Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge

ENBRIDGE NORTHERN GATEWAY PROJECT

Sec. 52 Application

May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Table of Contents

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1 Regulatory Context ...... 1-1 1.2 ATK Program Overview ...... 1-2 1.3 ATK Program Objectives ...... 1-3 1.4 Sharing and Use of ATK in the ESA ...... 1-3 1.5 Status of the ATK Program ...... 1-4 2 Project Description ...... 2-1 3 Cultural and Historical Context ...... 3-1 4 Methods ...... 4-1 4.1 ATK Research Principles ...... 4-1 4.2 Approach ...... 4-1 4.2.1 Facilitation...... 4-2 4.2.2 Types of ATK Information ...... 4-2 4.2.3 ATK Valued Environmental Components and Effect Pathways ...... 4-4 4.2.4 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries ...... 4-4 4.2.5 Effects Assessment ...... 4-5 4.3 ATK Community Report Phases ...... 4-6 4.3.1 Initial ATK Meetings ...... 4-7 4.3.2 Work Plan Development ...... 4-7 4.3.3 Interviews ...... 4-7 4.3.4 Field Visits ...... 4-8 4.3.5 Report Preparation and Review ...... 4-8 4.3.6 Follow-up ...... 4-9 5 Key Findings ...... 5-1 5.1 Overall Findings ...... 5-1 5.2 Community Report Overview ...... 5-3 5.2.1 ...... 5-4 5.2.2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation ...... 5-5 5.2.3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) ...... 5-6 5.2.4 Carrier Tribal Council ...... 5-7 5.2.5 Duncan’s First Nation ...... 5-8 5.2.6 Enoch Nation ...... 5-9 5.2.7 Grande Cache Métis Local #1994 ...... 5-9 5.2.8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation ...... 5-10 5.2.9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society ...... 5-10 5.2.10 McLeod Lake Indian Band ...... 5-12 5.2.11 Nose Creek Settlement ...... 5-12 5.2.12 Kitselas First Nation ...... 5-13 5.2.13 Paul First Nation ...... 5-14 5.2.14 Skin Tyee Nation ...... 5-15

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Table of Contents

5.2.15 ...... 5-15 5.2.16 Tl’azt’en Nation ...... 5-16 5.2.17 ...... 5-17 6 References ...... 6-1 6.1 Literature Cited...... 6-1 6.2 Internet Sites ...... 6-2 7 Abbreviations ...... 7-1 Appendix A Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies: Ethical Principles for the Conduct of Research in the North ...... A-1 Appendix B Traditional Knowledge Information Sharing Agreement...... B-1 Appendix C ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations ...... C-1

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge List of Tables

List of Tables

Table 1-1 ATK Program Status Overview, December 31, 2009 ...... 1-6 Table 4-1 Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Information Categories ...... 4-3

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge List of Figures

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 ATK Study Coverage along the Right-of-Way ...... 1-11 Figure 3-1 Aboriginal Language Groups Relative to the Pipeline Route ...... 3-3 Figure 3-2 Aboriginal Cultural Areas Relative to the Pipeline Route ...... 3-5 Figure 3-3 Culture, Environment and Identity ...... 3-7 Figure 4-1 ATK Study Follow-up Process ...... 4-10

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 1: Introduction

1 Introduction This volume provides the methodology and results of the Aboriginal traditional knowledge (ATK) program undertaken by Northern Gateway Pipelines Limited Partnership (Northern Gateway). Results are presented in summary form, based on 17 preliminary ATK community reports that were available as of December 2009 for use on the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project (the Project). This volume includes: • a brief overview of the regulatory context for ATK • an overview of the ATK program undertaken for the Project • the overall objectives of the ATK program • a description of how ATK information has been shared and used in the ESA • the status of the ATK program at the time of filing • a project description • a cultural and historical overview relative to the area potentially affected by the Project • a description of ATK program methods • key findings from the completed ATK program undertaken for the Project and released to Northern Gateway

1.1 Regulatory Context Consideration of ATK is provided for under the National Energy Board Filing Manual (NEB 2008) as well as the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. The former provides that if “the project will be located on, or traverse, Crown land or the traditional territory, reserve land or settlement area of an Aboriginal group,” detailed information on traditional land and resource use is required, including: • a description of current land use by Aboriginal groups for traditional purposes in the study area • identification of potentially affected Aboriginal groups, the spatial and temporal extent of their current use, and how the Project would affect that use • a description of the methodology used to collect traditional use information and a listing of the Aboriginal groups contacted • evidence that the Aboriginal groups that participated in the collection of traditional use information had the opportunity to review the information collected and the proposed mitigation, including any comments from the Aboriginal participants on the information and proposed mitigation Guidance specific to the Project is contained in the Joint Review Panel Agreement entered into between the Minister of Environment and the Chair of the National Energy Board on December 4, 2009. Subsection 2.1 of the Scope of Factors guidance document included in the Joint Review Panel Agreement directs Northern Gateway to identify and incorporate ATK information, where possible, regarding: • potential cultural, social and economic effects from the Project • potential effects on current uses of the land and resources for traditional purposes

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 1: Introduction

• potential effects on hunting, fishing, trapping, cultural and other traditional uses of the land, and potential related effects on lifestyle, culture and quality of life • avoidance, mitigation or accommodation measures for potential effects on traditional uses • potential effects on heritage and archaeological resources of importance or concern to Aboriginal peoples • factors from the Project that may affect economic and other benefits to Aboriginal peoples In addition to this guidance, ATK facilitators adhere to protocols and processes as directed by each Aboriginal group. Standard ethical research principles, such as those stated by the Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies also guide the ATK work process (see Section 4.1 and Appendix A, Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies [ACUNS] 2003). Moreover, although Aboriginal consultation and ATK work for ESAs are separate activities, federal and provincial Aboriginal consultation guidelines are considered when developing and undertaking ATK work based on the relevance to Aboriginal groups. This ATK work is also conducted within the context of Aboriginal and treaty rights.

1.2 ATK Program Overview As outlined in Volume 5A, the ATK program is an important component of the overall Aboriginal engagement activities undertaken for the Project. As is the case with Aboriginal engagement generally, the focus of the ATK program has been on Aboriginal groups with communities within 80 km of the proposed right-of-way (RoW), as well as Coastal Aboriginal groups with interests in the area of the Kitimat Terminal and the confined channel assessment area (CCAA). In initial meetings with Aboriginal groups, the Northern Gateway engagement team would typically introduce the Project and the project team, and explain that ATK community reports could be prepared by Aboriginal groups to identify potential project effects on traditional lands, waters, resources and activities.1 On determining that an Aboriginal group had an interest in preparing an ATK community report, Northern Gateway ATK facilitators were introduced by the Northern Gateway engagement team. The Northern Gateway ATK team explained that the ATK program for the Project is part of the regulatory application and would, therefore, focus on identifying the potential effects of the Project on traditional lands and activities. The ATK team would then work with the group to develop an ATK scope that would consider the community’s needs and capacity, with the aim of providing information for project planning and fulfilling regulatory requirements within mutually acceptable funding parameters. Depending on the status of engagement activities, Aboriginal groups that participate in the ATK program have the option of

1 Recognizing the inextricable link between the environment that supports traditional activities, the activities themselves, and culture and community well-being, “traditional lands, waters, resources and activities” will be referred to subsequently in this document as “traditional lands and activities”. In this usage and wherever the term “traditional lands” is used in this document, “lands” are conceived broadly, and with respect to Aboriginal worldviews, to include all aspects of terrestrial and marine environments.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 1: Introduction either working collaboratively with Northern Gateway ATK facilitators to complete a report, or working on an independent report for the Project. In addition to this volume, which describes the overall approach and summary of findings from the ATK program completed to date, community-specific reports will be made available to regulators and the public, subject to permission from the respective Aboriginal group.

1.3 ATK Program Objectives The overall objective of the ATK program is to gain an understanding of and document traditional activities, anticipated project effects on traditional lands and activities, and possible mitigation strategies. The following information from the ATK program will be considered in project planning: • potential effects of the Project on traditional lands and activities • Aboriginal groups’ recommendations for ways to mitigate identified effects ATK is gathered with the aim of reducing project effects and including Aboriginal groups’ perspectives in the environmental assessment. All of this ATK information has either been gathered through collaborative work undertaken by Northern Gateway’s ATK team with each Aboriginal group, or provided directly by each group through preparing an independent community report. The ATK information and the mitigation recommendations present an understanding of effects from the Aboriginal group’s perspective. The ATK community reports: • provide the Aboriginal group’s perspective of potential effects of the Project on traditional lands and activities (including cultural, social and economic effects) • provide ESA disciplines with relevant ATK information about the potential effects of the Project, including biophysical, cultural and socio-economic information, that may not otherwise be available through technical scientific methods • provide mitigation recommendations for potential effects on traditional uses • provide information to aid in project planning and design and reduce potential conflict between an Aboriginal community’s goals, use and well-being, and development plans for the Project • support long-term relationship building between Northern Gateway and Aboriginal communities potentially affected by the Project • contribute to building ATK program capacity within Aboriginal communities

1.4 Sharing and Use of ATK in the ESA Information from the preliminary ATK community reports were used in project planning and design. Summary information extracted from the preliminary community reports were used, where relevant, in the ESA, by: • providing project personnel with ATK community reports

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 1: Introduction

• providing project personnel with tables outlining ATK findings – organized into three categories (assessment discipline, project engineering and regulatory processes) (see Appendix C) • sharing with project teams the locations of identified traditional use sites and areas and traditional environmental knowledge (TEK), through constraints mapping, rerouting assessments and watercourse crossing analysis • incorporating ATK input, based on the information available at the time of writing, in the Application and using that information to prepare for open houses with Aboriginal groups and public consultation processes • tracking, through the project communications database, records of communication with Aboriginal groups and any resulting consultation issues (see Volumes 4 and 5A). Detailed or site-specific information gathered through the ATK program related to TEK or traditional use was not included in this database out of respect for intellectual property rights, but some ATK information has been included in the consultation tables (see Volume 5A). This volume includes information from studies available up to December 2009. This information, together with additional ATK community reports underway, will be made available when they are complete and communities have agreed to their distribution to Northern Gateway and regulatory agencies. Separate from the processes outlined in this volume, some Aboriginal groups may choose to prepare ATK community reports for presentation directly to the Joint Review Panel, and this information will also be considered by Northern Gateway when it is received.

1.5 Status of the ATK Program The ATK program for the Project is in various stages of development, ranging from initial engagement and discussions about scope of the program to completion and release of results to Northern Gateway. Over 60 Aboriginal groups have been identified for engagement in the Project and in most cases Aboriginal groups identified for engagement have been offered the opportunity to participate in the ATK program.2 Of these, more than half are currently involved in scoping or undertaking a study, or have completed an ATK community report for the Project. As of December 2009, 17 ATK studies were available and another 13 were underway. Other work may be in progress without current funding from Northern Gateway. Table 1-1 provides a status summary of the ATK program as of December 31, 2009 (see also Volume 5A, Section 5). This table is based on Table 2-1 from Volume 5A, which lists Aboriginal groups engaged by Northern Gateway for the Project. The ATK program has generally been scoped and conducted on a community-specific basis, unless otherwise noted in the table. In this table, the study type is categorized as: • “Independent” (where Northern Gateway provides funding and limited facilitation) • “Collaborative” (where Northern Gateway provides funding and facilitates the study with the Aboriginal group)

2 For details regarding criteria for engagement, see Volume 5A.

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• “Unknown” (where an agreement has not yet been reached) • “Not Applicable” (where the ATK study is undertaken by the community and not the larger regional association) The status column characterizes ATK community report progress according to five categories: • “Engagement” refers to situations where substantive discussions have not yet taken place regarding the nature and scope of an ATK community report. The most common situation in this respect is where the Aboriginal group or representative association is not prepared to proceed with discussion of an ATK community report until other issues are resolved. • “Scoping” refers to discussions regarding the nature and scope of the study are ongoing. • “Underway” is where funding is in place and work is in progress, and includes all studies that have been scoped and funded as of December 2009. • “Completed” refers to where a study has been undertaken, but certain confidentiality protocols (community review and sign-off process) have not been finalized. • “Released” denotes that the study is available and has been provided to Northern Gateway. Figure 1-1 shows the area along the RoW covered by regional assessment areas for ATK community reports completed to date. There is substantial overlap in traditional lands and use areas along the RoW. Therefore, the fact that one Aboriginal group has completed a report addressing a certain portion of the RoW does not mean that all Aboriginal groups who could potentially be affected by the Project have completed reports for the same portion of the RoW. Accordingly, additional ATK information for those areas will be received and considered as additional work is done. In addition, a linear development across a landscape or watershed may have implications for traditional use that extend beyond the project development area (PDA), or the RoW (see Section 5), and these are not represented in Figure 1-1. As indicated by Figure 1-1 and Table 1-1, most Aboriginal groups in coastal areas are still in the engagement phase. As of December 2009, the only coastal Aboriginal community that had commenced an ATK community report under the Northern Gateway program or funding is Haisla Nation. Northern Gateway understands that Haisla Nation has determined not to complete an ATK community report that was commenced in 2005. Therefore, ATK information summarized in this volume relates to Aboriginal groups along the pipeline route. For further details regarding the status of engagement with coastal Aboriginal groups, refer to Volume 5A. Information summarized in this volume is from the 17 ATK community reports available by the end of December 2009. These ATK community reports (see Table 1-1) are based on the project information available at the time the reports were completed (varying between 2005 and 2009). Aboriginal groups whose reports were completed before 2008 have been provided the opportunity to update their reports to address project design revisions from 2008 and 2009. Most Aboriginal groups have taken this opportunity and have updated their ATK community reports to reflect the project design changes. In some cases, discussions regarding updating these reports are still ongoing.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 1: Introduction

Upon request, and subject to consent and approval from the Aboriginal group, the community-specific ATK reports that have been completed and released can be made available for regulatory review. Some groups may choose not to release their full report because of the sensitive nature of the ATK information. Additional information from ATK report updates and upcoming ATK reports will be provided to project personnel and appropriate regulatory agencies as the reports are completed (subject to confidentiality restrictions).

Table 1-1 ATK Program Status Overview, December 31, 2009 Region Aboriginal Group1, 2, 3 Study Type4 Status5 Northeast Unknown Engagement Independent Underway Whitefish Lake First Nation #128 Unknown Engagement Métis Settlements General Council Not Applicable Buffalo Lake Métis Settlement Unknown Engagement Kikino Métis Settlement Unknown Engagement Métis Nation of Alberta Region 1 Unknown Engagement Métis Nation of Alberta Region 2 Unknown Engagement Unknown Engagement Edmonton Alexander First Nation Collaborative Released Scoping update Collaborative Released Update completed Yellowhead Tribal Council Not Applicable Métis Nation of Alberta Not Applicable Métis Regional Council Zone IV of the Independent Underway Métis Nation of Alberta 6 Grande Cache Métis Local #1994 Collaborative Released Update completed Blueridge Métis See Métis Regional Council Zone IV of the Métis Nation of Alberta Gunn Métis Local #55 See Métis Regional Council Zone IV of the Métis Nation of Alberta Central Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation Independent Underway Alberta Paul First Nation Collaborative Released Update completed Maskwacis Cree Nation: Not Applicable • Unknown Engagement • Unknown Engagement • Unknown Engagement • Unknown Engagement Michel First Nation Unknown Engagement

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 1: Introduction

Table 1-1 ATK Program Status Overview, December 31, 2009 (cont’d) Region Aboriginal Group1, 2, 3 Type4 Status Northwest Aseniwuche Winewak Nation Collaborative Completed Alberta Update completed Nose Creek Settlement Collaborative Released Update completed Lesser Indian Regional Not Applicable Council: • Collaborative Underway • Collaborative Underway • Sucker Creek First Nation Independent Underway • Swan River First Nation Collaborative Completed Update completed • Kapawe’no First Nation Independent Underway Western Cree Tribal Council: Not Applicable • Duncan’s First Nation Collaborative Completed Update completed • Unknown Engagement • Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation Independent Underway Region VI Regional Council, Métis Unknown Scoping Nation of Alberta 7 Grande Prairie Métis Local #1990 See Region VI Regional Council, Métis Nation of Alberta Valleyview Métis Local #1929 See Region VI Regional Council, Métis Nation of Alberta Region V Regional Council, Métis Unknown Engagement Nation of Alberta East Prairie Métis Settlement Unknown Scoping Northeast Kelly Lake Cree Nation Independent Released British Kelly Lake First Nation Collaborative Underway Columbia Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society Collaborative Completed Update completed Tribal Association/Council of Not Applicable Treaty 8 Chiefs: • Halfway River First Nation Unknown Engagement • West Moberly Unknown Engagement • Saulteau First Nations Unknown Engagement Central McLeod Lake Indian Band Collaborative Completed British Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council8: Independent Released Columbia • Saik’uz First Nation Unknown Engagement • Nak’azdli Band Unknown Engagement • Tl’azt’en Nation Independent Completed • Takla Lake First Nation Unknown Engagement • Nadleh Whut’en First Nation Unknown Engagement

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 1: Introduction

Table 1-1 ATK Program Status Overview, December 31, 2009 (cont’d) Region Aboriginal Group1, 2, 3 Type4 Status Central • Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh Independent Completed British First Nation) Columbia • Wet’suwet’en First Nation Unknown Engagement (cont’d) • Stellat’en First Nation Unknown Engagement Yekooche First Nation Independent Released Update released Unknown Scoping Lheidli T’enneh Band Independent Underway New Caledonia Métis Association See Métis Nation of British [North Central Region] Columbia Prince George Métis Community See Métis Nation of British Association Columbia Northwest Kitselas First Nation Independent Released British Update released Columbia Kitsumkalum First Nation Unknown Engagement Nee-Tahi-Buhn Indian Band Independent Underway Skin Tyee Nation Collaborative Completed Cheslatta Carrier Nation Unknown Engagement Gitxsan Hereditary Chiefs Unknown Scoping Office of the Wet’suwet’en Unknown Engagement Red Bluff Indian Band Unknown Engagement Tahltan Unknown Engagement Métis Nation of British Columbia9 Independent Underway North West BC Métis Association See Métis Nation of British (North West Region 6, Métis Nation of Columbia ) Tri-River Métis Association (North See Métis Nation of British West Region 6, Métis Nation of British Columbia Columbia) Northeast Métis Association See Métis Nation of British Columbia Coastal Haisla Nation Independent Underway British Gitga’at Nation Unknown Engagement Columbia Kitkatla Unknown Engagement Old Masset Village Council, Skidegate Unknown Engagement Village Council Metlakatla First Nation Unknown Engagement Lax Kw'alaams First Nation Unknown Engagement Kitasoo/Xaixais Nation Unknown Engagement Turning Point Initiative Unknown Engagement

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 1: Introduction

Table 1-1 ATK Program Status Overview, December 31, 2009 (cont’d)

NOTES: 1 This table is based on Table 2-1 from Volume 5A (Aboriginal Groups Engaged by Northern Gateway). 2 Aboriginal groups are organized according to the same regional breakdown as in Volume 5A, Aboriginal Engagement. This breakdown includes Aboriginal groups in the geographical area where the larger, regional association is located and not necessarily where the group itself is located. 3 The ATK program has generally been scoped and conducted on a community-specific basis. Some exceptions are noted below. 4 Study Type Explanation: Collaborative – ATK information is gathered through collaborative work undertaken by Northern Gateway’s ATK team with the Aboriginal group. Independent – ATK information is provided directly by the Aboriginal group through preparing an independent community report. Unknown – Scoping discussions are ongoing. As a result, the type of study to be undertaken is not yet defined. Not Applicable – In these cases, ATK studies have been scoped or conducted with the community and not the larger regional association. 5 Program Status Explanation: Engagement – discussions have not yet taken place regarding the nature and scope of an ATK study. Northern Gateway will continue to offer these Aboriginal groups the opportunity to prepare an ATK report, if such a report is considered appropriate for the Application (see Volume 5A). Scoping – ATK facilitators are working with the Aboriginal group to determine the scope and parameters of the ATK report. Underway – The ATK budget is approved and work is in progress. Completed – The report is completed but has not been through a community review and sign-off process or has not yet been shared with the Project. Released –The report is through the community review and sign-off process and is available upon request, subject to consent from the Aboriginal group. Update Underway – Results of the report are being reviewed to confirm they are consistent with more recent project information. Scoping update – Indicates that Northern Gateway and the Aboriginal group are discussing the scope of a report update (if determined to be required). Update Completed – The report update is complete but has not been through community review and sign-off process or has not yet been shared with the Project. Update Released – The report update is through the community review and sign-off process and is available upon request, subject to consent from the Aboriginal group. 6 ATK community reports for Blueridge Métis and Gunn Métis Local #55 are being prepared through Métis Regional Council Zone IV of the Métis Nation of Alberta. Grande Cache Métis Local #1994 is also part of Métis Regional Council Zone IV of the Métis Nation of Alberta. 7 Scoping discussions for Grande Prairie Métis Local #1990 and Valleyview Métis Local #1929 are underway through Region VI Regional Council, Métis Nation of Alberta. 8 The following Nations were included in the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council ATK study (Carrier Sekani Tribal Council, 2006): Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation), Nadleh Whut’en Band, Saik’uz First Nation, Wet’suwet’en First Nation, Takla Lake First Nation, and Tl’azt’en Nation. 9 The Métis Nation of British Columbia ATK study includes: New Caledonia Métis Association (North Central Region), Prince George Métis Community Association, Northwest BC Métis Association (Northwest Region 6, Métis Nation of British Columbia), Tri-River Métis Association (Northwest Region 6, Métis Nation of British Columbia), and Northeast Métis Association. An ATK program was initiated with New Caledonia Métis Association in 2006, and results are planned to be included in the Métis Nation of British Columbia ATK community report.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 2: Project Description

