol and communication must be observed when participating in ceremony. If you are unsure of what protocol is required, kindly ask the helper (sometimes called the o-ska-pee- ose in Cree) for direction.

**During ceremonial events, DO NOT take pictures or record. These are sacred events, and it is disrespectful to film or photograph during these times. If unsure, ask!

Pow-wows and some cultural events are generally safe to film or photograph, but ask if unsure.

Building Relationships

Building relationships is what Indigenous engagement is all about. The main purpose of engagement is not specifically aimed to benefit one community over another, but for the development of partnerships and collaboration between both communities. Once a relationship is established with a Nation, we can then move forward towards rebuilding the Treaty relationship. This will allow for greater opportunities for both the Town of Devon and Indigenous Peoples such as:

• Economic development partnerships, • Increased awareness for both Indigenous and non-indigenous peoples, • Increase in community services and programs to better serve the needs of community members, and • More diverse, inclusive, and interactive educational events and programs. Building a relationship with a community takes time, sometimes years. By acknowledging the people, land, and protocols the relationship building process can be an enjoyable and beneficial experience.

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Transparency Transparency is key to building trust and moving forward in a positive way. When building a relationship with a community, transparency and intent are extremely important. Ways to demonstrate transparency include:

• Define the scope and outline of the project or event, • Provide specific details, • Define goals and objectives, • Ask for constructive criticism, ideas, and input, and • Work together openly.

Transparency goes hand-in-hand with developing good relationships with Indigenous communities. By allowing individuals to offer their input and ideas, we can work together to improve events and programs that will cater to the specific needs of Indigenous and non- indigenous residents. After all, any program or event pertaining to Indigenous cultures must be developed in collaboration with Indigenous Peoples.

Equality When working with an Indigenous community, their rights as Indigenous people must be recognized. There may be cultural misunderstandings when working with each other, but in order to effectively work together, remember:

• Seek out opportunities to learn more about Indigenous cultures, • Offer protocol and ask questions, • Take your time with building the relationship, • Ask for input and ideas and respect feedback and criticism, • Listen and be respectful when knowledge is shared, • Do not abuse or misuse shared knowledge or teachings; always ask for permission to share, and • Practice empathy and compassion for communities that have experienced trauma.

Maintaining Relationships Genuine relationships with Indigenous communities should begin with an intent to be meaningful and long-term. One community visit or the attendance of one event is only a small start to working with Indigenous communities. Ways to maintain the relationship include:

• Keeping the lines of communication open, • Becoming active in the community, • Attending events, • Keeping transparent, and • Participating in ceremony if able and/or if invited.

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First Steps of Indigenous Engagement within the Municipality Action Implementation

One of the first steps to successful engagement is by creating Utilize local media sources such as: awareness within the community: social media, newsletters, Awareness pinpoint what you are planning on newspapers, radio, and television doing and why you are doing it. E.g. and by communicating directly with Why are we promoting Indigenous residents one-on-one. culture?

Education must start in a way that community members can be Education is the focal point and involved. foundation of being able to Key activities to make this possible implement true acts of reconciliation are through creating and as well as developing understanding, implementing: empathy and respect towards • Hands-on activities and Indigenous Peoples and their events held for students at all Education culture. schools Respect stems from education. • Workshops for the public Many times, ignorance, racism, and • Speaking events with fear come from not knowing. We Indigenous presenters must seek opportunities to learn in • Community events based order to move along the path of around culture and the reconciliation. environment • Classes and courses • Sharing circles

Keep the lines of communication open between residents and the Media outlets such as websites, municipality social media, radio, television, and Communication All cultural events and workshops, newsletters should be utilized to should be communicated in a timely properly communicate with the manner to the public to ensure public. involvement and attendance.

Commit to keeping workshops, Host regular events for Indigenous courses, and events relevant and and non-indigenous residents to permanent; reconciliation efforts are Implementation continue creating awareness and a lifelong commitment! Collaborate building on the foundation of with Indigenous communities to education and respect. implement programs and initiatives.

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First Steps of Indigenous Engagement with Indigenous Communities Action Implementation

Seek opportunities to learn about Read books, archives, websites, the community you will be visiting and best of all, ask questions! and/or building a relationship with. Education If possible, sit down with Elders Research the history of the and Nation members to learn about community (Nation), Treaty territory, the community. protocols, and culture.