2 Project Description The following project components and activities are collectively referred to as the Project. Northern Gateway proposes to construct and operate: • an oil export pipeline • a condensate import pipeline • a tank terminal and marine terminal near Kitimat, British Columbia The pipeline route is approximately 1172 km in length, running from Bruderheim, Alberta to Kitimat, British Columbia. The oil and condensate pipelines will be buried for most of the length of the route in a common RoW. The permanent RoW will be 25 m wide with up to an additional 25 m of temporary workspace. In addition, the temporary use of land for construction camps, stockpile sites and staging areas will be required. The pipeline route will include two tunnels and several aerial crossings of rivers. Ten electric-powered pump stations will be needed to operate the pipelines, including the initiating stations at Bruderheim (for oil) and the Kitimat Terminal (for condensate). Permanent roads and powerlines will be required for the construction and operation of the pump stations. The oil pipeline is designed for an average annual throughput capacity of 83,400 m3 (525,000 barrels) per day and will have an outside diameter of 914 mm (NPS 36). The condensate pipeline is designed with an average annual throughput capacity of 30,700 m3 (193,000 barrels) per day and will have an outside diameter of 508 mm (NPS 20). Pipeline installation will require 12 spreads and construction will span two winter and two summer seasons (i.e., two years). The construction will require 11 construction camps, 28 stockpile sites and staging areas of various sizes, primarily at spread breaks. The marine terminal will accommodate transfer of oil into, and condensate out of, tankers. The Kitimat Terminal is on the west side of Kitimat Arm and includes the tank terminal and the marine terminal. The tank terminal will include 14 hydrocarbon tanks, each with a capacity of 78,800 m3 (496,000 barrels), pump facilities and other associated facilities. The marine terminal will consist of two tanker berths and one utility berth. Both tanker berths will be equipped for loading oil tankers and unloading condensate tankers. The utility berth will have facilities that can accommodate the mooring of harbour tugs and two utility workboats.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 3: Cultural and Historical Context

3 Cultural and Historical Context In preparing for and implementing the ATK and engagement programs related to the Project, Northern Gateway was aware of the general cultural and historical context of Aboriginal groups that might be affected by the Project. Given that more than 60 different Aboriginal groups are being engaged (see Volume 5A) across various regions of two provinces, the uniqueness, complexity and diversity of cultures preclude anything but a very high-level overview of some cultural and historical elements. This section highlights some cultural and historical elements that serve as context for the community-specific ATK reports (see Section 5). More detailed information on the unique heritage, identities and histories of the Aboriginal groups potentially affected by the Project is provided in the community-specific ATK reports. One cultural element is diversity in languages. Language is the principal instrument by which culture is transmitted from one generation to another, and by which members of a culture communicate meaning and make sense of shared experience. In defining the world and experience in cultural terms, language shapes perceptions and worldviews. The variety of languages present along the pipeline route provides evidence of a diversity of coexisting cultures. The language families noted in relation to the Project include, primarily, Athapaskan, Algonquian (primarily Cree), Tsimshian and Wakashan, as well as Haida (see Figure 3-1). Diversity is also reflected in different cultural areas.3 Anthropologists have defined six different cultural areas within Canada. The pipeline route crosses two main cultural areas; the Western Sub-Arctic and Northwest Coast (see Figure 3-2). The Western Sub-Arctic is very large and includes parklands, boreal and temperate forests in Alberta and British Columbia. The Northwest Coast includes the coastal region of British Columbia. Cultural areas are broad categorizations of groups based predominantly on harvesting resources and activities, as similar cultures generally tend to be located in similar environmental landscapes. Another cultural element is that of norms, values and beliefs that are grounded in and shaped by Aboriginal worldviews. Although no single Aboriginal worldview exists (there are many), there are commonalities in Aboriginal ways of viewing, understanding and interacting with the world, which differ fundamentally from western worldviews. A distinctive characteristic of Aboriginal worldviews is an inextricable and profound relationship with ‘the land’, which encompasses all living and non-living components of the environment such as water, soil, air, plants and animals. Spirituality, language, values and social customs originate from this relationship to the land and therefore a people’s culture and identity are inseparable from the land (see Figure 3-3). In Aboriginal worldviews, the land has never been conceptualized as an unknown, unexplored ‘wilderness’ or frontier. The land is home, with innumerable shared stories relating to places, landscapes and features, events, births, burials, ceremonies and communal gatherings.

3 Linguistic groupings and cultural areas are recognized as general classification schemes derived in western thought. In their simplicity, they do not take into account the diversity of social arrangements, beliefs, values and inter-group relationships.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 3: Cultural and Historical Context

For many Aboriginal groups, sharing and collective and cooperative efforts within families and the community at large were necessary for survival in the past, and these tenets continue to be a distinguishing feature of everyday life. Sharing and reciprocity extend beyond human interactions to respectful and reciprocal relationships with the land and the life-sustaining resources it provides. Fundamental precepts are respect for the land and acting wisely in the natural environment, taking care to ensure that natural abundance will remain for the benefit of future generations. When humans act with care and respect, the animals, plants and resources make themselves available for use. Traditional resource management practices reflect this understanding that current generations are charged with the duty to take care of the land for future generations. Northern Gateway further recognizes that the history and the current state of the interface between different cultural worldviews and the longstanding and unresolved issues between Aboriginal peoples, the state, and Canadian society as a whole, are extremely complex. These matters were examined in great detail by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP 1996, Internet site), which concluded that “it is impossible to make sense of the issues that trouble the relationship [between Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal Canadians] without a clear understanding of the past. This is true whether we speak of the nature of Aboriginal self-government in the Canadian federation, the renewal of treaty relationships, the challenge of revitalizing Aboriginal cultural identities, or the sharing of lands and resources.” These issues are increasingly the subjects of court decisions and government policies respecting Aboriginal rights and treaties (as discussed) and are a context that should be taken into consideration in understanding the ATK community reports prepared for the Project.

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Aboriginal Language Groups Relative to the Pipeline Route

Aboriginal Cultural Areas Relative to the Pipeline Route

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 4: Methods

4 Methods This section outlines the research principles, including intellectual property protection, and the processes used in preparing the ATK community reports for the Project. Most portions of the methodology described relate only to collaborative ATK community reports, where Northern Gateway worked with an Aboriginal group to complete a report. For independent ATK community reports, the appropriate methodology was determined by the community, with input from Northern Gateway ATK facilitators, as requested.

4.1 ATK Research Principles Collection and use of ATK in community reports prepared for the Project are guided by the following principles: • ATK is the property of the Aboriginal community and ATK participants. • The rights of distribution of ATK are maintained by the Aboriginal community and ATK participants. • Designated community representatives determine the most appropriate providers of ATK. • Use of ATK in the ESA is established only through consent of the Aboriginal community. • Description of baseline conditions, assessment of potential effects of the Project on traditional lands and activities, and recommendations for mitigation measures are made by ATK participants. • In the case of collaborative ATK community reports, the draft community report is reviewed and approved by ATK participants and designated community representatives before being released to Northern Gateway. • All original materials generated from an ATK community report are returned to the Aboriginal group coordinator once regulatory processes are complete. Many of these principles are addressed in the Traditional Knowledge Information Sharing Agreement, which was provided to communities with available reports or reports that were in progress (see Appendix B).

4.2 Approach ATK community reports can broaden the information base considered in ESAs and provide an understanding about the potential effects of a proposed development on Aboriginal peoples’ lands and activities. ATK assessments pertain to the social and physical well-being of communities as a whole and of individuals within that community. This following presents the general approach used in preparing ATK reports for the Project, including facilitation, types of information collected, ATK valued environmental components (VECs) and effect pathways, spatial and temporal boundaries, and effects assessment. The general approach used allows for the information, including potential effects and mitigation recommendations, to be identified directly by ATK participants. Results, as identified by ATK participants, are presented in Section 5 and

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Appendix C, and provide an assessment that truly represents community priorities and potential effects on the community’s traditional lands and activities.

4.2.1 Facilitation For the collaborative ATK community reports, Northern Gateway ATK personnel facilitated discussions intended to solicit participants’ perspectives on potential project effects, gather environmental information and explore mitigation options. Direct quotations from participants were recorded whenever possible, and the results are documented in a report available for regulatory review, subject to consent from the Aboriginal community. The reports include information that community Elders and other knowledge holders consider relevant for the cultural and environmental context from which to view their assessments of the Project. Therefore, the ATK assessment information is gathered directly from ATK participants, including identification of potential project effects and recommendations to mitigate those effects. As much as possible, the intent of such an approach is to provide an assessment that is from the Aboriginal community’s point-of-view and based on ATK knowledge and experience. ATK conclusions may or may not agree with the western science conclusions in the ESA. ATK information on potential effects of the Project on traditional lands and activities (i.e., direct, indirect, induced or cumulative) is documented in each collaborative community-specific ATK report. The Aboriginal community’s perceptions of project interactions with the environment and any environmental observations and changes are also documented. Mitigation recommendations are recorded as provided by participants. When a draft collaborative ATK community report is completed, the report results are presented to participants and designated community representatives, for review and verification of information. This process provides ATK participants and the community with an opportunity to review how the information they shared has been presented and helps verify that information in the report is accurate. Once this process is complete, the ATK community report is released to Northern Gateway.

4.2.2 Types of ATK Information Information collected from ATK participants is primarily qualitative and is based on sensory experience, oral traditions and cultural norms and values. Aboriginal peoples who have lived on the land have vivid and detailed memories and sensory perceptions. As Fumoleau (2004) noted, “accurate perception and memory of environmental features and changes [are] essential condition[s] for survival”. ATK is passed on orally, from generation to generation, and current observations often have great depths in time. It is also “grounded in specific uses of particular ecosystems … inseparable from landforms, environmental quality, survival of particular species and subsistence activities. Knowledge is taught, learned, tested and expanded through traveling and using a specific territory. Modifying the landscape, biodiversity or human ecology jeopardizes knowledge” (Battiste and Youngblood Henderson 2000). In the context of ESAs, two basic types of ATK are generally collected: traditional use (TU) and traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) information.

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TU focuses on activities and sites or areas of cultural significance within traditional lands and territories. For the ATK community reports, the types of activities, sites or areas identified can be classified under the following four broad categories: • travel (e.g., trail systems, waterways, landmarks) • harvesting (e.g., registered traplines, resource use and harvesting areas, special-use sites such as fish camps, berry-picking areas, medicinal plant collection areas) • habitation areas (e.g., occupation areas, meeting areas, gathering places, cabins, campsites) • spiritual sites and sacred landscapes (e.g., burial sites, sacred sites, spiritual sites, sacred geography) If an area is used for several different types of activities, it can be termed multi-use. TEK is the wisdom and understanding of a particular natural environment that has accumulated over countless generations. When shared with ESA disciplines, TEK can provide additional context to baseline descriptions and the analysis of potential project effects. ATK information may be relevant to an ESA on the following different levels (see Table 4-1): • project design and planning • assessment of the biophysical components and environmental management planning • assessment of the human or socio-cultural aspects • assessment of the cumulative effects of past and existing activities on both culture and the environment

Table 4-1 Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Information Categories

Project Biophysical Socio-cultural Cumulative Effects • Project design • Fisheries and aquatic • Traditional use • Effects on culture • Safety resources (freshwater • Socio-economic • Effects on • Reclamation and marine) factors environment • Wildlife • Archaeology • Vegetation • Heritage resources • Hydrogeology • Community well-being (groundwater) • Traditional culture • Hydrology (surface water) • Geology and terrain • Climate • Soils • Air quality • Noise • Palaeontology • Aesthetic considerations (inland and marine)

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4.2.3 ATK Valued Environmental Components and Effect Pathways The following VECs have so far been identified in available ATK community reports (see Section 5 and Appendix C): • traditional use activities, areas and sites • ecological health and features • fish, wildlife, vegetation and water • ancestral sites (archaeological sites or heritage resources) • access, trails and travel • Aboriginal and treaty rights • livelihood and economic benefits • community well-being, spirituality and enjoyment of traditional lands For Aboriginal groups, VECs are expressed in terms of the potential effects a project might have on some aspect of traditional lands and activities. These VECs are not pre-determined by ATK facilitators, to avoid restricting potential project effects that might be discussed. Within worldviews that see all things as interconnected, project effects often result in changes to more than one aspect of traditional activities. Effects can be both synergistic and systemic. Tracing the effect pathway of any single effect to a single or clear outcome is often difficult, if not impossible. For example, from an ATK perspective, removing a culturally important berry-picking area may not only affect the local ecosystem. It can also affect harvesting practices, the transfer of traditional knowledge and skills (including language), traditional diet and health, wildlife feeding areas, harvesting rights, social connectivity and cohesion, as well as an overall sense of enjoyment and well-being.

4.2.4 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries

4.2.4.1 Spatial Boundaries For the collaborative ATK community reports, a regional effects assessment area (REAA) and a limited linear segment of the PDA are used as spatial boundaries. The boundaries of the REAA and the length of the PDA to be assessed are established through collaborative discussions with each community (i.e., community ATK coordinators and ATK participants). The REAA most often reflects some portion of the community’s traditional lands, use and occupancy areas or territories. Geographic reference points discussed by the ATK participants may be used as markers for the REAA. The REAA is also used by ATK participants to evaluate cumulative effects. The PDA reflects the area within which surface and subsurface ground disturbance will occur. Although interviews may focus more broadly on the REAA, field visits are conducted with each group primarily within the PDA to record sites and areas potentially affected by project activities. For the independent ATK community reports, project assessment areas are determined by the community with input from Northern Gateway facilitators, as requested.

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4.2.4.2 Temporal Boundaries ATK community reports prepared collaboratively with Northern Gateway consider each Aboriginal group’s current use of traditional lands, use in the past and future use. Future use pertains to the opportunities for generations of descendents to practice traditional ways (in modern form) and maintain traditional cultural and spiritual values. Temporal boundaries are also determined through discussions with ATK participants and other community representatives.

4.2.5 Effects Assessment The effects assessment addresses potential effects throughout the life of the Project, from planning, construction and operations, through to decommissioning, reclamation and abandonment. The anticipated cumulative effects of past and existing activities within the REAA are considered, as well as potential positive effects resulting from the Project. In each of these cases, anticipated effects recorded through ATK assessments are those identified by the Aboriginal group and ATK participants.

4.2.5.1 Project Effects Project effects are anticipated direct effects associated with project activities that occur in the PDA, as well as any indirect, induced or cumulative effects. These could include anticipated effects on the environment and traditional use sites and areas, as well as shifts in traditional use and activities that arise from changing social and economic conditions. Project effects can also include demographic shifts, land- use restrictions, increased outsider access and changes to the local and regional economy.

Construction The potential effects of construction activities in the PDA on traditional use include effects on dwellings, spiritual sites, gravesites, trails, resource harvesting locales or specific resource habitats (e.g., for wildlife or vegetation) or features (e.g., bear dens). Indirect or induced construction effects may include increased Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal access, the influx of construction crews in communities or increased traffic, which could result in dust and increased risk of vehicular accidents.

Operations For operations, the potential primary effects considered relate to the environment, health and well-being of traditional resources and the health and well-being of the Aboriginal groups whose traditional lands and territories are traversed by the proposed development. Included are all aspects of life that the Aboriginal group believes might be affected by the development over the Project’s lifespan. Often these effects are not site-specific. Also included in operations are the potential effects of a malfunction or spill on traditional lands and activities.

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4.2.5.2 Cumulative Effects Cumulative environmental effects include the anticipated interactions of the Project, in combination with past, present and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities, over a period within a designated region. Cumulative effects are normally considered in the context of an Aboriginal group’s traditional territory or the REAA, determined in conjunction with each group.

4.2.5.3 Potential Positive Effects Potential positive effects are recorded as communicated by ATK participants. These may include employment, private sector investment in the community, procurement (economic) opportunities, or education and training associated with the Project. Aboriginal communities may also identify positive effects resulting from the ATK community reports prepared for the Project, including the opportunity to document histories, traditional activities and cultural perspectives, and to gain more experience with ESA processes.

4.2.5.4 Mitigation Mitigation measures for affected sites, areas and locales may include avoidance, buffering, further studies, monitoring or co-management programs, restoration or conservation measures, or compensatory action. However, irreversible changes to cultural traditions necessitated by changing environmental and economic circumstances over time (cumulative effects) may require long-term mitigation measures to assist in the development of alternative livelihoods (economic systems) congruent with the values and worldview of the Aboriginal group. The mitigation of cumulative effects can serve to sustain the identity, heritage and well-being of the group. For both the independent and collaborative ATK community reports, recommendations for the mitigation of project and cumulative effects are solicited from ATK participants when possible.

4.3 ATK Community Report Phases For collaborative reports, the ATK process typically includes the following phases: • initial meetings • work plan development (scoping) • interviews • field visits • report preparation (includes community review and verification) • follow-up The final scope and content of each ATK community report reflects each Aboriginal group’s capacity, interest and previous experience with project-specific ATK work. In a collaborative process, the basic steps of preparing an ATK community report are fairly standard. ATK facilitators discuss and adjust the steps through working with community coordinators, participants or both. Aboriginal groups preparing independent reports develop their own process and approach to the ATK work, with support and guidance from Northern Gateway ATK facilitators, as requested. The phases outlined in the following sections

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 4: Methods reflect those commonly followed in a collaborative process facilitated by Northern Gateway personnel, but are also commonly used for the independent reports.

4.3.1 Initial ATK Meetings Once Northern Gateway has engaged with an Aboriginal group and determined that an ATK community report may be required, ATK facilitators contact the community. The purpose of the initial meeting is to determine the community’s objectives for the ATK work and define what is needed to organize and implement a successful ATK program. During these meetings, and depending on the status of engagement activities, the Aboriginal group elects to work either collaboratively with the Project’s ATK facilitators or independently. The regulatory requirements and objectives are discussed during initial meetings. The recommended basic elements of an ATK community report, including information about traditional use sites, TEK and other topics of interest, are outlined, as well as Northern Gateway’s commitments and guiding principles in preparing ATK community reports. These include commitments to respect confidential information and, in the case of preparing a collaborative report, to provide the opportunity for the Aboriginal group to review the ATK community report before it is released to Northern Gateway.

4.3.2 Work Plan Development A work plan is developed for the ATK community report through discussions between ATK facilitators and designated community representatives. The scope and nature of the report reflects the Aboriginal group’s stated interests and capacities and the work required to complete a report for the regulatory Application. The outcome of scoping discussions is a work plan and budget that are presented to Northern Gateway and the Aboriginal group’s leadership for approval. The work plan includes the ATK scope, tasks, and estimated timelines and budget. An approved work plan and budget are required for all ATK community reports. Once the work plan has been approved by both Northern Gateway and the Aboriginal group, preparing the ATK community report can begin.

4.3.3 Interviews Aboriginal groups select participants for interviews and other ATK phases. Elders, other community participants or both are interviewed in either a group or individual setting. At the start of the interviews, participants are informed of: • the ATK process • how ATK information will be presented and used in project planning, the ESA and the regulatory application • the voluntary nature of each individual’s involvement • the available means for protecting confidential information • respect for intellectual property

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A verbal consent to proceed is then obtained from the participants. Participants are provided with a general project description, including project-specific and regional maps. Discussions are semi-directed with a focus on potential project effects on traditional use and resources. Participants are encouraged to discuss topics of most concern to them. They are asked to identify use areas with the potential to be affected by the Project, including travel routes, harvesting locales, habitation areas, and spiritual sites. Important areas for wildlife, fish and plant species (e.g., locations of plants, fish spawning sites, calving grounds, mineral licks), and locations of archaeological and paleontological sites important to the community are also identified. Baseline conditions in the area are also discussed during the interviews, including such topics as air and water quality and the health and abundance of fish, wildlife and plant species. Also solicited is information on changes observed in the environment and in the community as a result of various factors, including previous industrial development. Changes in such environmental aspects as air and water quality, water quantity, plant and wildlife health, climate conditions, community well-being, socio- economic conditions are recorded. Any information shared by participants regarding the project design (e.g., access management, reclamation, accidents and malfunctions) or regulatory process (e.g., consultation) is also recorded. In addition, ATK participants are asked to identify potential effects that the Project might have on any of the elements discussed, and where possible provide recommendations for mitigation measures to lessen these potential effects. Notes are taken during interviews and, with the participants’ permission, the interviews may be recorded (audio or video). Maps may also be marked with TU sites or other information during interviews.

4.3.4 Field Visits Locations for field visits are usually determined through the interview process. Field visits provide ATK participants with an on-the-ground opportunity to examine PDA locations and to view the proximity of traditional use areas and sites to the PDA. Field survey locales may be accessed by truck, sport utility vehicle (SUV), all-terrain vehicle (ATV), on foot or by helicopter. Traditional and culturally important ecological sites and areas are recorded using photographs, and a global positioning system (GPS) unit, notes and sketch maps, where appropriate. Fieldwork frequently provides ATK facilitators and participants with additional means for discussing potential project effects and mitigation measures. The stories and memories evoked by participants during field visits also assist ATK facilitators in better understanding the cultural contexts for the extent and nature of potential project effects.

4.3.5 Report Preparation and Review For collaborative ATK community reports, ATK facilitators compile a report based on interviews and field surveys, including maps of sites and areas discussed during interviews and recorded during field visits. A meeting is then held with ATK participants and designated community representatives, to review the draft report for accuracy and determine whether it is suitable for release to the public regulatory process. Once this is completed, and with the consent of the community, the report is submitted to Northern Gateway.

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For collaborative ATK community reports, a template is used to guide ATK information gathering and the organization of results. Standard report content includes: • a description of the Aboriginal group’s traditional territory or traditional lands • a description of the type and phases of the ATK assessment conducted • temporal and spatial boundaries • methods and approach • ATK, including TEK, description of existing environmental conditions • nature and types of traditional use identified, including: • hunting and trapping • fishing • plant harvesting (food, materials and medicines) • sacred areas • travel • multi-use areas • community well-being, including livelihood and economic benefits • potential project effects on traditional lands and activities • assessment of cumulative effects • perspectives on project planning and design (including access management, reclamation and conservation and wildlife protection plans) and regulatory processes (includes ESA and consultation approach) • mitigation recommendations For an independent ATK community report, the Aboriginal group determines the format and content of the report, and controls quality of the ATK information provided. When requested, guidance on content presentation and format can be provided by Northern Gateway ATK facilitators.

4.3.6 Follow-up Once an ATK community report has been made available, the Northern Gateway ATK team develops a “summary table” that includes all potential project effects as identified by the ATK participants (see Appendix C). Summary tables are organized according to discipline and project phase, and outline mitigation recommendations proposed by the community for each of these anticipated project effects. The internal Northern Gateway ATK team distributes each summary table to key Northern Gateway personnel (e.g., ESA discipline leads, engineers and engagement personnel) to ensure that ATK information is incorporated into project planning and design. Any effect anticipated by the community that cannot be immediately addressed either by a discipline lead or by the mitigation recommended by the Aboriginal group is managed by the responsible Aboriginal relations director, who works with the Aboriginal group to develop an appropriate engagement plan.

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Follow-up discussions then occur among the Aboriginal group, the Aboriginal relations director and other project personnel, about: • the concerns and anticipated project effects • the options for mitigation measures for those effects • identifying any further information required by the group for a full understanding of project plans and potential effects For most Aboriginal groups, the process will be as outlined in Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-1 ATK Study Follow-up Process

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 5: Key Findings

5 Key Findings This section summarizes the key findings outlined in the 17 ATK community reports available as of December 2009. Note that each finding does not apply to every Aboriginal group involved in preparing ATK community reports for the Project, nor do the findings necessarily reflect the position of each member of the group for which they have been identified.

5.1 Overall Findings The following provides a high-level summary of the potential project effects predicted by Aboriginal communities in the ATK reports completed to date. It provides a synthesis of the key findings from each of the 17 Aboriginal communities that have released their ATK community reports for Project use. The following anticipated project effects are identified in the available ATK community reports: • potential economic opportunities associated with the Project • disturbance to specific traditional use sites and areas along the RoW, including harvesting areas for food, ceremonies and traditional activities • potential effects of spills on the environment and on traditional use areas • access management (providing continued access to Aboriginal community members while preventing increased access to recreational users) • potential effects on key ecological features, such as wetlands, lakes and streams and the associated effects on wildlife and fish habitat and species • potential effects on vegetation (disturbance of medicinal plants, RoW clearing, maintenance and use of herbicides, reclamation practices)

Traditional Use Sites and Areas For a description of community-specific information regarding potential project effects on traditional use sites and areas, and their significance, see Section 5.2. For more details on key issues and potential project effects identified by each group, and for information about the spatial relationship of identified sites to the RoW, see Appendix C. Traditional territories sometimes overlap and, as a result, some traditional areas may be used or identified by more than one Aboriginal group. Such areas merit particular attention as their importance for harvesting and other traditional activities is indicated by the intensity and multiplicity of use. The Pinto Creek area, for example, is a multi-use area identified by four different groups in relation to the Project and therefore should be considered to be of high cultural value. The three Aboriginal groups with large identified REAAs for the Project have a limited number of traditional use sites recorded. This is likely an indication of the level of cumulative effects and disturbances that these groups are already experiencing. Information from their ATK community reports includes extensive comments about the potential for ongoing or increasing contamination of traditional

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land and resources and concern regarding further impedances to traditional activities and erosion of traditional culture.

Spills, Accidents and Malfunctions The potential for spills, accidents or malfunctions is the single greatest environmental concern expressed in the available ATK community reports. Based on their knowledge and experience, the Aboriginal groups question the reliability of engineered fail-safes and preventative measures. ATK resource management strategies are strongly rooted in precautionary principles and adaptive management (Berkes 1999). This type of cultural knowledge and experience often leads to very different interpretations of risk and environmental sustainability than that of mainstream society (British Columbia First Nations Environmental Assessment Working Group 2000, Internet site; Paci et al. 2002). Aboriginal groups involved in ATK community reports for the Project predict that any spills, accidents or malfunctions would have systemic effects on the food chain and watersheds, and ultimately, on the ability to exercise Aboriginal and treaty rights.

Access Management The creation of new access may have indirect or induced adverse effects on traditional use, either through increased competition or hunting pressure on traditionally harvested species or from restrictions to movement for traditional users and animals. Access management is a concern shared by all Aboriginal groups as it has implications for the use and enjoyment of traditional territories and the availability of traditional resources. For many groups, this is ultimately a matter of Aboriginal and treaty rights.

Socio-economic Benefits The potential for employment, investment and contract opportunities arising from the Project is generally viewed very positively by Aboriginal groups. It is hoped that socio-economic benefits will be long term and ongoing over the life of the Project. Some Aboriginal groups noted that the economic benefits from development are often unevenly distributed, with Aboriginal peoples not benefiting as much as others.

Key Ecological Features Many ATK participants, in sharing their TEK with ATK facilitators, noted potential project effects on key habitats or ecological features. Mineral licks, medicinal plants sites, spawning areas and grizzly habitat are a few examples. Any habitat or area that is particularly good for traditionally harvested species or that is particularly sensitive to disturbance, and that may experience adverse effects from the Project, will ultimately affect Aboriginal traditional use and activities.

Vegetation Effects and Herbicides All of the Aboriginal groups whose ATK community reports are summarized in this volume recommend that chemical controls not be used for the maintenance of the RoW. One of strongest statements regarding herbicide use is from the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CTSC) independent report, which states that the CSTC “currently has a moratorium on pesticide and herbicide spraying within the territories because of the significant impact on plants, medicines and berries. … any impact to the medicines, plants, and berries

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 5: Key Findings throughout the territories threatens the health, well-being and culture of the Carrier Sekani” (CSTC 2006). ATK indicates that chemical sprays, such as herbicides and pesticides have widespread and long-term effects on the environment and harvested species. The entire food chain, including humans, is implicated. Medicines and food plants cannot be harvested from areas where herbicides or pesticides have been used.

Aboriginal and Treaty Rights Five of the six overall findings listed above can be seen to relate to asserted Aboriginal and treaty rights. Potential effects on harvesting, access, ecological features and wildlife, or to vegetation, in addition to the potential for environmental contamination, were raised repeatedly and consistently by Aboriginal participants and are indicative of a deep concern about potential effects on traditional use. Curtailment of long-standing cultural activities and uses is viewed as an infringement on treaties and asserted Aboriginal rights; this concern is most frequently raised in the contexts of harvesting. Aboriginal title concerns are also raised in regard to lands crossed by the PDA, which are not subject to treaties, and to Reserve and treaty land entitlement (TLE) lands.

5.2 Community Report Overview The following summarizes the predicted effects that are of most concern to each Aboriginal community that has completed an ATK report, and includes the following information from each report: • key potential effects • traditional use areas4 and ecological areas of concern identified as potentially affected by the PDA (i.e., direct effects) and extent of territory or lands crossed by the RoW • cumulative effects from an ATK perspective, as provided by ATK participants • potential indirect or induced effects (e.g., increased access or development) and other effects not related to physical disturbance, such as socio-economic or health and well-being effects These summaries are not comprehensive lists. The list of potential effects for each community is based on the number of times a potential effect was discussed and the number of participants bringing forward the same effect, in combination with professional judgment regarding the gravity of the predicted effect. Nothing in this ranking of the potential key effects is intended to dismiss the holistic, non-hierarchical Aboriginal worldview, in which all living things are of equal importance. Rather, these lists have been created in an effort to provide Northern Gateway, Aboriginal groups and regulators with a starting place for understanding and addressing the key potential effects identified in the ATK community reports prepared for the Project.

4 Note: ATK community reports prepared for this ESA are not comprehensive accounts of traditional use for an entire Aboriginal group and for the full extent of their traditional lands or territories. The traditional areas and sites described here are in relation to the Project and are not comprehensive lists of use sites for any Aboriginal group, or representative of the entire extent of use by the group.

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In addition to the overview, summary and analysis provided, ATK summary tables have been created for each of the 17 released ATK community reports (see Appendix C). These tables include summary baseline information, potential project effects as anticipated by the Aboriginal community and mitigation recommendations proposed by the Aboriginal community. The information in the tables is organized into three categories: • assessment discipline – contains any ATK that may be relevant to other ESA disciplines • project and engineering process – includes ATK information related to project planning elements such as: • access management • conservation and reclamation • design, transportation and safety • construction • wildlife management plans • accidents and malfunctions • regulatory and ESA process – provides ATK observations on ESA methods and processes, consultation and monitoring and follow-up programs The full community-approved ATK reports remain the main source of ATK information. Each report can be made available upon request, subject to consent from the Aboriginal community. The ATK community reports contain complete descriptions of baseline conditions and predicted effects from the community’s perspective as identified by ATK participants. In the following sections, Aboriginal groups are listed in alphabetical order.

5.2.1 Alexander First Nation The following information is from the ATK community report released by Alexander First Nation in 2007 (see also Appendix C). Information from the ATK update (which is currently being scoped) will be provided once it is complete and released by Alexander First Nation. Alexander First Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • potential for socio-economic benefits resulting from the Project (including long-term employment) • potential disturbance of cultural areas and key areas on or near Fox Creek Reserve (wetlands, mineral lick, ceremonial site) • access management (Alexander First Nation member access being limited in Alexander First Nation traditional territory; increasing access to the general public) • potential effects on vegetation (disturbance of medicinal plants, RoW clearing and maintenance, reclamation practices) • potential effects on muskeg and waterways

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• potential effects from accidental spills • ensuring community interests and recommendations are not disregarded, and long-term commitments are made by Northern Gateway to address these interests The project RoW crosses approximately 290 km of the REAA defined by Alexander First Nation for the ATK community report (KP 0 to KP 290). Alexander First Nation identified 28 sites that are either intersected or close to the RoW. With the exception of an Alexander First Nation member’s trapline, all of these sites are within 3 km of the RoW. Historic and current settlements, multi-use sites, trails, harvesting and hunting areas are implicated. The most direct project effects will occur at the historic settlement and multi-use site at Deadman Lake, as they are crossed by the RoW. This area is a significant cultural area because of the extent and history of its use and the presence of sacred sites. The RoW also passes through Alexander First Nation reserve lands and near Alexander First Nation homes. Alexander Reserve (IR 134) is just to the south of the RoW, and the RoW transects Fox Creek Reserve (IR 134a). Alexander First Nation homes on TLE lands, and elsewhere, are also in very close proximity to the RoW. Alexander First Nation is already experiencing a great deal of development in their traditional territory. As noted in the key potential effects list, Alexander First Nation participants also identified potential effects of the Project on vegetation and wetlands. Indirect or induced effects may result from increased or restricted access. Alexander First Nation also identified the potential for accidents or malfunctions as a key concern. Project employment opportunities may result in positive effects.

5.2.2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation Aseniwuche Winewak Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • potential effects on: • water quality • wildlife habitat, calving and movement • beavers and beaver dams • muskeg areas, which are important ecological areas for moose and caribou • vegetation, food and medicinal plant harvesting areas • traditional trails • potential for the Project to restrict community members access to Aseniwuche Winewak Nation Traditional Territory The RoW crosses approximately 60 km of Aseniwuche Winewak Nation’s Traditional Territory, which was selected as the REAA for the ATK community report (KP 446 to KP 506). Of note are hunting and medicinal plant harvesting areas that will be crossed by the RoW, as well as several historic and traditional trails. The Pinto Creek cabin and burial area is approximately 4 km south of the RoW. Aseniwuche Winewak Nation also drew attention to animal habitat that will be affected by the RoW.

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Potential ecological effects resulting from the Project are of concern to Aseniwuche Winewak Nation. The potential for accidents or spills was discussed. Aseniwuche Winewak Nation participants expressed concern at the level of development already occurring in the region.

5.2.3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • socio-economic benefits to Burns Lake Band from the Project, particularly employment • protection of sensitive fish and wildlife habitat at and near the crossing of the Endako River • protection of water quality in all waterbodies in Burns Lake Band Traditional Territory • spills and potential contamination to watercourse crossings, wildlife habitat and reserve lands. This is a primary concern. • preservation of important berry and medicinal plant harvesting areas that may be disturbed by the RoW or project activities • potential disturbance of animal populations near the RoW • limiting further encroachments on Burns Lake Band’s Traditional Territory and Aboriginal rights. Several traditionally used areas are in or near the Project. • putting sufficient safety, security and emergency response plans in place • involving Burns Lake Band members in monitoring programs for the Project The RoW crosses 70 km of Burns Lake Band’s Traditional Territory. This area (KP 870 to KP 940) was selected by Burns Lake Band as the REAA for the ATK community report. Within this area, Burns Lake Band identified over 150 sites either intersected by, or in close proximity (within 12 km) to, the RoW, which highlighted the area’s intense use. The sites include 70 identified harvesting areas (fishing, hunting, plant gathering, trapping), as well as ceremonial sites, sacred sites, burial sites and archaeological sites. Of those, Burns Lake Band highlighted the Endako River watercourse crossing as highly significant, an area of intense harvesting and cultural use, and sensitive habitat for fish and wildlife. In addition to traditional use sites, game trails and wildlife areas, areas important for maintaining water quality and a number of areas identified in relation to project design were identified. Areas identified in the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interest and Use Study (AIUS) were also noted in the Burns Lake Band report, and are discussed in the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council summary table (Appendix C, Table C-4) and in Section 5.2.4. With the large number of sites and areas identified, and the generally high use of the REAA within Burns Lake Band territory, the potential for disturbing both identified and not yet identified sites along the RoW is very high. Burns Lake Band recommended that the present ATK work be expanded to include the entire traditional territory and all Burns Lake Band members.

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Clear-cut logging, industrial waste disposal sites, and a mine, already exist in Burns Lake Band’s territory. There are also plans for a recreational trail network to transect an isolated and pristine environment within the territory. Regarding the Project, potential harm to animal habitat and ecological areas was of concern to Burns Lake Band participants, including the effects of watercourse crossings and ancillary project facilities. Adverse effects on human health were also identified as a potential effect. Emergency response in the event of an accident or malfunction was viewed as a very important aspect of project planning. Training and employment opportunities would be a welcome benefit resulting from the Project.

5.2.4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Carrier Sekani Tribal Council identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • fragmentation of landscape and effects on Aboriginal title lands (including effects on potential lands available for treaty settlement) and treaty rights • potential effects on: • watercourse crossings from construction activities and spills on water quality and consequently on fish habitat (emphasis on Stuart River and salmon) • soil, terrain, vegetation and water quality from construction activities • archaeological resources • potential effects from accidents or malfunctions • inability to adequately predict potential effects without results from baseline environmental studies • access management The combined participating Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Traditional Territories cover approximately 30% of the RoW (KP 743 to KP 1095). (See Table 1-1 for a full list of the First Nations that are members of Carrier Sekani Tribal Council.) Over 90 traditional sites were identified in the ATK community report completed by Carrier Sekani Tribal Council for the Project, with 40 being traditional trails that are either intersected or near to the RoW. Of greatest concern to Carrier Sekani Tribal Council are the approximately 11 salmon-bearing streams that will be intersected by project watercourse crossings. Salmon habitat and spawning are of critical importance to Carrier Sekani Tribal Council members, as they are a mainstay of the traditional diet and culture. Other areas of note are gravesites on the east shore of Great Beaver Lake (about 2.5 km north of RoW) and at Marie Lake (3.5 km north of RoW). Numerous Keyohs (geographically bounded resource areas within which Keyoh holders and their families have traditional harvesting rights) are also discussed in relation to the Project. Ancestral or archaeological sites, including culturally modified trees, are identified as being of cultural importance to Carrier Sekani Tribal Council. Animal and fish habitat is included in Carrier Sekani Tribal Council’s list of activity sites. Cumulative effects are discussed in light of potential for further accelerated development, ongoing effects on waterways and fish habitat, the addition of new access and further restrictions on the ability of Carrier Sekani Tribal Council members to practice and pass on their ATK. Potential effects from accidents, spills

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and malfunctions are of concern. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council commented that socio-economic opportunities in the resource sector are short term and follow a boom-bust cycle, and that Aboriginal peoples do not benefit equally from such opportunities.

5.2.5 Duncan’s First Nation Duncan’s First Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • unfulfilled promises of employment and economic opportunities after projects are approved • engagement of Duncan’s First Nation members as environmental monitors during construction and throughout the life of the Project • maintaining integrity of harvesting and camping areas, in particular, moose hunting and medicinal and berry-picking areas • maintaining access to traditional lands and concerns over increased access to these lands by recreational users • concerns about future pipeline tie-ins and the increased potential for more oil and gas exploration and production because of the project RoW • concerns that reclamation efforts will not adequately return the land to pre-construction conditions and that non-native plant species will be introduced • concerns about environmental quality related to the construction phase and the potential for pipeline ruptures or spills • the increase in recent years of community health problems, most notably an elevated incidence of cancer • concerns about the growing number of industrial developments in the traditional territory and the cumulative effects that have resulted • overall effects of chemicals (e.g., herbicides, pesticides) on animals, plants, water and human health Almost 30% of the RoW is within the REAA selected by Duncan’s First Nation for the ATK community report (KP 250 to KP 580). Duncan’s First Nation participants provided an extensive list of areas of traditional use, animal habitat and ecological concern, with over 30 traditional sites identified as part of the ATK. In the context of the RoW, and as presented in ATK community report maps and the ATK summary table (see Appendix C), only those areas within 60 km of the RoW are included for discussion. Two of Duncan’s First Nation’s traditional multi-use areas, Smoky River and Pinto Creek, are intersected by the RoW. Potential effects on medicinal plant-gathering and hunting areas are also of concern to Duncan’s First Nation. Animal habitat, watercourse crossings and a camping area were also discussed in relation to potential project effects. There is increasing development in Duncan’s First Nation’s territory. The Duncan’s First Nation hopes that the Project will lead to long-term employment of Duncan’s First Nation members, preferably as environmental monitors.

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5.2.6 Enoch Cree Nation Enoch Cree Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • potential disturbance of traditional use area • potential for the Project to have adverse effects on vegetation (disturbance of medicinal plants, RoW clearing and maintenance, reclamation practices) • potential disruption of wildlife habitat (fragmentation, disturbance of mineral licks) • potential effects on wetlands and muskeg areas, resulting in further decline in availability of traditional medicines and foods and adverse effects on the animals and birds that use them • spills or releases and potential resulting effects on humans, traditional foods and the environment About 475 km (40%) of the pipeline route is in the REAA established by Enoch Cree Nation for the ATK community report (KP 0 to KP 475). The Big Hill gathering area, with potential graves, is of particular concern for potential project effects as it is intersected by the RoW. Berry-picking areas, traditional trails and an eagle migration route were also discussed. Enoch Cree Nation is experiencing significant cumulative effects in their territory, with their proximity to Edmonton being part of cumulative picture. Poor air and water quality, contaminated fish and animals, the Canadian National Railway spill at Wabamun Lake and the Swan Hills hazardous waste treatment plant are all part of the cumulative effects being experienced by Enoch Cree Nation. Community well-being is declining. Enoch Cree Nation would like additional information on potential employment opportunities associated with the Project.

5.2.7 Grande Cache Métis Local #1994 Grande Cache Métis Local #1994 identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • long-term employment opportunities • potential adverse effects on water quality from use of chemicals • potential removal or disturbance of mineral licks • potential effects on traditional plant medicines along the RoW • potential adverse effects on wildlife from increased traffic or collisions • reclamation techniques Grande Cache Métis Local #1994 participants provided an extensive list of areas of traditional use, animal habitat and ecological concern. In the context of the project RoW, and as presented in ATK community report maps and the ATK summary table (see Appendix C), only those areas within 60 km of the RoW are included for discussion. Approximately 220 km of the RoW crosses Grande Cache Métis Local #1994’s REAA for the ATK community report, with over 20 traditional sites identified within 60 km (KP 330 to KP 550). The Pinto Creek settlement, camp and cabin are all within 3 to 5 km of the RoW. Another multi-use area, located at Shuttler Flats, is about 4 km from the RoW. Medicinal plants, berries, fishing areas, trails and burials are also located within a 60-km radius of the Project.

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Water quality and quantity have declined in Grande Cache Métis Local #1994’s traditional areas, with resulting concerns regarding consumption and effects on human health. It was noted that the Project will contribute to cumulative effects.

5.2.8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation Kelly Lake Cree Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • working with Northern Gateway to ensure that the potential adverse effects of the Project are avoided, reduced or mitigated and that opportunities for training and employment are maximized • maintaining access to and integrity of traplines, trails, hunting, fishing and camping areas • protection and preservation of berry-picking and medicinal plant-gathering areas • protection and preservation of other traditionally and culturally significant areas in Kelly Lake Cree Nation Traditional Territory (e.g., graveyards, archaeological sites and other spiritual areas) • potential effects on water quality from construction or possible pipeline ruptures • potential effects on air quality from dust associated with construction • emergency response in case of a rupture or other unexpected events along the pipeline • potential effects of increased volume, noise and dust from pipeline-related traffic and safety concerns about vehicles speeding through Kelly Lake Cree Nation community • economic effects on trappers’ livelihoods • increasing cumulative effects from large-scale energy projects on Kelly Lake Cree Nation’s ability to engage in traditional land use and other cultural activities The RoW crosses approximately 325 km of Kelly Lake Cree Nation’s Traditional Territory (KP 360 to KP 685). Kelly Lake Cree Nation is maintaining the confidentiality of traditional areas and will share high, medium and low potential areas with Northern Gateway through the consultation process. As identified in the key potential effects list, potential adverse and cumulative effects on Kelly Lake Cree Nation’s traditional activities or resources, either through direct effects or effects on the environment, is a major concern. Spills and safety are also important to Kelly Lake Cree Nation, as are employment and training opportunities.