Treaty documents are relatively easy to access and research. Understand the treaty agreements. There is a wealth of information Most treaties in Canada are online and in archives. Listen and agreements to share the land and Treaties learn from Elders, leadership and work together. Learn about the community members and take interpretations about treaties from courses to help increase your the Indigenous communities. understanding and awareness of the treaty relationship.

Inform the community with which you plan to collaborate. We must be mindful of the land, Treaty territory, Inform the community of your traditional territory, and current intentions and be completely Inform municipal and reserve-land transparent. Listen to their boundaries when presenting to a recommendations first and Nation. Learn from the community foremost. and allow for equal and open dialogue.

Drop-in or scheduled meetings are Attend workshops, meetings, and great ways to meet new members cultural events such as Pow-Wows of the community. Bring coffee/tea If invited, attend ceremony. Invite Engage and find your common ground Indigenous communities to Town together. Invite Nation members to events and encourage inclusive the community and show hospitality gatherings. on behalf of the Town.

Pinpoint key objectives and discuss Discuss ways in which a partnership them together. Find ways in which Collaborate will benefit both your community and both communities can implement the Nation you are working with. them together.

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Future Opportunities

Once the relationship building process has been established, there are various ways in which Devon can collaborate with neighboring Indigenous communities on projects and initiatives. This could include:

• Creation and implementation of culture camping. This could include permanent tipi structures by the river, with Nation members to help with historical interpretations, storytelling and traditional teachings,

• Partnership with Indigenous Tourism Alberta and Indigenous Tourism Association of Canada to develop and implement cultural tourism events and programs throughout the year,

• Interpretive walks through the river valley in and around Devon. This could be held with Elders and community members with various topics including: • Medicines, • Traditional uses of the land, • Historical interpretation and knowledge of the area, and • Stories about the river valley and town-site area prior to development.

• Development of a cultural interpretive center to discuss the history of the Devon area prior to the development of the town, as well as the history of all Nations that used the area,

• Hosting an inter-tribal pow-wow or cultural celebration. Pow-wows average thousands of people each event, and many who commit to the pow-wow circuit travel across Canada and the United States sometimes every year. These events are great for increasing awareness about First Nations cultures and can also help support local businesses with increased visitors coming to the community, and

• Hosting a Métis music festival or jigging competition. Jigging (Métis dance), fiddling and singing are commonplace at these types of festivals and draw in hundreds, sometimes thousands of people over the course of a weekend. It is a fun and family-friendly way to draw in visitors from all over the area.

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Where to find more Information

There are many sources where one can find more information about Indigenous cultures. Many organizations are devoted to increasing awareness of Indigenous cultures as well as languages, history and treaties. Other organizations exist to support survivors of the Indian Residential School System, the Sixties Scoop, and other colonial institutions. For more information, please refer to the list of organizations.

List of Nations and Organizations

Alberta Native Friendship Centers Association 10336-121 Street Edmonton, Alberta T5N 1K8 www.anfca.ca [email protected] (780) 423-3138

Alexander First Nation (kipohtakaw) P.O. Box 3419 Morinville, Alberta T8R 1S3 www.alexanderfn.com [email protected] (780) 939-5887

Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation P.O. Box 7 Glenevis, Alberta T0E 0X0 www.ansn.ca (780) 967-5919

Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations 17533-106 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta, Treaty Six Territory T5S 1E7 www.treatysix.org (780) 944-0334

Circle for Aboriginal Relations (CFAR Society) P.O. Box 67195 Northland Village PO Calgary, Alberta T2L 2L2 www.cfarsociety.ca [email protected] (403) 271-2262

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Enoch Cree Nation (maskekosak) Box 29. Enoch, Alberta T7X 3Y3 www.enochnation.ca [email protected] (780) 470-4505

Ermineskin Cree Nation (neyaskweyahk) P.O. Box 219 Maskwacis, Alberta T0C 1N0 www.ermineskin.ca (780) 585-3741

Indigenous Knowledge and Wisdom Centre (IKWC) Suite 200, 17304-105 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta T5S 1G4 www.ikwc.org [email protected] (780) 453-4592

Institute for the Advancement of Aboriginal Women (IAAW) 18104-102 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta T5S 1S7 www.iaaw.ca (780) 479-8195