5.2.9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • long-term employment opportunities and patronage of Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society business services • access to timber resources removed for the Project for the Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society Bio- Fuel Energy Project

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• protection of important ecological areas such as muskeg, mineral licks and watercourse crossings • potential effects on • wildlife health (through the use of herbicides and pesticides) • vegetation health • traditional use areas on and near the RoW • protection of gravesites • effective reclamation • potential contribution to cumulative effects, which are limiting Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society members’ ability to exercise traditional use The RoW crosses approximately 177 km of Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society traditional lands (KP 516 to KP 693), and over 35 traditional sites were identified through the ATK work. A number of Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society traditional areas and sites are located within 5 km of the RoW and have a high potential to be disturbed by the Project. Among the most important are the following: • burials at the Five Cabins historic settlement • three sacred sites • two historic battle sites with potential for human remains • settlements, camps and cabins that will be either intersected or that are very near to the RoW (Imperial Creek, Guide’s Cabins and an unnamed area) A number of other settlement or multi-use areas are within 5 km of the RoW, including: • Monkman’s Cabin • Honeymoon Creek Community Camp • Red Willow Métis Settlement • Moose Lookout An important berry-picking area will be affected by the RoW, as will be five traditional trails, two traplines and one of two mineral licks identified. Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society participants also identified a fish spawning area and additional settlement and use areas (located more than 5 km from RoW). The continued ability to carry out traditional activities in the face of increasing cumulative effects is important to Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society, including restrictions to access and use of traditional lands. Also associated with cumulative effects are increasing incidences of asthma and cancer in the community. Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society members should be given priority for employment opportunities in their territory.

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5.2.10 McLeod Lake Indian Band McLeod Lake Indian Band identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • working with Enbridge to ensure that opportunities for training and employment are maximized • potential project effects on wetlands (swamps, muskegs), lakes, rivers, streams or creeks from construction and possible pipeline rupture • potential adverse effects related to the use of herbicides or pesticides. McLeod Lake Indian Band wants to ensure they are not used. • maintaining access to and integrity of traplines, trails, hunting, fishing and cabin sites • protecting and preserving berry-picking and medicinal plant-gathering areas • returning the lands disturbed by the Project to their pre-development condition; leaving nothing behind when the Project ceases operation • ensuring that burials and archaeological sites, including culturally modified trees (CMTs), are not damaged or removed • the effect of increasing cumulative effects on the ability of McLeod Lake Indian Band members to engage in traditional land use and other cultural activities Approximately 275 km of McLeod Lake Indian Band’s REAA for the ATK community report are traversed by the RoW; 40 km of this is through intensely harvested areas near Bear Lake. This area is critical for traditional use, and includes a culturally significant area near Davie Lake (CMTs on ancient trail system). Hunting, fishing, trapping, and many types of plant gathering occur in the Bear Lake area. (For specific areas and KPs, see Appendix C.) Other important areas that are close to the Project include the Parsnip River-Chuchinka Creek area (hunting and fishing), the Arctic Lake area (critical for hunting and already being impacted), a multi-use area around Merton Lake, as well as wetland areas, sensitive environmental areas, and a freshwater source intersected by the RoW. Overall water quality and potential effects on traditional use are of primary importance to McLeod Lake Indian Band.

5.2.11 Nose Creek Settlement Nose Creek Settlement identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • employment opportunities and potential community benefits • potential damage or disturbance to beaver dams at Pinto Creek crossing • potential removal of, or disturbance to, human and game trails along the RoW • potential project contributions to air quality having a adverse effect on human health • potential adverse effects on wildlife resulting from increased traffic and noise, with a result in reduced ability of Nose Creek Settlement members to hunt during the fall season

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• potential decline in water quality and fish health in Pinto Creek, Wapiti River, Smoky River and Simonette River • potential adverse effects on human health through the use of chemicals to control plant growth • adverse effects on Nose Creek Settlement due to increased access to Nose Creek Settlement traditional lands through new road construction • disrespectful treatment of Nose Creek Settlement traditional lands by project crews Twelve sites were identified in the 135-km section of the pipeline route (KP 380 to KP 515) that Nose Creek Settlement established as the REAA for their ATK community report. Two cabins, one about 200 m north of, and one 2 km south of, the RoW, were identified as being potentially affected. A multi- use area on Pinto Creek is approximately 5 km south of the RoW. Nose Creek Settlement trails, wildlife areas, and hunting locales are intersected by the RoW. Nose Creek Settlement Elders have witnessed major environmental changes, including drastic declines in wildlife populations and changes in weather patterns. Cumulative effects are resulting in contaminated traditional foods and a decline in human health. The lack of local employment opportunities is also affecting Nose Creek Settlement community well-being.

5.2.12 Kitselas First Nation Kitselas First Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • land-use planning needs to be collaborative and respectful of Kitselas First Nation’s interests, values and traditions. The need is urgent for a comprehensive traditional use study before any major development. • archaeological studies for the Project are incomplete and need to be reviewed by Kitselas First Nation. This also applies to wildlife and fish studies. • ATK work needs to be conducted under the control of Kitselas First Nation to confirm their validity • Kitselas First Nation appreciates Northern Gateway’s support of Kitselas First Nation traditional land-use research. However, participation in preparing an ATK community report for the Project is not an indication of Kitselas First Nation’s position with respect to the Project. • the regulatory review process, assessment and mitigation requirements with respect to cumulative effects, and to marine traffic in Douglas Channel, are inadequate • project watercourse crossings have the potential to affect critical fish habitat and grizzly and black bear feeding (Kitimat River) • potential effects on wildlife, berry and fish harvesting areas along the Kitimat River and the Clore River • potential effects on trapping areas, associated cabins and fur harvest (Upper Kitimat River and tributaries)

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Kitselas First Nation completed an independent ATK community report related to the Project in 2006, and updated this report in September 2009. In the Kitselas First Nation report, areas along approximately 70 km of the RoW were discussed in relation to the Project (KP 1080 to KP 1150). The report identifies six cabins and harvesting areas (fishing and hunting) in watersheds crossed by the RoW. Of primary concern to Kitselas First Nation is the completion of a comprehensive traditional use study to facilitate adequate review and input into the Project’s regulatory application. The report notes Kitselas First Nation’s wishes to review archaeological, fish and wildlife studies that are currently deemed by Kitselas First Nation to be incomplete. The report also notes Kitselas First Nation’s concern about the increase in marine traffic in the Douglas Channel, and the current inadequacy of environmental review and assessment processes to deal with cumulative effects or to ensure sufficient mitigation measures. Grizzly habitat is also of cultural importance to Kitselas First Nation, which is actively involved in stewardship programs to protect grizzly bears. Therefore, potential project effects on spawning and critical bear feeding areas are of prime interest to Kitselas First Nation.

5.2.13 Paul First Nation Paul First Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project:  potential disturbance of trapping area, cabin and burial sites  potential effects on vegetation (disturbance of medicinal plants, RoW clearing and maintenance, reclamation practices)  potential effects on wildlife (habitat, noise, construction activities)  potential effects from spills  safety Paul First Nation’s REAA for the ATK community report extends for almost 500 km (KP 0 to KP 495) along the pipeline route. Paul First Nation identified several gravesites in the ATK community report, all within 6 to 10 km of the RoW (Blue Ridge). The Chickadee Creek trapline, which used to be held by a Paul First Nation member, is intersected by the RoW. Cumulative effects from development in Paul First Nation’s territory are already significant. Members no longer feel it is safe to drink local waters and fear consuming traditional foods harvested locally. Concerns regarding spills are exacerbated by Paul First Nation members’ experience with the Canadian National Railway spill at Wabamun Lake. Community well-being and health are understood by community members to be declining. Employment opportunities and training related to the Project are of interest to Paul First Nation.

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5.2.14 Skin Tyee Nation Skin Tyee Nation used the designation Skin Tyee First Nation during the ATK program. Skin Tyee First Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • potential economic benefits to the community, and support of cultural programs • potential project effects on plant, wildlife and human health through the use of herbicides • potential project effects on wildlife migration patterns (caribou, elk) • potential project effects on important cultural use areas surrounding the Morice River • potential project effects on the tributaries of the Morice River and other small watercourses • potential project effects on sacred or archaeological sites along the RoW • feedback from Northern Gateway on what mitigation is being put into place to address the concerns raised Approximately 325 km of Skin Tyee First Nation’s REAA for the ATK community report is crossed by the RoW. Skin Tyee First Nation participants provided an extensive list of areas of traditional use, animal habitat and ecological concern. In the context of the project RoW, and as presented in ATK community report maps and the ATK summary table (see Appendix C), only those areas within 60 km of the RoW are included for discussion. Several multi-use and harvesting areas important to Skin Tyee First Nation were identified as being either intersected by, or adjacent to, the RoW. The Morice River area in particular is used intensely for fishing, camping, hunting and plant gathering. In addition, a sacred site might be located in this area. Four other multi-use areas are either crossed by, or are adjacent to the RoW, in addition to two hunting areas (one adjacent) and six trails (two adjacent). Environmental, human and wildlife health, and potential adverse effects on these, are all important to Skin Tyee First Nation. At the same time, potential community and economic benefits associated with the Project are viewed as a positive effect. A high potential exists for archaeological resources between Parrott and Maxan Lakes (Hope Road to Buck Flat Road), and field reconnaissance needs to be conducted.

5.2.15 Swan River First Nation Swan River First Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • potential effects of the Project on the area around Whitecourt, which is a traditional harvesting area • potential that Swan River First Nation members will be restricted from access to the RoW after construction of the Project • project construction in previously undisturbed areas • potential effects from spills and construction may affect water quality and adversely affect Swan River First Nation’s ability to exercise their treaty rights • loss and waste of traditional resources (timber) during construction of the RoW • compensation for the environmental destruction associated with the construction of the RoW

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• reclamation • avoidance of rare medicinal plants during construction of the RoW • potential effects on beavers living in areas to be developed for the RoW • meaningful participation in assessment and project decision-making process • existing contamination and cumulative effects from Swan Hills Waste Treatment Centre (Swan Hills WTC) The RoW will cross an estimated 467 km of the REAA selected by Swan River First Nation for the ATK community report (KP 136 to KP 603). The Swan River First Nation ATK community report states that five medicinal plant areas will be intersected by the RoW, two of which contain a rare plant species. Other potential project effects relate to potential environmental harm or adverse effects on the exercise of traditional harvesting and use. The presence of the Swan Hills WTC is contaminating the environment. Swan River First Nation recommends that the Northern Gateway commits to hiring a certain percentage of Swan River First Nation members.

5.2.16 Tl’azt’en Nation Tl’azt’en Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project: • Tl’azt’en employment and economic opportunities during and after the Project is encouraged – in particular, training of environmental monitors throughout the life of the Project • potential for future hunting, trapping and plant harvesting along the RoW due to land loss, noise levels and tossed debris • potential contamination and pollution to waterways and associated tributaries and watersheds • potential effects on water quality and fish stocks, in particular, salmon • reclamation efforts to return the land to pre-construction conditions and replanting vegetation that must be removed for RoW construction • maintaining integrity of Keyoh and trapline holder animal and plant harvesting areas, in particular, medicinal and berry-picking areas • recommended shrub planting along the RoW to increase carbon capture • potential for pipeline ruptures or accidental releases • preventive measures and local training for an emergency response plan for pipeline spills, leaks, and breaks • potential change or loss to traditional knowledge, culture and language, related to changes to the landscape as a result of the Project Approximately 175 km of Tl’azt’en Nation’s REAA is crossed by the RoW. The RoW crosses five Tl’azt’en Nation Keyohs.

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Tl’azt’en Nation participants are particularly interested in any potential effects that will impede their continued ability to support their families in the way they have done for centuries. Therefore, potential adverse effects on water quality, fish and fish habitat, vegetation and wildlife, as well as hunting success for traditional harvesters, are all viewed with much concern. Salmon stocks are noted as being of particular sensitivity, as populations have recently been declining. Fish are a primary traditional food source for Tl’azt’en Nation. Aerial watercourse crossings are recommended as a way to mitigate potential effects on freshwater fish and fish habitat. Two critical watercourse crossings were identified at Pitka Creek and Sutherland River. Several plant harvesting sites, CMTs, a cabin and a trail were identified as requiring protection. The closest of these to the RoW are three vegetation sites within 250 m of the RoW and a CMT within the same parameter. The cabin and trail are about 3 km from the RoW.

5.2.17 Yekooche First Nation Yekooche First Nation identified the following key issues and potential effects associated with the Project:  potential effects on:  edible and medicinal plants  fisheries, particularly salmon and their spawning rivers  all animals, especially those that are traditionally hunting and trapped  migration patterns and routes  Aboriginal rights  Yekooche First Nation access  concern that project construction will have a large adverse effect on community soundscape Yekooche First Nation conducted independent ATK work. Approximately 83 km of the RoW is in Yekooche First Nation Traditional Territory (KP 824 to KP 907). Information derived from the Yekooche First Nation community report identifies several different types of traditional use areas in the REAA: fishing, hunting, plant harvesting and trails. In the report, Yekooche First Nation noted an important hunting trail that crossed the Sutherland River and goes to Orman Lake. This trail will be crossed by the RoW. Yekooche First Nation’s central concern regarding the Project is the potential effects on the environment and traditionally harvested species, which would result in an adverse effect on traditional use and the exercise of Aboriginal rights.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Section 6: References

6 References

6.1 Literature Cited Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS). 2003. Ethical Principles for the Conduct of Research in the North. Ottawa, ON. Battiste, M. and J. Youngblood Henderson. 2000. Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge. Purich Publishing Ltd. Saskatoon, SK. Berkes, F. 1999. Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Taylor & Francis. Philadelphia, PA. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEA Agency). 2009. Scope of Factors – Northern Gateway Pipeline Project. Guidance for the assessment of the environmental effects of the Northern Gateway Pipeline Project as proposed by Northern Gateway Pipelines Limited Partnership. August 2009. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council. 2006. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interests and Use Study on the Enbridge Gateway Pipeline: An Assessment of the Impacts of the Proposed Enbridge Gateway Pipeline on the Carrier Sekani First Nations. May 2006. Coull, C. 1996. A Traveller's Guide to Aboriginal B.C. Whitecap Books: Vancouver, BC. Coutu, P.R. and L. Hoffman-Mercredi. 2002. Inkonze: The Stones of Traditional Knowledge, A Story of the Athabasca Tar Sands. Second edition. Thunderwoman Ethnographics. Edmonton, AB. Cruikshank, J. 2000. The Social Life of Stories. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, NB. Fumoleau, R. 2004. A History of Treaty 8 and , 1870-1939: As Long As This Land Shall Last. University of Calgary Press and Arctic Institute of North America. Calgary, AB. Little Bear, Leroy. 2004. Aboriginal Paradigms: Implications for Relationships in Land and Treaty Making. In K.Wilkins (ed.) Advancing Aboriginal Claims: Visions/Strategies/Directions. Centre for Constitutional Studies, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB. Momaday, N.S. 1976. A First American Views His Land. National Geographic 150.1: 13–18. National Energy Board (NEB). 2008. Filing Manual. Sections A.2.4 and A.2.5, Tables A-3 and A-4. Calgary, AB. Oakes, J., R. Riewe and K. Kinew. 1998. Sacred Lands: Aboriginal World Views, Claims, and Conflicts. Canadian Circumpolar Institute. Edmonton, AB. Paci, C., A. Tobin and P. Robb. 2002. Reconsidering the Canadian environmental impact assessment Act: A place for traditional environmental knowledge. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22, 111-127. Ray, A.J. 1996. They Have Lived Here Since the World Began: An Illustrated History of Canada’s Native People. Lester Publishing Limited and Key Porter Books. Toronto, ON.

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Sioui, G.E. 1989. Pour une Autohistoire Amérindienne: Essai sur les Fondements d'une Morale Sociale. PU Laval. Québec, QC. Venables, R.W. 1980. Iroquois Environments and 'We The People of The United States': Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft in the Apposition of Iroquois, Federal, and New York State Sovereignties. In C. Vecsey and R.W. Venables (eds.). American Indian Environments: Ecological Issues in Native American History. Syracuse University Press. Syracuse, NY. Yekooche First Nation. 2006. Fisheries Management Stewardship Treaty-related Measure (Phase 4) Final Fisheries Report. Prepared by DWB Forestry Services Ltd.

6.2 Internet Sites British Columbia First Nations Environmental Assessment Working Group. 2000. Workshop Report for the CEAA Five-Year Review. March 7th, 2000. Prepared by Praxis Pacific and submitted to the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. March 28, 2000. Vancouver, BC. Available at: http://www.acee.gc.ca First Peoples’ Heritage. 2008. First Peoples Language Map of BC. Language and Culture Council. Accessed: September 2009. Available at: http://maps.fphlcc.ca/ Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP). 1996. Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Canada Communication Group – Publishing. Ottawa, ON. Available at: http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/webarchives/20071115053257/http://www.ainc- inac.gc.ca/ch/rcap/sg/sgmm_e.html

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7 Abbreviations ACUNS ...... Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies AIUS ...... Aboriginal Interest and Use Study ATK ...... Aboriginal traditional knowledge ATV ...... all-terrain vehicle CCAA ...... confined channel assessment area CEA Agency ...... Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency CMT ...... culturally modified tree CTSC ...... Carrier Sekani Tribal Council ESA ...... environmental and socio-economic assessment GPS ...... global positioning system IR ...... KP ...... kilometre post NEB ...... National Energy Board Northern Gateway ...... Northern Gateway Pipelines Limited Partnership PDA ...... project development area RCAP ...... Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples REAA ...... regional effects assessment area RoW ...... right-of-way SUV ...... sport utility vehicle TEK ...... traditional environmental knowledge the Project ...... Enbridge Northern Gateway Project TLE ...... treaty land entitlement TU ...... traditional use VEC ...... valued environmental component

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix A: Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies: Ethical Principles for the Conduct of Research in the North

Appendix A Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies: Ethical Principles for the Conduct of Research in the North

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix A: Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies: Ethical Principles for the Conduct of Research in the North

The following research principles are part of the context in which the ATK studies were developed. While the stated principles are for the North, these principles are good ethical practice when working with any Aboriginal group. The principles of the Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS) are as follows: 1. Researchers should abide by any local laws, regulations or protocols that may be in place in the region(s) in which they work. 2. There should be appropriate community consultation at all stages of research, including its design and practice. In determining the extent of appropriate consultation, researchers and communities should consider the relevant cross-cultural contexts, if any, and the type of research involved. However, incorporation of local research needs into research projects is encouraged. 3. Mutual respect is important for successful partnerships. In the case of northern research, there should be respect for the language, traditions and standards of the community and respect for the highest standards of scholarly research. 4. The research must respect the privacy and dignity of the people. Researchers are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the cultures and traditions of local communities. 5. The research should take into account the knowledge and experience of the people, and respect that knowledge and experience in the research process. The incorporation of relevant traditional knowledge into all stages of research is encouraged. 6. For all parties to benefit fully from research, efforts should be made, where practical, to enhance local benefits that could result from research. 7. The person in charge of the research is accountable for all decisions on the project, including the decisions of subordinates. 8. No research involving living people or extant environments should begin before obtaining the informed consent of those who might be unreasonably affected or of their legal guardian. 9. In seeking informed consent, researchers should clearly identify sponsors, purposes of the research, sources of financial support, and investigators responsible for the research. 10. In seeking informed consent, researchers should explain the potential beneficial and harmful effects of the research on individuals, on the community and/or on the environment. 11. The informed consent of participants in research involving human subjects should be obtained for any information-gathering techniques to be used (tape or video recordings, photographs, physiological measures, etc.), for the uses of information gathered from participants, and for the format in which that information will be displayed or made accessible. 12. The informed consent of participants should be obtained if they are going to be identified; if confidentiality cannot be guaranteed, the subject must be informed of the possible consequences of this before becoming involved in the research. 13. No undue pressure should be applied to obtain consent for participation in a research project. 14. A community or an individual has the right to withdraw from the research at any point.

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15. On-going explanations of research objectives, methods, findings and their interpretation should be made available to the community. 16. Subject to the requirements for confidentiality, descriptions of the data should be left on file in the communities from which it was gathered, along with descriptions of the methods used and the place of data storage. Local data storage is encouraged. 17. Research summaries in the local language and research reports should be made available to the communities involved. Consideration also should be given to providing reports in the language of the community and to otherwise enhance access. 18. All research publications should refer to informed consent and community participation, where applicable. 19. Subject to requirements for confidentiality, publications should give appropriate credit to everyone who contributes to the research. 20. Greater consideration should be placed on the risks to physical, psychological, humane, proprietary and cultural values than to potential contribution of the research to knowledge.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix B: Traditional Knowledge Information Sharing Agreement

Appendix B Traditional Knowledge Information Sharing Agreement

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix B: Traditional Knowledge Information Sharing Agreement

B.1 TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION SHARING AGREEMENT

Parties to this Agreement:

Northern Gateway Pipelines Limited Partnership by the General Partner, Northern Gateway Pipelines Inc.

And

[First Nation/Community]

1.0 Purpose This agreement is intended to clarify and formalize a framework for sharing Traditional Knowledge for the environmental assessment and regulatory application related to the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project (the Project). This document is not intended for any other purpose.

2.0 Introduction Northern Gateway Pipelines Limited Partnership (Northern Gateway) wishes to work collaboratively with [First Nation/Community] to collect and use Traditional Knowledge where appropriate to support and enhance a regulatory application for the Project, as well as to aid in the design, planning and development of the Project. The Parties are dedicated to working together in the spirit of mutual respect and understanding.

3.0 Principles of the Agreement

3.1 Study participants and [First Nation/Community], including Study Participants, are the sole owners of the intellectual property rights for the Traditional Knowledge information shared. 3.2 Traditional Knowledge information shared for this study is not available for use by any others not included in this agreement or for any other purposes not agreed upon by the [First Nation/Community] representatives including study participant(s).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix B: Traditional Knowledge Information Sharing Agreement

3.3 This agreement is not intended to limit the private sharing, teaching or use of Traditional Knowledge by any members of the community. This agreement is intended to be consistent with the traditional principles of sharing Traditional Knowledge in the maintenance of the environment and the well-being of the community. 3.4 Use of Traditional Knowledge in the assessment is established only through permission of the [First Nation/Community]. 3.5 Study participants can rescind consent to use the Traditional Knowledge information they have provided, with the understanding that information that has been distributed or made public cannot be retrieved.

4.0 Northern Gateway agrees to:

4.1 Acknowledge that Traditional Knowledge is the intellectual property of study participant(s) and [First Nation/Community] and that [First Nation/Community], as represented by designated Leadership, is entitled to take steps to ensure its integrity, protection and preservation. 4.2 Use the Traditional Knowledge shared only for the single application agreed upon with the study participant(s) and the community representative(s). 4.3 Follow Community guidelines, principles and protocols relating to the collection and use of Traditional Knowledge as identified and communicated by community representative(s). 4.4 Respect any restrictions regarding the dissemination and use of Traditional Knowledge identified by the study participant(s) and community representative(s). 4.5 Return all original materials (including notes, annotated maps, GPS readings and/or photographs taken of traditional sites, be it in tape, transcribed or electronic form) to the Community upon completion of the regulatory application process. 4.6 Recognize that Traditional Knowledge is a valuable body of wisdom which can help protect, conserve, and restore the environment and Traditional Lands. 4.7 When the Traditional Knowledge Community Report is written by Northern Gateway and/or consultants acting on its behalf, provide a draft report in a timely manner to study participant(s) and to community representative(s) for review and approval. 4.8 Respect and present the information provided by study participant(s) as accurately as possible in any interpretations and analyses. 4.9 Correctly cite Traditional Knowledge sources in all published materials. 4.10 Ensure that its employees and/or agents are aware of this Agreement. 4.11 Provide resources to meet the conditions of this agreement, as agreed upon by Northern Gateway and community representative(s).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix B: Traditional Knowledge Information Sharing Agreement

5.0 [First Nation/Community] agrees to:

5.1 Identify and authorize community representative(s) to act on behalf of [First Nation/Community] for the purposes of this agreement. The community representative(s) shall provide Northern Gateway with the names of persons in the community interested in participating in the study (Study Participants). 5.2 Provide guidance for appropriate process and protocols for the sharing and use of Traditional Knowledge. 5.3 Work with Northern Gateway to facilitate the sharing of Traditional Knowledge and advance the understanding of Traditional Knowledge within the regulatory review for the Project. This could include agreeing to permit confidential original study materials to be provided to the National Energy Board if the Board makes an order under Section 16.1 of the NEB Act to protect the confidential nature of the information. 5.4 Determine what information (reports, videos, photographs, maps, etc.) should be made available in public documents. 5.5 In the case of studies undertaken independently by [First Nation/Community], provide a Traditional Knowledge Community Report to Northern Gateway in a timely manner. 5.6 Provide resources to meet the conditions of this agreement, as determined by Northern Gateway and community representative(s).

This agreement is made on this [day] day of [month], [year], at [city], [province].

[First Nation/Community]

Signature: ______Date: ______Name: ______Title: ______

Community Representative:

Signature: ______Date: ______Name: ______Title: ______Northern Gateway Pipelines Limited Partnership by the General Partner, Northern Gateway Pipelines Inc.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix B: Traditional Knowledge Information Sharing Agreement

Signature: ______Date: ______Name: ______Title: ______

Signature: ______Date: ______Name: ______Title: ______

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Appendix C ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

The following tables present results of the Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge studies conducted for the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project (formerly referred to as the Gateway Project) and are based on project information available at the time of assessment, between 2005 and 2009. ATK community reports based solely on project information available before 2008 have mostly been updated to reflect revisions to the project design since July 2008. In some cases, discussions regarding updating the ATK community reports are ongoing. The Appendix comprises information from the ATK community reports prepared by the following Aboriginal groups: • Alexander First Nation (AFN) • Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) • Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) • Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) • Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) • Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) • Grande Cache Métis Local #1994 (GCML) • Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) • Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) • Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) • McLeod Lake Indian Band (MLIB) • Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) • Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) • Swan River First Nation (SRFN) • Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) • Tl’ast’en Nation (TN) • Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) The material presented was summarized from the individual ATK community reports, as follows: • For AFN, AWN, DFN, ECN, GCML, KLMSS, NCS, MLIB, PFN, STFN and SRFN, the tables presented here are based on the executive summaries of each collaborative ATK community report, with the addition of baseline information. • For BLB, CSTC, KLCN, KFN, TN and YFN, which prepared independent ATK community reports, the information presented in the following tables is taken directly from each ATK community report, but had to be condensed or summarized in some cases to fit the format of the tables here.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation)

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Air quality is poor close to Edmonton and Environment - refineries, but is less dirty because of the Air Quality use of natural gas. Atmospheric It is much drier in the last ten years, and the Environment - weather is hotter than in the past, lacking Climate regular cold spells. Surface Water Muskegs, springs, streams and lakes are Potential disturbance to surface water and Avoid/limit disturbance to all streams, integral to AFN traditional values and muskegs by project activity. There is an springs, water bodies and muskegs within activities, as well as being ecologically identified wetland just north and east of AFN reserves and Traditional Territory. important. KP 252. Further consultation is required for waterway crossings on AFN reserve lands. Water Quality Water quality has been declining since the 1950s due to chemicals used by farmers, oil and gas development, used oil dumped into rivers, sewage and garbage burning. AFN members can no longer drink from Riviere Qui Barre, Lac La Nonne, or other sources. Trappers are affected because they have to haul water now, instead of drinking from once-potable sources.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Groundwater Two freshwater springs located north of the Potential effects on the purity of freshwater Have hydrologists map freshwater springs RoW were identified by AFN. The water from springs identified on the Fox Creek reserve. on Fox Creek Reserve and ensure that the these sources is pure, and AFN does not Project (in all phases) does not interfere with want them to be contaminated. the waters or with their source (north of RoW at KP 249.5.) Freshwater Fish Current fishing areas include the Riviere Qui and Aquatic Barre, Sturgeon River, Lac Ste. Anne, Devils Habitat Lake (Matchayaw Lake), Smoky River, Iosegun Lake, Athabasca River, Smoke Lake, and rivers and creeks west of Fox Creek and towards the Fox Creek Reserve. Whitefish spawning on the northwest side of Iosegun Lake, Smoke Lake and streams in between Raspberry Lake, Iosegun Lake and Smoke Lake. Wabamun Lake and Lac Ste. Anne have whitefish and pickerel. Regional fish populations have decreased dramatically in the past 20 years. This change has forces mink to subsist on muskrats.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Fish populations on the Alexander Reserve and Aquatic 134 are declining. Pollution and lack of Habitat (cont’d) oxygen are possible causes. Dead fish have been observed in Deadman Lake, and fish populations are declining. Jackfish, once found in the lake, are no longer present. Fish used to spawn in the lake, but beaver and beaver dams have changed the habitat. There used to be whitefish and jackfish in Sandy Lake, now there are only small perch. Dead fish have been observed in the lake. Pollution is the cause for these phenomena. Water levels in the lake are also low. Fish, once a staple, is not consumed as often anymore because of water contamination concerns.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation Current plant harvesting locations include Project has the potential to disturb spiritually Develop and implement a protection and the Fox Creek reserve, Two Creeks, Egg important plants and medicines within AFN mitigation plan for gathering areas Lake, Big Hills, Alexander Reserve 134 and reserves and Traditional Territory. (Medicinal throughout AFN reserves and Traditional Timeu, Sandy Lake, 40 Acres and Blue plant harvesting area just north of RoW at Territory with AFN Elders. Ridge area. KP 250.) AFN recommends that a process be Commonly used species include blueberries, Potential contamination of traditional foods, developed whereby AFN Elders can offer saskatoon berries, strawberries, raspberries, medicines, and agricultural food crops prayers for spiritually important plants that chokecherries, pin cherries gooseberries, resulting from pesticide and herbicide use. will be affected by construction activities and blueberries, high-and low bush cranberries, RoW clearing. wild onions and beaked hazelnuts, rat root, AFN recommends that the community have poplar, birch, alder, diamond willow fungus. the opportunity to transplant culturally important species resulting from RoW clearing on Reserve lands. Do not use herbicides and pesticides to be used in maintenance of the RoW within AFN reserves and Traditional Territory. AFN Elders want assurances that equipment operators will stay within the RoW corridor and approved access areas during construction. Saskatoon and raspberry abundance is declining and is attributed to forest fires and overly wet or dry weather conditions. Farmers and oil and gas developments are cutting down trees.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) Many trees, such as poplar, are dying. This is attributed to pollution. Red willow abundance is declining. Big Hills is important to AFN for many Big Hills is located about 1 km south of the Avoid Big Hills area. reasons, including plant harvesting. The Big project RoW at KP 68 to KP 70 on the Fox Hills area is important for saskatoon berries, Creek Reserve. strawberries, raspberries, chokecherries, pin cherries, gooseberries, blueberries, and high-bush cranberries, wild onions and beaked hazelnuts. Berry abundance has declined in the Big Hills area because of agriculture and pastoral activity. AFN people once made a living there, until farming began. The area is now protected, and plants are returning. High and low bush cranberries are found on the Fox Creek reserve, and blueberries are found on RFMA 648. In general, nice flowers have decreased in the region.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife Current hunting areas identified include Big Project has potential to further limit hunting Hills area, Deadman Lake, Two Creeks, areas. Timeu, Smoke Lake, Iosegun Lake, Two hunting areas were mapped in relation Whitecourt, Fox Creek, east of the Fox to the Project. The first is intersected by the Creek reserve, Cynthia and Virginia Hills. RoW between KP 246 and KP 248. The Species discussed: moose, deer, elk, second is just north of the RoW between wolves, lynx, muskrat, beaver, mink, ducks, KP 244 and KP 249. chickens (spruce grouse and pheasants), geese, black ducks (species unidentified), and bald eagles. Moose populations have declined since the 1940s and 1950s. An increase in population density and farming in the region has contributed to this. Moose behaviour has changed. They are getting scared and scattering, rather than staying in one area. This is resulting in a false perception that moose populations are increasing on Alexander Reserve 134. There is a moose wintering habitat on the Fox Creek Reserve. An important mineral lick is located on the Potential project effects on mineral lick. Avoid mineral lick locations during Fox Creek reserve, south of the RoW. Identified lick less than 1 km south of construction. KP 251.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) The Fox Creek reserve provides good habitat for moose and deer species. The Alexander Reserve 134 has good moose habitat. Wolves are now found near Sandy Lake. Porcupines are healthy. Rabbit populations are declining; attributed to decreased forest and bush cover. Muskrats and beavers are found in the Deadman Lake area, the wetland area identified near the RoW (KP 252), and near Newborn Lake. Beaver and muskrat populations are declining as a result of declining water quantity. Duck and wild chicken (spruce grouse and pheasant) populations have declined. Ducks and geese are found on the west side of the Alexander Reserve 134. There is a key wintering and moulting area for geese and ducks identified on the Fox Creek reserve. Bald Eagles have been sighted on the Fox Creek reserve.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) (cont’d) Black ducks are becoming scarce in the area. Chickens (spruce grouse, pheasants), geese and ducks are not as pure as they once were because of sewage and oil spills. A decrease in fish populations has forced mink to feed on muskrat. Ecological Risk Potential project effects on general Limit disruption to wildlife and plant habitats, ecological health. as well as water sources. Archaeological Burials and important historic settlements Potential disturbance of archaeological sites Route the Project around Deadman Lake. If Resources are located in the Deadman Lake area. identified on RoW southeast of Deadman a reroute is not possible, a comprehensive Lake. Sites may be located between KP 68 GIS traditional land-use study will be and KP 70. required to identify and record all burials, use areas and Elders’ stories. There are numerous use and settlement AFN has interests in all ancestral Involve AFN in all archaeological sites, historic and current, identified within (archaeological) sites within AFN reserves assessments within AFN reserves and AFN Traditional Territory and reserve lands. and Traditional Territory. Traditional Territory. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. If sites ancestral sites FlPl 1 (KP 66.5) and FlPl 2 (KP 67) are subject to potential disturbance by the Project, further investigation is expected. Notify AFN of any artifacts that are unearthed.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics AFN Elders are concerned about education, AFN Elders are interested in employment Discuss these matters further with AFN. training and jobs for younger members of the opportunities, service contracts, and training community. opportunities for long-term jobs for Band members. AFN has commercial development plans for These lands may be affected by the Project. Northern Gateway technical personnel to lands crossed by the Project on Fox Creek meet with AFN to discuss potential project Reserve. effects on AFN’s planned development on the Fox Creek Reserve. Should modifications to the Project be required to allow commercial development to proceed, AFN would expect that the costs be assumed by the Project. Human Health People are generally less healthy than in the past, and there are increased incidents of asthma, diabetes, cancer and heart problems. Some believe that cancer is linked to oil and gas activity. Others believe that the increased incidence of these diseases is mainly due to changes in diet; people are eating more junk food and less traditional food, especially the younger generation. Traditional meats (moose, deer, elk, rabbit, muskrat, duck, chicken and goose) are considered pure. Store-bought foods are seen to contain unhealthy chemicals, and are referred to as being “doped.” Fish, once a staple, is not consumed as often anymore because of water contamination concerns.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal The Project crosses AFN reserves and The Big Hills on IR 134 is a sacred area Avoid the Big Hills area; some 1 km south of Traditional Traditional Territory. Several traditional use actively being protected by AFN. KP 68 to KP 70. Knowledge areas were discussed during the ATK study. The 40 Acres area on IR 134 (Alexander Ensure that 40 Acres area is not subject to Reserve) is an old AFN settlement; the disturbance; site is crossed by RoW at waterways there are used for cultural KP 60 to KP 62. activities. Two AFN families live on Alexander Reserve AFN Elders request that this area not be 134 near the RoW. disturbed; very near to RoW at KP 62. The Fox Creek Reserve (Alexander Reserve Avoid any disturbance to the wetland area 134A) has ecological areas highly valued by and mineral lick near the RoW, and actively the community, including freshwater springs, involve AFN Elders in the planning process. a wetland area and a salt lick. A community (Wetland is just north of KP 252; salt lick is campsite, settlement areas (2), as well as north of KP 251.) spiritual sites (2) are also present. Have hydrologists map freshwater springs There are commercial sites and a on Fox Creek Reserve and ensure that the designated research area on this Reserve as Project (in all phases of construction, well. operation and abandonment) does not See also Consultation in the Regulatory and interfere with the springs. (North of RoW at ESA Process section. KP 249.5.) Ensure that the ceremonial sites are not disturbed by pipeline construction or operations by confining disturbance to the RoW only. (On or adjacent to RoW at KP 249 and KP 250.)

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional Ensure that the development does not affect Knowledge any habitation sites (cabins/camps) both (cont’d) during construction and operations. Settlements and/or cabins exist very near the RoW at KP 250 and KP 251; community camp site about 1 km north of RoW at KP 249.5. Avoid the commercial sites and research areas. There are Treaty Land Entitlement (TLE) Any development within the TLE lands area Reroute Project around Deadman Lake lands adjacent to Alexander Reserve 134, will require further consultation. (KP 67 to KP 70). If a reroute is not possible, which are in the process of being repatriated Potential disturbance of ancestral sites a comprehensive GIS traditional land-use by AFN. The repatriation of AFN FIPI 1 and FIPI 2. study will be required to identify and record surrendered lands is very important to AFN. all burials, use areas and Elders’ stories. These TLE Lands include the Deadman (Potential for burials between KP 68 and Lake settlement area (with cultural use KP 70; historic settlements at KP 67 crossed areas, a burial site, and archaeological by RoW; camping area just north of RoW at sites), as well as and contemporary KP 67; ceremonial site crossed at KP 66; settlement areas. trapping area less than 1 km north of RoW at KP 68.5.) AFN wants to be involved in all project- related archaeological studies within AFN reserves and Traditional Territory. If sites FlPl 1 (KP 66.5) and FlPl 2 (KP 67) are subject to potential disturbance by the

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional Project, further investigation is expected. Knowledge AFN Elders request that the contemporary (cont’d) settlement areas on TLE Lands not be disturbed (KP 65, KP 65.5, KP 68). Other cultural use areas include the Egg Avoid and protect Egg Lake Settlements Lake Settlements, and community campsites (Manawan Lake, about 1.5 km north of RoW at Two Creeks and Riviere Qui Barre. at KP 45 to 49), and Riviere Qui Barre campsites (areas along river north and south of the RoW at KP 63 to KP 64; RoW transects area). Limit disturbance to the Two Creeks area and protect the muskegs in the area from disturbance. Located about 1 km north of RoW at KP 244. One registered trapline owned by an AFN Potential effects on RFMA #648, situated member is situated close to the project some 10 km north of the RoW between corridor. KP 223 and KP 240. Traditional meats (moose, deer, elk, rabbit, muskrat, duck, chicken and goose) are considered pure. Fish, once a staple, is not consumed as often anymore because of water contamination concerns. Traditional plants consumed include berries and plant medicines (Labrador tea, mint, birch sap).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal An extensive network of trails exists in AFN A historic trail to Lac La Nonne and Fort AFN requests minimal disturbance to both Traditional Traditional Territory. Assiniboine, as well as a trail network in current and historic trails (Community trail Knowledge current use by AFN on the Fox Creek intersected at KP 250, historic Klondike Trail (cont’d) Reserve are crossed/close to the RoW. is near RoW at KP 68).

Few AFN members trap today because the fur market is depressed and there are fewer fur-bearers, in part due to drier climatic conditions. Moreover, under these dry conditions, trappers have to carry water with them, which makes trapping more challenging. Visiting and gathering, do not occur anymore. Elders noted that people share less today, and attribute this to the advent of refrigeration. Cumulative Effects AFN has seen a lot of development within Potential effects of another pipeline project Further consultation. AFN reserves and Traditional Territory. on community use of AFN lands.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Project and Engineering Process Access AFN wants to know how much new access Potential for Project to result in access Involve AFN in decisions related to access Management will be created by the Project, where these restrictions to AFN members. and access management. access points will be located and how much AFN wants project personnel to meet with land will be taken up. the community to discuss these matters prior AFN is also interested in discussing the to finalizing project design. potential for improving and maintaining existing AFN access to reserves and Traditional Territory. AFN Elders want to know what setback restrictions will be put in place for the RoW, which transects important community cultural use areas and could restrict the use of those lands. Development projects have opened up the Project may worsen the situation. AFN wants to be involved in access area (oil and gas roads) to non-Band management planning. members, creating problems for AFN members. Conservation and AFN is concerned about reclamation Potential project effects associated with Involve AFN in reclamation planning for Reclamation methods and the level of their involvement in reclamation. areas of the Project that transect their reclamation planning. reserves and Traditional Territory. AFN Elders want to visit the Alliance Pipeline corridor, and on that basis determine what they would like Northern Gateway to do.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction AFN recommends that logs resulting from RoW clearing be salvaged for community use. AFN is concerned about debris resulting AFN Elders expect that the RoW will be from construction. cleared of debris and garbage at the conclusion of construction. Accidents and AFN Elders are concerned about the safety AFN requests that Northern Gateway meet Malfunctions of the Project (particularly accidental spills with the AFN Elders and Band members to and leaks) and consequent effects on future discuss safety issues, pipeline maintenance generations, animals, plants, water, air and measures and emergency response plans. ultimately on the community’s well being. AFN expects Northern Gateway to assume responsibility for dealing with any accidental releases and related effects and to ensure that compensation is sufficient for damages that might be incurred. AFN Elders want information on compensation and procedures in place in case of an accidental release of hydrocarbons. Decommissioning Recommend that the pipeline be taken out after the Project is completed.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and AFN would like information regarding ESA AFN wants to be involved in all aspects of Socio-economic baseline assessment studies performed for the baseline environmental studies related to Assessment the Project. the environment and geology within AFN reserves and Traditional Territory. AFN also wants information regarding environmental studies for the overall Project. Compensation for lands being taken up was AFN wants to discuss these matters further discussed and the idea of AFN purchasing a with Northern Gateway. small share of the pipeline was mentioned. Consultation There are differing opinions within AFN Provide an opportunity for AFN Elders and regarding the preferred routing for the Band members to become familiar with pipeline. corridor lands within Fox Creek Reserve in See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. order to support a community decision related to routing the pipeline through this Reserve. AFN Elders report that they do not fully understand the external and internal regulatory processes. They expressed concerns that problems experienced with an earlier pipeline project will be repeated with the Gateway project; namely, AFN Elders are worried that community interests will be disregarded and that no long term commitment will be made to the community.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-1 Alexander (Alexander First Nation) (AFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AFN by AFN Regulatory and ESA Process (cont’d) Monitoring and AFN Elders want to know what the AFN recommends that a process be Follow-up regulatory requirements for environmental developed whereby the community is Programs monitoring are. involved in ongoing monitoring of the Project within AFN reserves and Traditional Territory.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Air quality is a major concern for AWN. Environment – Major contributors to the decline in air Air Quality pollution are the local coal mines, coal power generators and flare stacks. Flaring is affecting plant and animal health. AWN members are experiencing increased incidences of cancer, diabetes and heart attacks; this is linked, in part, to poor air quality. Water Quality AWN is gravely concerned about water Potential effects of disposal of water used Do not release water used to pressure-test quality in local streams, which are used for to pressure-test the pipeline. the pipeline into the bush, dispose of it as drinking. Water quality is decreasing as a potential environmental contaminant. Use fill result of industrial pollution. stations rather than natural water sources Community members used to get drinking for water trucks. If natural water sources are water from creeks (until very recently) and necessary, ensure than any water trucks now are not able do so due to pollution. and hoses used for the Project are cleaned before being places in rivers Water contamination from logging and other industrial activity is adversely affecting the health of plants and wildlife.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Surface Water AWN Elders have observed declining water levels and attribute is to oil and gas well drilling. AWN attributes a decline in fish populations to reduced water volumes. Kakwa River water is no longer used by participants because it is contaminated. Freshwater Fish Populations of local fish species have Watercourse crossing construction may AWN wants to know when and where and Aquatic decreased drastically due to overfishing and have adverse effects on fish (Class A directional drilling will be used. Habitat industrial development. streams and bull trout are of particular AWN recommends that effects on fish be concern). minimized during watercourse crossing construction. AWN has observed that fish health has declined, indicted by a reduction in overall body fat. Specific fish species were not identified. Fish from the Kakwa River are no longer eaten; they were contaminated by a chemical used for fish tracking.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation Plant species commonly consumed by Potential effects of herbicide use for RoW AWN requests that herbicides not be used AWN include: poplar tree cambium, wild maintenance. on the RoW. onion, Labrador tea, mint, high and low The community would like the RoW to be bush cranberry, blueberries, huckleberries, cleared manually and asks that members of Saskatoon berries, northern gooseberry, AWN be given the opportunity to do this wild red currant, lingonberry, common and work (Aseniwuche Development alpine bearberry, wild raspberry and Corporation has two mulchers that could be soapberry. used for these purposes). There are plants used for traditional and AWN recommends that the community be medicinal purposes growing at several able to review the final, staked route prior to locations along the project RoW. construction in order to determine if there A medicinal plant-gathering area will be are rare or culturally important plant species crossed at KP 456. Another medicine area that will be affected by the Project. is located about 1 km south of the RoW at AWN recommends that the route not be KP 490 near the Wapiti River crossing. A moved any closer to Grovedale, as this will third plant harvesting area approximately affect an important medicinal plant- 6 km south of the RoW is located between gathering area, located between about KP 430 and KP 520. 16 km north of the RoW between KP 428 and KP 452. Wildlife Commonly used species include elk, AWN Elders stated that the clearing AWN requests that herbicides not be used moose, white-tailed deer, mule deer, associated with the Project will provide food on the RoW. grouse, beaver, muskrat, rabbit, porcupine, for elk, but are concerned about the use of black bear and mountain sheep. herbicides to control growth and their effect on elk who consume them.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) AWN has observed increased populations There are substantial numbers of game, AWN requests that AWN environmental of elk and white-tallied deer and decreased including moose and caribou, in the area of services be engaged prior to, during and mule deer, caribou and mountain goat the RoW. Caribou and moose migrate west after construction to assess the effects of populations. The moose population has into the mountains during the summer the Project on wildlife. remained fairly steady. months. AWN Elders recommend helicopter- accessed assessment of the final, staked route for areas inaccessible by foot. A three-stage monitoring program using AWN Elders is suggested. Monitoring would be conducted once the final route has been staked, as well as during and once per year every year after construction, to ensure that recommendations regarding wildlife and AWN trails are honoured. AWN recommends that the monitors look at animals, trails, wildlife tracks, fish, rivers and other indicators. Moose are particularly sensitive to activity Construction activities, particularly around AWN recommends that both a ground-level during calving season (May to June). water bodies, will affect calving moose. and a helicopter-accessed assessment of the final, staked route are conducted to identify moose habitat. AWN stated that the Red Rock and Lingrell Potential effects on the Lingrell Caribou AWN requests that Northern Gateway give caribou herds have stopped migrating Herd; the project RoW may intersect the consideration to caribou migrations in through regular areas in AWN traditional herd’s migration route. project design. lands.