Louis Bull Tribe (kisipatinahk) P.O. Box 130 Maskwacis, Alberta T0C 1N0 www.louisbulltribe.ca (780) 585-3978

Métis Nation of Alberta 11738 Kingsway N.W. 100 Delia Gray Building Edmonton, Alberta T5G 0X5 www.albertametis.com (780) 455-2200

Métis Settlements General Council 10335 172 St NW Suite 101 Edmonton, AB T5S 1K9 www.msgc.ca

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Michel First Nation Box 3086 Spruce Grove, Alberta T7X 3A4 www.michelfirstnation.com [email protected]

Michif Cultural Connections 9 Mission Avenue St. Albert, Alberta T8N 1H5 www.michifconnections.ca [email protected] (780) 569-0090

Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls Health and Cultural Support Services 24/7 Crisis Line: 1-844-413-6649 General inquiries: 1-888-495-6588

Montana First Nation (akamihk) P.O. Box 70 Maskwacis, Alberta T0C 1N0 www.montanafirstnation.com (780) 585-3744

Native Counselling Services of Alberta 14904-121a Ave N.W. Edmonton, Alberta T5V 1A3 www.ncsa.ca (780) 451-4002

O’Chiese First Nation P.O. Box 1570 Rocky Mountain House, Alberta T4T 1B2 www.ochiese.ca (403) 989-3943

Paul First Nation P.O. Box 89 Duffield, Alberta T0E 0N0 www.paulfirstnation.com (780) 892-2691

Papaschase First Nation Suite 890 4445 Calgary Trail Edmonton, Alberta www.papaschase.ca (780) 540-8360

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Saddle Lake Cree Nation (onihcikiskwapiwinihk) Box 100 Saddle Lake, Alberta T0A 3T0 www.saddlelakecreenation.ca (780) 726-3829

Samson Cree Nation (nipisikopahk) Cree Tribal Administration Building P.O. Box 159 Maskwacis, Alberta T0C 1N0 www.samsoncree.com (780) 585-3793

Sixties Scoop Indigenous Society of Alberta (SSISA) 10335-172 Street Edmonton, Alberta T5S 1K9 www.ssisa.ca [email protected] (587) 520-5910

Tribal Chiefs Employment and Training Services Association 17533-106 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta T5S 1E7 www.tcetsa.ca (780) 481-8585

Yellowhead Tribal Council 17304-105 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta T5S 1G4 www.yellowheadtribalcouncil.ca (587) 524-0180

Yellowhead Tribal College 10045-156 Street N.W. Edmonton, Alberta T5P 2P7 www.ytced.ab.ca (780) 484-0303

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References

1 Town of Devon. History of Devon, //www.devon.ca/Visitors/History-of-Devon (May 2019) 2 Personal communication with Treaty Six members, 2017. 3 Personal communication with MNA Zone 4 members, 2019. 4 Royal Proclamation, 1763. First Nations and Indigenous Studies. University of British Columbia. 2009. 5 Facts About the Jay Treaty for Canadian-Born Native Americans. Pine Tree Legal. 2017. 6 https://www.treatysix.org/. Accessed 2019 7 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Treaty Texts: Treaty No. 6. Ottawa, 1964. 8 Knowledge of Treaty Six members. 2016. 9 https://indigenousawarenesscanada.com/indigenous-awareness/what-are-treaty-rights/ (accessed 2019) 10 https://www.teachers.ab.ca/For%20Members/Professional%20Development/IndigenousEduca tionandWalkingTogIndig/Pages/WalkingTogether.aspx (accessed 2019) 11 Métis Nation of Alberta. 2019. 12 Duty to consult with First Nations: A municipal obligation? Jill Dougherty. WierFoulds LLP. 2008. 13 Personal communication with consultation offices of Treaty Six Nations. 2018, 2019. 14 Personal communication with consultation offices of Treaty Six Nations. 2018, 2019. 15 Justice Laws Website. The Government of Canada. 2019. https://laws- lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-5/. (accessed 2019) 16 First Nations and Indigenous Studies. The Indian Act. University of British Columbia. 2009. 17 Justice Laws Website. Government of Canada. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/. 2020. 18 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. United Nations, 2008. 19 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action. 2015 20 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. 2019 21 Knowledge from Native Studies, Yellowhead Tribal College eminent scholar Jimmy O’Chiese. 2017.

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