Page C-24 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) AWN reports that animal health is declining; Industrial effects on air, water and Conduct studies on changes in animal animals are less fat, their flesh is vegetation and how these affect animal health relating to levels of pollution in the discoloured and they have blisters on their health. environment. organs. AWN attributes these changes to Restore RoW to a pre-construction state industry-related air, vegetation and water upon project completion. contamination. Engage AWN’s environmental services to assess the effect of the Project on wildlife. A linear development (RoW) may change Have a RoW design that does not create predator-prey relationships long linear stretches to reduce effects on predator-prey relationships. AWN recommends continued wolf control as well as monitoring before, during and after construction to help to assess and mitigate project effects on wildlife. Potential for the Project to affect beavers AWN recommends that project activity be and their dams. A beaver pond will be no closer than 500 m to beaver dams. crossed by the RoW at KP 480.5

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Potential project effects on wildlife travel on AWN strongly recommends erection of trails intersecting the RoW. protective fencing around the construction Two game trails were discussed during the trench to protect wildlife. ATK study: one intersected by the RoW at AWN recommends that game trails are KP 445, the other located less than 1 km maintained (kept clear) during construction. south of the RoW at KP 490.5. AWN recommends the facilitation of animal passage across the RoW before, during and as soon as possible after construction is completed. As part of the three-stage monitoring program, AWN members would conduct a pre-construction assessment of the staked RoW; AWN members would walk the final, staked RoW to determine the location of game trails. Project’s potential to affect mineral licks. AWN recommends that mineral licks are avoided wherever possible. AWN recommends that Elders walk the final, staked RoW within AWN’s Traditional Territory to determine if there are any mineral licks that will be affected by the Project.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) ANW is concerned that muskegs are The project RoW and ancillary facilities sensitive areas and important habitat for should avoid muskeg areas as much as moose and caribou. possible. Where avoidance is not possible, effect on muskegs should be minimized. Increased traffic on Highway 40 and project AWN recommends road widening, dust access roads will result in increased road control (with dust stop), and moderated or kill. reduced speed limits on access roads and main roads to be used for the Project. Human Health An increase in the incidence of cancer, A baseline health study to determine the diabetes and heart attacks has been causes of increasing rates of disease and experienced by AWN members. These illness among community members would changes in human health are attributed to be of benefit. poor air quality and dietary changes. There are concerns about increasing illness AWN requests that Northern Gateway and disease in the community. AWN Elders contribute funding for research into causes feel that dietary changes (due to changes in of increasing rates of disease and illness plant and animal health and also as a result among community members. of a reduction in the consumption of traditional foods) may be affecting health. Also, AWN members perceive that the health benefits of eating traditional plants has decreased because of the effects from pollution.

May 2010 Page C-27

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological The potential for burials throughout AWN Pinto Creek cabin and associated burial is Further consultation with the community is Resources Traditional Territory was noted. Burials located about 4.5 km south of the RoW, at required regarding burial sites in AWN were identified at the Pinto Creek cabin site. KP 467.5. Traditional Territory. The project RoW intersects historic trails in The Main Trail is crossed by the RoW at AWN asks that trails be kept clear of debris AWN Traditional Territory, including the KP 491, a shortcut trail is crossed at KP created by the Project. Main Trail and one that passes through the 486 and the Hinton trail is located at Nose and Pinto Creek areas, the Hinton KP 473. Trail. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Socio-economics There is an uneven distribution of benefits The community does not have adequate AWN recommends that Northern Gateway from development projects. Historically, services and infrastructure to deal with the approach the Aseniwuche Development members of AWN have found that non- effects of further development in AWN Corporation with project-related contracts, Aboriginal people benefit more from Traditional Territory. and that some of these contracts include industrial development than Aboriginal long-term agreements which provide more people do. substantial and reliable support to the community’s economy. Financial support for positions (e.g., industry liaisons), programs (e.g., a youth program) and services (e.g., water, sewage, heat) in AWN community. AWN’s management of and ability to AWN requests financial support for the respond to increasing development within community’s Traditional Land Use Study AWN Traditional Territory could be (staffing or data management assistance). supported through the community’s Traditional Land Use Study.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Many aspects of AWN traditional use were AWN hunting areas are intersected by the See also Wildlife. Traditional discussed during the ATK study. project RoW. A community hunting area will Knowledge be crossed by the RoW between KP 430 and KP 501. Community members will not hunt near the project area during the construction phase. The only trapline that AWN Elders are AWN recommends that this trapline owner aware of that is intersected by the pipeline be consulted directly and independently of belongs to a non-AWN trapper. the AWN ATK study. AWN fishing areas stretch north from See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Grande Cache to Grande Prairie, and Habitat. extend between the Wapiti and Smoky Rivers; people also fish in the Hinton Trail area. There are plants used for either or both AWN recommends that the route not be traditional and medicinal purposes growing moved any closer to Grovedale, as this will at several locations along the project RoW. affect a medicinal plant-gathering area. See also Vegetation. There are two traditional use sites of These sites require further ground-truthing concern in the Pinto Creek area. The Pinto once the final route has been determined. Creek settlement area is very near the RoW AWN recommends, at minimum, a 1 km at the Pinto Creek crossing, between buffer between the sites and the project KP 472 and KP 474. The Pinto Creek cabin RoW and ancillary facilities. and gravesite are 4.5 km south of RoW at Further consultation with AWN is required KP 467.5. regarding burial sites in AWN Traditional Territory.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal The project RoW intersects historic trails in Hinton Trail is crossed at KP 473, Shortcut AWN asks that trails be kept clear of debris Traditional AWN Traditional Territory, including the Trail is at KP 486, and RoW crosses the created by the Project. Knowledge Main Trail and one that passes through the Main trail at KP 491. (cont’d) Nose and Pinto Creek areas, the Hinton Trail. There is a third traditional trail, called the Shortcut Trail, which is also crossed by the RoW. Cumulative Effects AWN Elders expressed a feeling of helplessness with regard to forestry activities in AWN Traditional Territory. One Elder’s trapline changes dramatically every time this Elder visits it. AWN is concerned that leaks and spills AWN expressed concerns about the AWN recommends funding research into from industrial development is cumulative effects of industrial development the increasing rates of disease and illness contaminating both air and water and on the community; AWN Elders are among community members. causing health affects to plant and animal particularly worried about the declining species as well as humans. It was stated health of community members. that industrial sectors (forestry, oil and gas, etc.) tend to point fingers at each other rather than take responsibility.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Summary Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Project and Engineering Process Access Management When trying to go to the family trapline, one AWN community members are concerned Within AWN Traditional Territory, the Elder was turned back by logging security about the number of access roads that will community requests that construction of personnel. The Elder was very frustrated be created for the Project, and about access roads be kept to a minimum, and with this incident and has not returned to community members’ ability to use these that existing roads be used where possible. the trapline since. roads. AWN asks that community members be able to use any access roads in AWN Traditional Territory. AWN recommends that access roads be gated so that non-community members, such as sport hunters, do not have increased access to AWN Traditional Territory as a result of the Project. Allow AWN members unrestricted access to the project RoW. Conservation and Elders expressed concern about the types AWN recommends that any access roads Reclamation of plants that will be used for reclamation of not needed after construction be reclaimed. the RoW. AWN requests more information regarding Northern Gateway’s reclamation plans, including the species of plants proposed for use. AWN recommends that the RoW be replanted with native species. Transportation/Traffic Increased traffic on Highway 40 and project AWN recommends road widening, dust Conditions and access roads may result in more vehicle control (with dust stop) and moderate or Services accidents and road kill. reduced speed limits on access roads and main roads that will be used for the Project.

May 2010 Page C-31

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction Project’s potential effects on mineral licks. AWN recommends that mineral licks are avoided wherever possible. AWN recommends that Elders walk the final, staked RoW within AWN’s Traditional Territory to determine if there are any mineral licks that will be affected by the Project. Accidents and Potential for accidental spills or leaks from AWN requests that any accidental releases Malfunctions the pipeline and from project machinery and be cleaned up quickly and thoroughly. the effects of such spills on animals, plants, Information and location of incident should water, air and the health of future be communicated to AWN members so that generations of AWN members. the area can be avoided for harvesting. AWN environmental services should be engaged to monitor for spills along the project RoW during and after construction.

Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and AWN community members expressed AWN recommends completion of a Socio-economic appreciation for being involved in project Memorandum of Understanding and Impact Assessment planning. However, community members Benefit Agreement between Northern remain sceptical about how Northern Gateway and the Nation. Gateway will address AWN concerns.

Page C-32 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-2 Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (AWN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by AWN by AWN Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and AWN Elders expressed that it was very AWN requests that Elders be able to view Socio-economic difficult to assess a development that is not the RoW and ancillary facility locations Assessment flagged. within AWN Traditional Territory once the (cont’d) Project is flagged. AWN requests to be consulted, should any substantial changes occur in the project route or ancillary facility locations. AWN Elders explained that it is hard to Provide support to create a map with AWN delineate areas used for specific purposes place names in the community’s Traditional on a map, given that use areas are broad Territory to facilitate future effects and change over time. Elders also assessments. expressed frustration with using maps for the assessment that do not display place names in their own language. AWN Elders were displeased with the Allow Elders to walk the final, staked line number of route revisions that occurred before clearing to identify specific effects. during the course of the ATK study. Elders See also discipline-specific mitigation. felt it was unproductive to assess specific effects (e.g., to medicinal plants, mineral licks) to a RoW that is not final. Monitoring and AWN is concerned about potential project Allow Elders to walk the final, staked line Follow-up effects on water quality, wildlife, fish and before clearing to identify specific effects. Programs vegetation. See also discipline-specific mitigation.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation)

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines Noise Noise and vibration from pipeline Reduce noise and equipment vibration. construction and operation of the pump stations will cause animals to vacate the area. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Operations. Water Quality Burns Lake Band members continue to rely Potential project effects on water quality Prepare a written agreement to BLB for on traditional plant and animal resources would have extreme effects on BLB. compensation in the event a mishap occurs, that depend on clean, reliable water to provide more than just verbal assurances. sources. See also Accidents and Malfunctions. Entire Endako River watershed is extremely Any discharge or spill at the Endako River Provide BLB with information about how important to BLB. Tintagel Creek, Sheraton crossing (KP 928 to KP 930) would pollute watercourse crossings will be constructed, Creek, Taltapin Lake, Decker Lake, Burns Burns Lake and could contaminate all four maintained, and monitored, and what Lake, and Helene Lake are particularly BLB reserves, and trapline TR0604T006. precautions are being taken to prevent sensitive areas. Contamination of these See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic contamination of local lakes. water bodies could have devastating effects Habitat, Wildlife, Ecological Risk, Aboriginal on habitat, animals and BLB members. Traditional Knowledge, and Construction. Spills and potential contamination to watercourse crossings, wildlife habitat, and reserve lands is a primary concern.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic (cont’d) Habitat, Wildlife, Ecological Risk, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Construction. Both Helene and Taltapin Lakes are Project has potential to contaminate these Locate RoW further south, away from ancestral fishing, hunting, trapping, and water bodies. Helene and Taltapin Lakes. harvesting areas. Pipeline is located up-slope of Taltapin See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic (KP 890 to KP 904) and Helene Lakes Habitat, and Aboriginal Traditional (KP 876 to KP 881), which exposes these Knowledge. lakes and the rivers and creeks that feed into them to potential harm. Numerous marshy areas on or near the Contamination of these marshes could lead See also Accidents and Malfunctions RoW act as natural filtration areas for water. to downstream effects on lakes and creeks Nine areas in BLB Traditional Territory were and, ultimately, the four BLB Reserves. identified as important water filtration areas, All nine identified areas of water filtration are between KP 880 and KP 938. either intersected by or are close to the Both TR0604T031 and TR0605T006 RoW. A spill or leak at any would traplines contain other muskeg and marshes contaminate much larger water systems. that act as natural filtration areas for water Water filtration areas are: [KPs not available in report]. • intersected by RoW between KP 886 There is a natural filtration system along the and KP 888. Spill or leak here could entire northern section of Decker Lake, contaminate Hanson and Shovel between KP 929 and KP 938. Lakes. Shovel Creek, devastated by the Endako Mine project and railway development, flows from Shovel Lake towards IR 19

May 2010 Page C-35

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality • intersected by RoW, between KP 893 (cont’d) and KP 896, on TR0605T006. Spill or leak here could contaminate Hanson and Shovel Lakes. Shovel Creek, devastated by the Endako Mine project and railway development, flows from Shovel Lake towards IR 19 • intersected by RoW between KP 904 and KP 908. Associated with Sheraton and Tintagel Creeks, and flow into the east end of Burns Lake where Sheraton IR 19 is. • intersected by RoW, between KP 924 and KP 928, on TR0604T031. A spill here would contaminate Decker and Burns Lakes, and the shoreline of IR 17. Both lakes flow into Sheraton IR 19. • 500 m south of RoW between KP 903 and KP 906. Associated with Sheraton and Tintagel Creeks, and flow into the east end of Burns Lake where Sheraton IR 19 is. • 500 m north of RoW between KP 913 and KP 915. Associated with Sheraton and Tintagel Creeks, and flow into the east end of Burns Lake at Sheraton IR 19.

Page C-36 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality • 1.5 km north of RoW, between KP 880 (cont’d) and KP 888 • 2 km north of RoW, between KP 929 and KP 938. A spill here would also contaminate Decker and Burns Lakes, and the shoreline of IR 17. Both lakes flow into Sheraton IR 19. • 2.7 km south of RoW, between KP 891 and KP 902 The majority of water filtration areas east of KP 910 would adversely affect IR 19 in the event of a spill. See also Accidents and Malfunctions Freshwater Fish Commonly harvested fish species include See also Water Quality, Wildlife, Ecological and Aquatic char, golden suckers, rainbow trout, kokanee Risk, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Habitat salmon, whitefish, sockeye salmon and ling Construction. cod. BLB have prime fishing areas downstream of Underground watercourse crossings could See also Water Quality the Endako River watercourse crossing potentially warm streambeds and destroy (KP 928 to KP 930). spawning grounds. See also Water Quality, Wildlife, Ecological A spill at the Endako River watercourse Risk, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and crossing (KP 928 to KP 930) could destroy Construction this area and contaminate shoreline of Burns Lake IR 19. See also Water Quality, Wildlife, Ecological Risk, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Construction

May 2010 Page C-37

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Both Taltapin and Helene Lakes are See also Water Quality, and Aboriginal See also Water Quality and Aquatic ancestral fishing areas. See also Water Traditional Knowledge. Habitat (cont’d) Quality, and Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. BLB also identified eleven fishing areas All eleven identified fishing locations are within 12 km of the RoW, between KP 885 close to the RoW, and are thought to be and KP 937. susceptible to contamination: Study participants remember fishing for trout • immediately north of RoW, between in Gerow Creek as youth. Gerow Creek KP 929 and KP 937 drains into Decker Lake, located north of the • 300 m north of RoW, between KP 935 RoW between KP 929 and KP 937. and KP 936 IR 19, 8.7 km south of RoW at KP 909, was • 400 m north of RoW, between KP 876 the only place to catch Kokanee. The family and KP 881 caught Kokanee every September, and • 1 km north of RoW, between KP 890 extended family from surrounding areas and KP 905 would join in the fishing. • 1.1 km south of RoW, between KP 919 Fishing at Grizzly Creek, approximately and KP 930 11 km north of RoW, between KP 909 and • 4.1 km south of RoW, between KP 887 KP 910. See also Vegetation, and Aboriginal and KP 888 Traditional Knowledge. • 5.5 km S of RoW, between KP 885 and KP 930 to KP 940 is used extensively for all KP 889 types of harvesting. See also CSTC report1.

1 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council. May 2006. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interests & Use Study on the Enbridge Gateway Pipeline: An Assessment of the Impacts of the Proposed Enbridge Gateway Pipeline on the Carrier Sekani First Nations. Prince George, British Columbia. See also Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Summary Table (Appendix C, Table C-4).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish (cont’d) and Aquatic • 5.5 km south of RoW, at KP 894 Habitat (cont’d) • 8.7 km south of RoW, at KP 909 • 11 km north of RoW, between KP 909 and KP 910 • 11.2 km north of RoW, between KP 909 and KP 910 Fish may become contaminated and inedible. Potential for proposed work camp location to affect ancestral hunting, fishing, camping, and medicinal gathering area. See also Vegetation, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Construction. Vegetation Commonly harvested plants include: Brain mushrooms harvested in area Labrador tea, soapberry, wild raspberry, intersected by and north of RoW between mountain alder, balsam, black twinberry, jack KP 932 and KP 941. pine, lodgepole pine, trembling aspen, plantain, sage, fireweed, horsetail, juniper, kinnikinnick, tamarack, western chokecherry, wild black current, wild rose, red willow, yarrow, black tree lichen, Saskatoon berries, low bush blueberries, huckleberries, high bush cranberries, low bush cranberries.

May 2010 Page C-39

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation Mushrooms harvested in Grizzly Creek area, (cont’d) approximately 11 km north of RoW, between KP 909 and KP 910. Also jackpine strips and pitch for medicines. See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat, and Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Kinnikinnick harvested near Eagle Creek, alongside RoW, between KP 927 and KP 939. Berries and medicines collected south of Decker Lake, between KP 928 and KP 930. Southwest of Taltapin Lake, between KP 885 and KP 888, berries, medicines, and ceremonial plants for potlatches are harvested. Eastern end of Taltapin Lake is traditional ancestral hunting and gathering area, including soapberries, huckleberries, and various medicines. Berries gathered here for family use and distribution in Potlatch system. [No KPs available in report.] Brain and morel mushrooms harvested at the north end of Decker Lake and southeastern portion of Gerow Road. [No KPs available in report.] Plant Harvesting at Ootsa Lake. [No KPs available in report.]

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation BLB also identified seven plant-gathering All seven identified plant harvesting (cont’d) areas within 11 km of the RoW, between locations are either intersected by or are KP 909 and KP 941. close to the RoW: • Intersected by RoW, between KP 928 and KP 931 • Intersected by RoW, between KP 930 and KP 935 • Intersected by RoW and a stockpile location, at KP 932. See also Wildlife, Aboriginal Knowledge, and Construction. • Intersected and directly alongside RoW, between KP 932 and KP 941 • 300 m south of RoW, between KP 931 and KP 932, adjacent to stockpile location. See also Wildlife, Aboriginal Knowledge, and Construction. • 300 m north of RoW, between KP 935 and KP 936 • 11 km north of RoW, between KP 909 and KP 910 The area between KP 928 and KP 940 identified as important harvesting area for berries and medicinal plants.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation Traditional berry-picking areas have been Project work camp located near KP 886 will Request preservation of important berry and (cont’d) recently clear-cut, notably along Haney remove prime harvesting area for berries medicinal plant harvesting areas that may be Road, south of RoW, between KP 897 and and medicinal plants. See also Freshwater disturbed. KP 905. Fish and Aquatic Habitat, Aboriginal See also Construction. Deactivation of Co-op Lake Road has made Traditional Knowledge, and Construction. another berry-picking area inaccessible to Two proposed stockpile locations have Band members. [No KPs available in report.] potential to affect traditional plant-gathering BLB identified 21 berry-picking locations areas. See also Wildlife, Aboriginal within 8 km of the RoW, between KP 869 Knowledge, and Construction. and KP 936: 17 are clustered between Lord’s Road area, south of KP 900 to KP 890 and KP 923 and 3 are clustered KP 905 is a prime berry harvesting location. between KP 930 and KP 936. Study participants reported harvesting soapberries along Augier Main Road, Haney Road, on TR0604T031 near Gerow Road. [No KPs available in report.] Haney Road, a prime location for All 21 identified berry-picking locations are soapberries, has been completely clear cut either intersected by or are close to the from kilometre 1 through kilometre 8. [No RoW: KPs available in report.] • Intersected by RoW, between KP 894 Soapberries also harvested on IR 18 and and KP 900 #19, between KP 927 and KP 939. • 100 m south of RoW, between KP 869 Cranberries and Labrador tea harvested on and KP 878 IR 17 and on the road to the opal bed. [No • 700 m south of RoW, between KP 900 KPs available in report]. and KP 905

Page C-42 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation Huckleberry and cranberry harvested at • 1.7 km north of RoW, between KP 935 (cont’d) Co-op Lake, between KP 904 and KP 906. and KP 936 Berry picking all along route to Helene Lake. • 1.8 km south of RoW, between KP 898 [No KPs available in report.] and KP 901 Juniper, spruce, balsam and raspberry for • 2.5 km north of RoW, between KP 897 medicines collected at Priestly Hill. [No KPs and KP 898 available in report.] • 2.6 km north of RoW, at KP 902 Neta Bulh, or Sheraton Mountain, between • 3.1 km south of RoW, at KP 931 KP 906 and KP 922, an important berry gathering area, especially raspberries and • 3.1 km north of RoW, at KP 908 huckleberries. Cranberries, saskatoons, and • 3.2 km north of RoW, between KP 903 blueberries are picked on lower reaches. and KP 904 Also medicines are collected here, notably • 3.7 km north of RoW, at KP 907 balsam. Yarrow collected at Sheraton • 4.1 km south of RoW, between KP 930 Mountain and Augier Main Road, between and KP 931 KP 904 and KP 912. • 5.3 km south of RoW, between KP 909 Soapberries used as medicine, for and KP 918 consumption (Indian ice cream); they are distributed in potlatches and ceremonies as • 5.5 km south of RoW, between KP 890 gifts and food. and KP 891 • 5.6 km south of RoW, at KP 893 • 5.6 km south of RoW, between KP 892 and KP 893 • 6 km south of RoW, between KP 921 and KP 923 • 6.9 km south of RoW, between KP 904 and KP 905

May 2010 Page C-43

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation • 7 km south of RoW, between KP 904 (cont’d) and KP 906, intersected by stockpile location. (See also Wildlife, Aboriginal Knowledge, and Construction.) • 7.2 km south of RoW, between KP 906 and KP 908 • 7.3 km south of RoW, at KP 902 Potential effects on raspberry-harvesting area at opal bed site. The harvesting area was not field-truthed, but the Shelford Opal Beds area is 2.9 km south of RoW, between KP 931 and KP 935. BLB identified three medicine-harvesting All three identified medicine-harvesting locations between KP 897 and KP 939. locations are close to the RoW: • Directly adjacent to RoW, between KP 927 and KP 939. • 700 m south of RoW, between KP 900 and KP 905. • 2.5 km north of RoW, between KP 897 and KP 898. Evidence of waste of old growth trees in Give any old growth trees (cottonwoods) cut Eagle Creek area. Old growth cottonwood down to the Band; they could then be used trees cut and piled near road side; used for to offer traditional canoe building courses for bridge pilings. Band members.

Page C-44 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife The area south of the proposed Endako Potential effects on sensitive fish and wildlife See also Water Quality. River watercourse crossing (KP 928 to habitat at and near the Endako River KP 930) is a vitally important area—moose watercourse crossing between KP 928 and calving area, eagle nesting site, traditional KP 930 and surrounding area. hunting area for moose, deer, bears, and Shallow watercourse crossing at KP 910 in wolves; trapping for fox, coyote, lynx, the middle of important wildlife habitat beaver, marten, mink, weasel, muskrat, and extending from KP 907 to KP 912. porcupine. See also Water Quality, Freshwater Fish See also Water Quality, Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat, Ecological Risk, and Aquatic Habitat, Ecological Risk, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Construction Construction Potential for proposed stockpile location to See also Construction. affect wildlife habitat and hunting and trapping areas. See also Vegetation, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Construction. Construction and operation of the Project will drive many animals out of the region. Vegetation in area will be contaminated and eaten by animals upon which BLB members depend. Commonly harvested fur bearers include: cougar, marten, fisher, marmot, weasel, fox, wolverine, mink, beaver, otter, squirrel, muskrat, lynx, wolf.

May 2010 Page C-45

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Big game harvested includes: moose, deer, Potential effects on Lord’s Road area, south grizzly bear, black bear. of RoW between KP 900 to KP 905, a prime Game trails identified in the Shelford Opal moose hunting area. Beds area, 2.9 km south of RoW, between Portions of two game trails were identified KP 931 and KP 935. close to the RoW: Numerous game trails exist near Eagle • 5.6 km south of the RoW at KP 894 Creek and on route to Helene Lake. [No KPs • 6.5 km south of the RoW between available in report.] KP 908 and KP 922. Band member shot a moose in fall 2009 in Eagle Creek area. [No KPs available in report.] Birds and waterfowl harvested include: fish A bird habitat area, including waterfowl and Have a wildlife team check the area for ducks, gull, loon, crane, mallard ducks, owl and eagle nesting areas, is located endangered species of owl, eagles, or other trumpeter swan; ptarmigan, spruce grouse, within 800 m of the RoW, between KP 928 birds before finalizing the RoW. ruffled grouse, bald eagle, crows, raven, and KP 931. Establish a wildlife forum with the whiskey jack. community. At Poison Creek IR 17, there are wetlands that are habitat for ducks and geese. [No KPs available in report.]

Page C-46 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) At least 23 areas of abundant wildlife or Potential adverse effects on wildlife will good habitat for various species were result from noise, landscape fragmentation identified from KP 879 to KP 942, all within and road kill associated with the Project. 11 km of the RoW. All 23 areas identified as prime wildlife See also CSTC report. habitat are either intersected by or within close proximity to the RoW: • Intersected by RoW, between KP 879 and KP 898 • Intersected by RoW, between KP 907 and KP 912 • Intersected by RoW, between KP 922 and KP 942 • Intersected by RoW, at KP 932 • 100 m north of RoW, between KP 896 and KP 901 • 400 m south of RoW, between KP 931 and KP 932 • 500 m south of RoW, between KP 931 and KP 932 • 500 m south of RoW, between KP 933 and KP 934 • Two areas 900 m south of RoW, between KP 931 and KP 932

May 2010 Page C-47

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) • 1 km north of RoW, between KP 890 and KP 905 • 1.6 km south of RoW, at KP 928 • Two areas within 100 m of one another, about 3 km south of RoW, at KP 931 • 3.3 km south of RoW, between KP 887 and KP 893 • Two areas 3.9 km north of RoW, between KP 904 and KP 905 • 4.1 km south of RoW, at KP 931 • 6 km south of RoW, between KP 921 and KP 923 • 8.1 km south of RoW, between KP 909 and KP 910 • 8.5 km south of RoW, at KP 899 • 9.1 km south of RoW, between KP 897 and KP 898 • 11.2 km north of RoW, between KP 909 and KP 910

Page C-48 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Ecological Risk BLB wants to emphasize how vulnerable the See also Water Quality. area would be if a spill occurred at the proposed watercourse crossing located at KP 910. The area is so important is because the former trapline holder of TR0605T006 grew up on, lived at, and raised a family at Sheraton IR 19. Several of his grandsons hold positions within Burns Lake Band Chief and Council. Other BLB members also lived in this area. Potential effects on water quality, wildlife habitat, traditional use, and all four BLB reserves from Endako River watercourse crossing. See also Water Quality, Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat, Wildlife, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Construction. Underground pipelines could raise temperatures, causing ground destruction or environmental changes. Elders remember two major seismic events Damage to pipeline from earthquakes, with in the last 50 years. resulting environmental harm. Archaeological Traditional sites identified during the ATK Assist in an archaeological assessment for Resources study included burials, ancestral cabins, BLB on IR 19 and IR 17. spiritual areas, trails, culturally modified tress, and others of undisclosed nature. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge section.

May 2010 Page C-49

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological Nine areas of archaeological or historic All nine areas of archaeological or historic Resources importance were identified between KP 882 importance are close to the RoW: (cont’d) and KP 923. • 2.4 km south of RoW, between KP 882 and KP 884 • 4.6 km north of RoW, between KP 901 and KP 902 • 5.9 km south of RoW, between KP 922 and KP 923 • 7.8 km south of RoW, between KP 908 and KP 910 • 8.7 km south of RoW, between KP 904 and KP 905 Four are 8 km south of RoW, between KP 908 and KP 911 Three ancient village sites were identified All three ancient village sites are close to the between 6-8 km south of the RoW, between RoW: KP 910 and KP 923. • 6 km south of the RoW, between KP 922 and KP 923. • Two are between 8.1 km and 8.3 km south of the RoW, between at KP 910 and KP 911 Three burial sites, four cabin sites, nine See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge sacred areas, two ceremonial areas, six cache pits, culturally modified trees, and a number of trails were also identified. See Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge.

Page C-50 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics Unemployment and under-employment are BLB members may not have sufficient Offer training and education opportunities to critical issues for BLB. qualifications to benefit from economic BLB members. opportunities associated with the Project. Hire BLB members for security and safety monitoring. Hire BLB members for construction needs and operation of the pipeline throughout the life of the Project. Human Health Construction and operation of the pipeline Provide a health forum for the community. might have adverse effects on human health. Aboriginal Gift-giving, trade and sharing of traditional Project construction will result in additional Chief and Council would like the present Traditional herbs, plants, medicines, as well as encroachment on traditional lands. ATK study to evolve into a larger traditional Knowledge distribution of game, is an intrinsic part of territory study in which all Band members Carrier culture. Loss of hunting and would participate. gathering areas threatens the cultural Burns Lake Band hopes to build a new heritage of BLB due to decreasing ability to potlatch hall on the site of one erected in carry out these practices. 1900—on the site of the present heliport on Burns Lake IR 18. BLB participants identified a number of All nine sacred areas are either intersected sacred sites during the study, including nine by or in close proximity to the RoW: specific sites between KP 886 and KP 935. • area intersected by RoW between Kwan Tse, ‘fire rock,’ is a sacred area where KP 914 and KP 917 burnt rocks are collected for the sweat • 700 m north of RoW, between KP 897 lodges, located on an island west of IR 19, and KP 898. Lord’s Mountain approximately 8 km south of KP 910.

May 2010 Page C-51

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal (cont’d) (cont’d) Traditional Helene Lake at about KP 881 is a 1.3 km north of RoW, between KP 897 and Knowledge ceremonial and harvesting site. KP 898, a healing area located on a high (cont’d) Boer Mountain, north of Burns Lake, is knoll considered a sacred site, because high • 1.7 km south of RoW, between KP 929 areas are preferred for ceremonial and KP 930 purposes.[No KPs available in report] • 2 km south of RoW, between KP 929 and KP 930 2.8 km south of RoW, between KP 886 and KP 887

Lord’s Mountain, 700 m north of RoW, • 2.9 km south of RoW, between KP 931 between KP 897 and KP 898, is also sacred and KP 935. because of its height. • Shelford Opal Bed, 3.1 km south of The Shelford Opal Bed, 2.9 km south of RoW at KP 931 RoW, between KP 931 and KP 935 is a • 5.7 km south of RoW, between KP 921 spiritual site, considered sacred for its and KP 924, located on IR 17A and still location on top of a mountain. in use today The KP 930 area is important because the There are two ceremonial points close to the southern part is an ancestral gathering area RoW: for many First Nations; a sweat lodge, • spiritual site and ceremonial location are 1.6 km south of RoW, at KP 930 located on the west end of Burns Lake on • 2 km south of RoW, between KP 929 IR 17A and KP 930 The ceremonial location on west side of Burns Lake at Poison Creek IR 17A is 2.5 km south of the RoW between KP 929 and KP 930.

Page C-52 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional Band members recently conducted a cultural Knowledge burial ceremony in the Lord’s Road area. [No (cont’d) KPs available in report.] See also CSTC report BLB ancestors travelled great distances and Project may disturb or destroy traditional use used the land extensively in the past. Many sites like cabins, trails or caches. cabins and other evidence of traditional use exist in their territory today. Four cabins were identified near the RoW, between KP 879 and KP 917. Cabins were also identified at: All four cabins are either intersected by or • Shovel Creek [no KPs available in close to the RoW: report.] • Intersected by RoW, between KP 915 • In Priestly area [no KPs available in and KP 917. report.] • Immediately north of the RoW at • Burns Lake IR 18 [no KPs available in Helene Lake, between KP 879 and report.] KP 881. This cabin was recently desecrated and BLB would not like to • Priestly Hill [no KPs available in report.] see any further damage occur. • Eagle Creek/Mile One [no KPs • 4.6 km north of the RoW at Taltapin available in report.] Lake, between KP 901 and KP 902 • Old trappers cabin on top of clear-cut • 8.5 km south of the RoW, at KP 909, in mountain, bordering TR0604T031 [no the Sheraton area KPs available in report.] Other possible cabins at Taltapin Lake [no KPs available in report.]

May 2010 Page C-53

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal BLB identified six cache pit areas between All six cache pit areas are either intersected Traditional KP 879 and KP 933. All cache pit areas are by or in close proximity to the RoW: Knowledge located within areas of intense use. • Northern extent is intersected by RoW (cont’d) and runs north-south at KP 929 • Adjacent to RoW, between KP 879 and KP 881 • 3.3 km north of RoW, between KP 899 and KP 904 • 6 km south of RoW, between KP 922 and KP 923 • 6.1 km south of RoW, between KP 929 and KP 933 • 8 km south of RoW, between KP 907 and KP 912 Traditional trails used still exist, though many Northern extent of the Decker Lake-Burns are now logging roads. See also CSTC Lake Trail is 500 m south of RoW between report. KP 928 and KP 931. Construction activities could destroy portions of this trail. Three trails, or portions of trails, were All three trails are in close proximity to the identified between KP 887 and KP 931. RoW: • Northern extent of trail is 500 m south of RoW, between KP 928 and KP 931 • 4.2 km south of RoW, between KP 887 and KP 888 • 7.2 km south of RoW, between KP 902 and KP 903

Page C-54 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal A number and variety of camping, gathering The two identified camping areas are both in Traditional and multi-use areas were identified. close proximity to the RoW: Knowledge Two camping areas were identified, one at • Helene Lake, 300 m north of RoW, at (cont’d) the west end of Helene Lake, at KP 881, and KP 881. BLB is greatly concerned the second at KP 908. The Helene Lake about any potential disturbance to this camping area has been used for area. generations, and is still in use today, as a • 3.2 km north of RoW, at KP 908 hunting, fishing, and camping area. It is also a ceremonial and medicine gathering site, contains an area where eagles nest, and is considered sacred. See also Water Quality, and Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat. There are also camping sites in the Lord’s Road and Shelford Opal Bed areas, neither were field-truthed. The Lord’s Road area is between KP 900 and KP 905, and Shelford Opal Bed areas is between KP 931 and KP 935. One site of undisclosed cultural importance was identified 14.8 km south of the RoW, between KP 888 and KP 889.

May 2010 Page C-55

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Two social gathering areas were identified Two areas used for social gathering will Traditional between KP: one is at Burns Lake IR 18, at either be intersected by or in close proximity Knowledge the site of a traditional potlatch hall and to the RoW: (cont’d) traditional gathering area for many First • Intersected by RoW between KP 885 Nations in the area. and KP 887 • 900 m south of the RoW, between KP 927 and KP 929 These could be disturbed by pipeline construction Multi-use areas are areas where harvesting, All nine identified multi-use areas will be Do not disturb gathering area between cultural and spiritual activities occur. BLB intersected by the RoW or ancillary facilities, KP 927 and KP 929. members make extensive use of the or are in close proximity to the RoW: locations between KP 870 and KP 930. Nine • Two are immediately adjacent to the multi-use areas were identified: RoW, between KP 883 and KP 886

• 200 m north of the RoW, between KP 887 and KP 888 • 3.9 km south of the RoW, between KP 917 and KP 922 • 5.6 km south of the RoW, between KP 890 and KP 891 • 5.7 km south of the RoW, between KP 921 and KP 924 • 7.7 km south of the RoW, between KP 905 and KP 906 • 7.5 km south of the RoW, between KP 907 and KP 911 • 9.1 km south of the RoW at KP 897

Page C-56 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Numerous culturally modified trees (CMTs) Traditional along an old trail running the width of the Knowledge south side of Burns Lake, between (cont’d) approximately KP 909 and KP 930. Three burials were identified between All three identified burials will be in close KP 909 and KP 930. The Old Indian Burial proximity to the RoW: ground is located on IR 18 and a Roman • Old Indian burial ground. 200 m south Catholic cemetery is located on Burns Lake of RoW, between KP 928 and KP 929. IR 17. The cemetery was not field-truthed, • 2 km south of RoW, between KP 929 but IR 17 is between KP 929 and KP 930. and KP 930 • 8.5 km south of RoW at KP 909 BLB is concerned about a possible leak in BLB members also use prime wildlife area the pipeline because it would affect prime intersected by the RoW between KP 922 and hunting and trapping areas. Sixteen hunting KP 942. areas were identified by BLB participants All sixteen identified hunting areas will either between KP 875 and KP 939: be intersected by, or in close proximity to, • Eagle Creek [no KPs available in the RoW: report], Sheraton [KP 906 and KP 922] • Intersected by RoW, KP 875 to KP 882 and Priestly Hill area [no KPs available • Intersected by RoW, KP 886 to KP 888 in report] were all identified as • Intersected by RoW, KP 893 to KP 896 traditional hunting and harvesting • Intersected by RoW, KP 897 to KP 903 areas. • Intersected by RoW, KP 904 to KP 908 • Intersected by RoW, KP 924 to KP 928

May 2010 Page C-57

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal (cont’d) (cont’d) Traditional • Both Helene (KP 876 to KP 881) and • Adjacent to (just south of) RoW, Knowledge Taltapin Lakes (KP 890 to KP 905), are KP 928 to KP 939 (cont’d) ancestral fishing, hunting, trapping, and • 500 m north of RoW, KP 913 to KP 915 harvesting areas. See also Water • 2 km north of the RoW, KP 929 to Quality and Freshwater Fish and KP 938 Aquatic Habitat. 2.7 km south of the RoW, KP 924 to KP 931 • A new trail system proposed for Boer Mountain will encroach upon BLB Traditional Territory and open access to a prime hunting territory. Participants use the area between KP 930 and KP 940 extensively for hunting, fishing and trapping as well. See also Vegetation.

• The Grizzly Creek area is a prime • 3.3 km north of RoW, KP 899 to moose hunting area, between KP 906 approximately KP 927 and KP 939. • 4.1 km south of RoW, KP 907 to See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic KP 924 Habitat and Vegetation. • 6.8 km south of RoW, KP 904 to KP 905 • 7.5 km south of RoW, KP 901 to KP 906

• South end of Taltapin Lake is moose • 8 km south of the RoW, KP 905 to hunting area. [No KPs available in KP 906 report.] • 11.6 km north of the RoW, at KP 939 See also CSTC report.

Page C-58 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal In addition to the two traplines, TR0605T006 All identified trapping areas, including two Traditional and TR0604T031, five other trapping areas traplines—TR0605T006 and TR0604T031— Knowledge were identified, between KP 875 and will be either intersected by, or are within (cont’d) KP 937: close proximity of, the RoW: Shovel Creek, Burns Lake, Co-op Lake, • Intersected by RoW, between KP 875 Endako River, and the Channel in Burns and KP 882 Lake are excellent areas for hunting beaver. • Intersected by RoW, between KP 925 (No KPs available in report.) and KP 931 The mountains north of Sheraton IR 19 are • 100 m north of RoW, between KP 929 winter, fall, and spring trapping areas for and KP 933 muskrat, otter, marten, mink, lynx, fisher, • and weasel. 800 m south of RoW, between KP 930 and KP 937 • 900 m south of RoW, between KP 928 and KP 930 BLB members have participated and continue to participate in land use and occupation of the area along the RoW, especially between KP 870 and KP 940. Trapline along west side of Taltapin Lake has been clear-cut already. (No KPs available in report.) During winter, trappers collected furs from the south end of Taltapin Lake, and hunt for moose in the fall.

May 2010 Page C-59

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal There are remnants of former smokehouses Traditional at the south end of Taltapin Lake. [No KPs Knowledge available in report.] (cont’d) BLB traditionally hunted, fished, and trapped throughout the southern portion of Taltapin Lake. This area would no doubt be included in a traditional claim. BLB members hunt and trap—rabbits, lynx, and moose—in the Eagle Creek area. (No KPs available in report.) Potential effects on trapline TR0604T031, See also Water Quality. and areas north, west, and south of Endako River watercourse crossing between KP 928 and KP 930. See also Water Quality, Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat, Wildlife, Ecological Risk, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Construction Trapline holders are responsible for the Access into the trapline territory will be plants and animals in their traplines. increased and will affect BLB’s own Conservation and preservation of resources continued traditional use. Many voiced are of utmost importance for present and for concern over the effects of each successive future use. layer of use by non-trapline holders—each successive intrusion into trapline territory, as well as BLB Traditional Territory, may further destroy pristine areas.

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Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Effects on trapline holders’ ability to Traditional conserve and preserve land and resources Knowledge for future use. (cont’d) Trapline holders of TR0605T006 and TR06045031 noted that the Project may increase access for trespassers and poachers on the traplines, as well as in BLB Traditional Territory in general. See also Access Management Potential for proposed work camp to affect ancestral hunting, fishing, plant-gathering, and camping area. See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat, Vegetation, and Construction, Potential effects on wildlife habitat, prime hunting and plant-gathering areas, as well as traplines TR0604T031 and TR0605T006, from proposed stockpile locations. See also Vegetation, Wildlife, and Construction. Potential effects from pump station site on trapline TR0604T031. See also Noise, and Operations.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal There are eight areas identified as multi- All eight multi-harvesting areas will either be Traditional harvesting areas, between KP 877 and intersected by or close to the intended RoW: Knowledge KP 933. They are productive plant and • Intersected by RoW, between KP 904 (cont’d) animal harvesting areas regularly used by and KP 912 BLB members. • Adjacent to RoW, between KP 932 and KP 933 • 100 m north of RoW, between KP 896 and KP 901 • 200 m south of RoW, between KP 894 and KP 912

• 700 m north of RoW, between KP 879 and KP 890 • 3.7 km south of RoW, between KP 888 and KP 893 • 4 km north of RoW, between KP 877 and KP 880 • 11.5 km north of RoW, at KP 909 Reciprocity and having a respectful There is a spiritual aspect to taking relationship with the land is part of Carrier something from the land and not respectfully traditions. replacing it with a gift in return. Cumulative Effects Clear-cut logging and mining is already Project will increase industrial activity in the occurring in BLB Traditional Territory. area and will cause further damage; increased fragmentation. A number of old dumpsites of industrial trash Project construction will result in additional Leave no such dumpsites behind. can be found in BLB Traditional Territory. industrial dump sites.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Project and Engineering Process Access Many sacred traditional areas are currently Pipeline RoW, access roads, and Hire BLB members as security monitors. Management protected by lack of access; traditional infrastructure will increase non-Native BLB members to retain hunting and camps have been vandalized in the past. access to traditional use areas, leading to harvesting rights in area. destruction of BLB members' property (e.g., BLB will retain access to all sacred and garbage left behind, poaching and general ceremonial sites. No restrictions to be desecration of sacred areas). imposed See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Construction A stockpile location at KP 931 where berries Move proposed camp for 7 km south of RoW and brain mushrooms are picked will be between KP 904 and KP 906 north to intersected. junction of Augier Main Rd. and Haney Another stockpile location 7 km south of Road. This site is already disturbed. See RoW, between KP 904 and KP 906, on also Vegetation. Augier Main Road near Co-op Lake, is a harvesting area for berries and medicinal plants. See also Vegetation, Wildlife, and Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Project work camp located near KP 886 will remove prime harvesting area for berries and medicinal plants, and has potential to affect ancestral hunting, fishing, camping, and plant-gathering area. See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat, Vegetation, and Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction Industrial development often results in the Pelts and meat from animals killed during (cont’d) death of wild animals, either through construction should be given to BLB accident or destruction of nuisance animals. members. Concerns regarding technical aspects of the Provide information regarding technical pipeline, including how many pipeline joints aspects of the pipeline. there be across BLB Traditional Territory, Avoid pipeline joints near sensitive areas. and whether any will be located near sensitive watercourses. Noise and vibration from pipeline construction will cause animals to vacate the area. Clean up of industrial equipment and waste Ensure that no industrial equipment or waste material during and after construction phase. materials be left after project construction is complete. BLB has questions regarding disposal of Compensate BLB for income derived from timber from clearing the RoW. the timber taken off BLB Traditional Territory. Lumber wood taken from BLB Traditional Territory to be set aside in trust to build a future healing center. Trapline holders of TR0605T006 and TR06045031 fear increased vandalism will occur on their traplines. They do not want to see the cabin at Taltapin Lake destroyed or vandalized.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction Potential effects from four watercourse (cont’d) crossings: • at KP 910 • between KP 912 and KP 914 • between KP 915 and KP 917 • between KP 928 and KP 930, also known as the Endako River watercourse crossing. This crossing is in the middle of sensitive fish and wildlife habitat and intense use areas. See also Water Quality, Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat, Wildlife, Ecological Risk, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, and Construction Operations Noise from pump stations will cause animals to move out of the area. See also Noise, and Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Accidents and Spills and contamination to water, wildlife BLB would like to be fully informed about Malfunctions habitat, and reserve lands a primary emergency response planning and Hazmat concern. preparedness. BLB members are knowledgeable and experienced in Hazmat preparedness. Provide information regarding precautions in place to prevent leaks and measures planned to prevent the contamination of major lakes in the area.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-3 Burns Lake Band (Ts’il Kaz Koh First Nation) (BLB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by BLB by BLB Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Accidents and Should a leak occur, BLB members are Provide a monetary guarantee if such a Malfunctions concerned about how long it would take to mishap occurs despite verbal assurances (cont’d) register a drop in pressure and when that the pipeline is safe. emergency shut-off would be triggered. Elders recall two major seismic events in Potential effects on the pipeline from Provide information regarding emergency the past 50 years. earthquakes and aftershocks. response plans specifically related to earthquakes, including the material the pipeline will be constructed from and the ability of that material and the pipeline to withstand earthquake tremors.

Regulatory and ESA Process Monitoring and Project’s remote location might cause a Recommend that BLB have input into safety Follow-up delay in emergency response. and security programs, and band members Programs be used to monitor pipeline. Pipeline could be a target for terrorism, BLB members should be employed at the sabotage, or vandalism. stockpile site located between KP 930 and KP 940. It is close to living site and sacred sites.

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C.4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Effects from construction-related emissions Environment - Air (aerosol particles, slash burning – Quality greenhouse gases (GHGs), diesel exhaust, dust), and potential effects on humans, air and water. Acoustic Construction and operations noise (blasting, Environment equipment, helicopters) and disturbance of wildlife habitat and behaviour (relocation, avoidance). Two of the three pumping stations in the Noise nuisance effects on local residents. Traditional Territories would be located close to reserves. Visual Linear fragmentation and line-of-sight Environment across previously undisturbed landscape. Terrain Reduced terrain stability along the right-of- way and access roads; landslides, debris flows or slumping could result, which, in turn, could have adverse effects water quality, fish, vegetation, and could potentially jeopardize pipeline integrity.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Soil Adverse effects on soil (compaction, decreased productivity and stability, increased runoff and erosion) from construction activities. Potential soil contamination (and run off) from spills or leaks of hazardous or poisonous materials. Surface Water Mountain pine beetle infestations have Additional loss of forest cover leading to already resulted in increases in water further increases in water temperatures. temperatures from loss of forest cover. Removal of forest vegetation results in Additional loss of forest cover leading to increased water yield from watersheds, increased run off and potentially detrimental caused by reductions in water losses from peak flows. interception, evaporation and transpiration. Forest harvest can also influence the timing of flows and the magnitude of peak flows. Water Quality About 600 to 700 streams could be crossed Accelerated soil erosion may contaminate by the pipeline, including major rivers and rivers, lakes and wetlands with particulates streams, potentially threatening the vitality and associated compounds. of the watersheds that sustain the Carrier Sekani.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality The RoW will cross numerous wetlands and (cont’d) run near the margins of ponds and lakes, Numerous wetlands will be crossed by the pipeline, which are prime habitat for many species on which the Carrier Sekani rely for food and cultural goods. It is expected that Gateway will propose to Installation of the pipelines has the potential cross a large number of watercourses by to immediately degrade surface water trenching across the surface. This has the quality through erosion and sedimentation. potential to cause releases of substantial amounts of sediment. The PIP does not specify whether Effects on water quality from use of herbicides will be used for vegetation herbicides on RoW. control on RoW. The Carrier Sekani Tribal Council currently has a moratorium on pesticide and herbicide spraying within Carrier Sekani Traditional Territory, because of the serious effects on plants, medicinal plants and berries. Surface water and groundwater may be directly contaminated by construction, industrial and liquid waste, drilling muds or by any temporary sewage facilities. This may become a health issue for local residents if drinking water is contaminated.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality Potential of improper sewage management (cont’d) to increase nutrient concentrations in surface water with associated decreases in water quality. Rupture of one or both pipelines would have a high probability of causing adverse effects on water quality and aquatic biota. Groundwater A number of springs in Carrier Sekani Effects of trenching, pipeline installation and Traditional Territory are known as “healing drainage works could alter groundwater waters” and people travel specifically to recharge and discharge regimes, affect these sites to obtain drinking water. peak flow and disrupt natural springs and small streams. Groundwater may be contaminated by construction, industrial and liquid waste; leaks, drilling mud (from directional drilling); and by any temporary sewerage facilities. Effects of the mountain pine beetle have Effects on groundwater would be already resulted in changes in groundwater exacerbated by the clearing RoW and levels. access roads.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish All of the rivers crossed by the pipeline have Accelerated soil erosion may contaminate and Aquatic salmon stocks utilized by the Carrier rivers, lakes and wetlands with particulates Habitat (cont’d) Sekani. and associated compounds. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Potential release of contaminants into rivers affecting fish. Equipment and construction noise will disturb fish. Vulnerable fish stocks are being threatened Cumulative effects on vulnerable fish by synergistic effects of mountain pine species would be exacerbated by project beetle infestations - the loss in forest cover clearing. has led to changes in groundwater levels and increases in water temperatures. Project will cross a considerable number of Sedimentation and increased turbidity, as watercourses by trenching across the well as channel stability are potential surface. This has the potential to cause problems for fish habitat. releases of substantial amounts of Any substantial increases in turbidity have sediment. Many of the watersheds along immediate effects on fish, specifically the pipeline route have already been chinook salmon. affected by accelerated erosion from resource roads. Fish adapted to cold water (e.g., salmonids) Changes in riparian habitat at watercourse are more sensitive to increases in crossings and at lake and wetland margins temperature and suspended solids than could adversely affect fish habitat and residents of warm water habitats. increase water temperatures.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Downstream from pipeline crossing Project may remove important aquatic and Aquatic construction, plants and aquatic plants, transfer ‘foreign’ aquatic organisms Habitat (cont’d) invertebrates are susceptible to deposition (parasites, invertebrates, plants) into local of high levels of suspended solids. Plants water bodies, and reduce overall aquatic that are covered in sediments are unable to diversity. photosynthesize and are likely to die back. The absence of rooted plants effectively eliminates important aquatic invertebrate habitat, contributing to effects throughout the food web. The Nechako white sturgeon (including CSTC is actively involved in the sturgeon in the Stuart River system) is conservation of threatened species, most genetically unique from Fraser River notably the Nechako white sturgeon. There sturgeon and is listed as endangered by the is concern that these efforts will be Committee on the Status of Endangered compromised by the Project. Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). The Stuart River and tributaries have early Stuart River tributaries are crossed by the run sockeye, late run; bull trout and white RoW. (Information not specific enough to sturgeon. It is a BC Heritage River and one provide KPs.) of the highest quality wild sockeye salmon Water temperature increases may result runs in the world. In some years, up to one from clearing vegetation at pipeline million salmon migrate to the river system to crossings. Temperatures currently the spawning grounds in tributary streams occasionally exceed the B.C. guidelines for and rivers north of Stuart Lake. Sturgeon is salmonids during adult chinook and rapidly disappearing from the Stuart River. sockeye migration. This may be contributing to the Stuart River sockeye’s historical decline.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish The Stuart River crossing is a major Stuart River chinook, while not in decline, and Aquatic concern for the Carrier Sekani, as the Stuart may be threatened by a RoW watercourse Habitat (cont’d) River salmon supports numerous crossing at their primary spawning habitat. communities, including those not directly Stuart River is crossed by RoW at KP 822. adjacent to the river. Endako River: Chinook stock and resident Endako River is crossed by RoW at KP 929. stocks including kokanee. Used by Stellat’en, Burns Lake Band and Wet’suwet’en. Chinook are “functionally extinct.” The possible location for a pipeline crossing between Decker Lake and Burns Lake on the Endako River contains spawning habitat for kokanee, rainbow trout and a number of non-sport species. Fraser River - all salmon species, white Potential for indirect contribution to sturgeon, burbot (ling cod), bull trout. cumulative effects in tributaries. Spawning of white sturgeon may be affected. Middle River - BC Heritage River, important component for salmon habitat and production of the Stuart/Takla watershed.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Morice River - very high fisheries value; Morice River is crossed by the RoW at and Aquatic sockeye and spring salmon. Supports fish KP 1038; river runs very near RoW from Habitat (cont’d) stocks that contribute to the needs of all KP 1003 to KP 1038. downstream Skeena First Nations as well as the Wet’suwet’en First Nations. Muskeg River - chinook salmon, kokanee, RoW crosses Muskeg River at KP 748. rainbow trout. Nautley River - chinook and sockeye salmon; white sturgeon; kokanee; bull trout; rainbow trout. Important traditional salmon fishing spot for the local Nadleh Whut'en people. Nechako River - white sturgeon, chinook Potential for indirect contribution to and sockeye salmon, and many other cumulative effects in tributaries; changes to species. Largest Fraser River tributary; water temperature. White sturgeon may be about 23% of the Ltha Koh sockeye affected. production originates in the Nee Incha Koh watershed. Nechako River system is currently sensitive because of water diversions and is therefore at risk as local climates change and become warmer. This could put cold water-dependent fish species at risk.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Ormond Creek - chinook salmon, Dolly and Aquatic Varden, kokanee, rainbow trout, sockeye Habitat (cont’d) salmon. Sockeye considered extinct since 1972; 450,000 eggs transplanted from Stellaquo River over two years to re- establish population. Pitka Creek - sockeye salmon. Located in RoW crosses Pitka Creek at KP 825. Nak’azdli Traditional Territory. Salmon River - chinook stock and resident RoW crosses Salmon River at KP 763. species. Stock is greatly reduced from historic levels. Shovel Creek - Endako tributary that RoW crosses Shovel Creek at KP 878. provides important portion of available Potential effects resulting from changes to chinook spawning habitat for Endako water temperature. chinook. Spawning habitat for rainbow trout and other species. Located in Nak’azdli Traditional Territory. Sowchea Creek - rainbow trout and Sowchea Creek is crossed by RoW at sockeye spawning habitat. In Nak’azdli KP 853. Traditional Territory. Area known for vermiculite deposits. Stellaquo (Stellako) - late run sockeye, chinook, rainbow trout, bull trout, burbot and mountain whitefish. Source of eggs for transplant to Ormond Creek.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Sutherland River - poorly inventoried, but The Sutherland River is crossed by project and Aquatic known to be the primary spawning stream RoW at KP 856. Habitat (cont’d) for Babine Lake rainbow trout. Used by Tl’azt’en and Nadleh. Relatively pristine at present. Riparian habitat valuable for fish and wildlife. Opening up largely undeveloped areas to Project could result in increased sport increased access by recreational hunters fishing, which will increase pressure on and fishers is a concern. The RoW and common sport fish species. access roads would allow recreational vehicles easier access to otherwise inaccessible areas. Risk presented by two pipelines is greater Potential effects of spill or rupture on water than the risk presented by a single pipeline. bodies. The toxicity of crude oil and A rupture of both pipelines at a stream polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) crossing would introduce two waste streams was noted, in addition to long-term effects to the water body, potentially leading to on reproductivity. additive effects that may be difficult to foresee. Vegetation Changes to or removal of vegetation could Potential removal of traditional gathering affect gathering sites for the traditional food, sites. medicine, and technology plants that are See Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge for vital to the health, well-being and culture of information on specific sites near RoW. the CSTC peoples. Temporary loss of ecological function from vegetation removal along RoW.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) Old growth forest areas typically account for The loss of old-growth forest and general less than 15% to 20% of the Traditional reduced biodiversity will occur from clearing Territory and play an important role in the RoW. wildlife habitat. Great amounts of dead and dying trees in By creating permanent forest openings the the Traditional Territories as a result of the Project will add to the cumulative effect of mountain pine beetle. the current pine beetle epidemic and historical conventional forest harvest. Potential for project activities to result in wildfire initiation due to the amount of dry forest materials resulting from pine beetle. Knapweed and other noxious weeds are not Potential for construction activities to palatable to many wildlife species or range introduce noxious weeds (e.g., knapweed) cattle that might be attracted to the RoW. and other invasive plants into previously Often these species thrive in developed unaffected areas. areas to the exclusion of native grasses or preferred forbs, and can limit the potential for the RoW to resemble a natural opening. Area already has high percentage of Creation of additional permanent openings unnaturally disturbed, open areas. (RoW) in the area will further reduce local vegetative biodiversity, even if native species are used in reclamation. Noxious weeds and invasive species of Construction of RoW will enable long- plants can be carried on vehicles, by wind distance dispersal of weeds, with adverse or ungulates, and in many cases are effects on native species. introduced through replanting.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) CSTC currently has a moratorium on Potential effects on medicinal plants and pesticide and herbicide spraying within berries from herbicide use for the Project. CSTC Traditional Territories, because of the serious effects on plants, medicinal plants and berries. Wildlife CSTC has constitutionally protected Spills and ruptures would have adverse Aboriginal rights to hunt for food and effects on water quality, terrestrial and ceremonial purposes. Exercising these aquatic organisms, fish, wildlife and human rights depends on the health of the various health. Contamination would not be species, and their habitat. minimized to the direct spill area, but would See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge be passed on through the food chain and for additional information on specific the watersheds. Any spill in CSTC species and habitats. Traditional Territories would have some effect on Aboriginal rights. Disturbance of wildlife habitat during layout (e.g. helicopter traffic), clearing, grubbing, slash burning, blasting and pipeline installation. Effects from spills of drilling mud or vehicle fluids introducing toxins to wildlife habitat.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Construction noise from surface equipment, Avoidance by wildlife of breeding or blasting, and helicopters will be generated foraging habitat and of migration routes and that may disturb nearby residents, travel corridors due to noise and the recreational users, as well as fish and presence of construction equipment and wildlife. personnel. Relocation of wildlife as a result of noise would cause long-term effects if the disturbance occurs during critical reproductive periods. Straight sections of RoWs provide long Hunting and possibly poaching by short- sight lines for hunters, which may increase term construction personnel. their success rates, especially because, in Increased hunter access to the CSTC addition, ungulates are attracted to the Traditional Territories through the creation fresh shrub and tree growth of newly of RoW and new access. cleared areas. Evidence that natural predators (e.g., Project may affect predation patterns. wolves) hunt on utility RoWs because of the improved sight lines. Increased human-wildlife conflicts, interactions and mortalities (e.g. garbage attracting wildlife, vehicle collisions, need to control problem wildlife).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Wetlands are critical for numerous ducks Wetlands and riparian areas will be affected and geese that are hunted by CSTC, and because of the large number of mammals such as moose, beaver and watercourse crossings. muskrat that are hunted for food and cultural goods. Old growth typically accounts for less than Some old-growth forest will be lost due to 15% to 20% of the Traditional Territory and project clearing. plays an important role in wildlife habitat. Where RoW replaces older forests there Species dependent on old growth forests could be a serious local effect on animal include commercial important furbearers species dependent on old growth. such as lynx, marten and fisher.

Forest disturbance and landscape Potential adverse effects on wildlife from fragmentation is already occurring and is project additions to forest clearing. ongoing in the region. The loss of hiding Dog Creek Road - there is grizzly habitat and thermal cover in the already near the RoW. (On National Topographic fragmented landscape could have serious System (NTS) sheets, Dog Creek is located effects on some wildlife species, including about 11 km south of KP 823.) mountain caribou, mountain goat, grizzly bear, and deer. Wildlife sections of the PIP and the critical Although the “at risk” and commercially work plan focus on species of regional important species are important, CSTC is importance, those that are hunted or concerned that the full range of wildlife trapped, and “species at risk” that may species and their habitats at-risk cannot be potentially be affected by the RoW. adequately addressed in the ESA.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Ecological Risk Potential effects of watercourse crossings, spills or ruptures on water quality, wildlife and fish habitat, vegetation and human health. Non-Traditional Adverse effects may be generated on other Land Use land and resource use interests including forestry, mining, agriculture, commercial fishing, recreation, tourism, and protected areas. Project may decrease land available for First Nations forestry, will also open up additional lands for clearing and access. Increased hunter access to CSTC Traditional Territories through the creation of the RoW and new access roads. Archaeological CSTC has substantial concerns about Resources potential effects on archaeological resources along the RoW.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological A number of graveyards exist in CSTC In Nak’azdli Traditional Territory: Resources (cont’d) Traditional Territories. Those identified as • lots of graveyards on east side of being in the vicinity of RoW are listed. Great Beaver Lake in vicinity of RoW; See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge approximately 2.5 km north of KP 773, within vicinity of RoW between KP 774 and KP 778 • two gravesites at Marie Lake. (Marie Lake is located about 3.5 km north of RoW from KP 840 to KP 843.) • camp, north of Dog Creek, ancestral remains site, sacred. (Dog Creek is about 11 km south of KP 823.) In Nadleh Whut’en Traditional Territory, burial sites are at Marie Lake. (Marie Lake is located about 3.5 km north of RoW from KP 840 to KP 843.) Salmon spawning grounds and nursery The RoW crosses both the Fraser and watersheds that feed both the Fraser and Skeena River watersheds. The Skeena Skeena River drainage systems are areas River watershed is between KP 847 and of extremely high archaeological KP 1084. The RoW runs very near the significance to CSTC. Fraser River between approximately KP 660 and KP 725.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological There are numerous traditional trails in The 14 trails mentioned in the activity sites Resources (cont’d) CSTC Traditional Territories. Maps included lists are included in the Aboriginal in the CSTC independent report show that Traditional Knowledge section. The about 40 trails are crossed by the RoW. remainder are listed here with KP information: • KP 919.5 Burns Lake-Stearns Creek • KP 927 Burns Lake-Babine Lake • KP 929 Telegraph Trail (1866) • KP 931 Decker Lake-Burns Lake (4) • KP 942 Gerow Creek • KP 948.5 Un Kwa’h • KP 957.5, 500 m north, Foxy Creek • KP 986 Buck Creek • KP 988 Buck Creek-Parrot Creek Cutoff • KP 996 Morice River-Parrot Lake Cutoff • KP 1002, 2 km north, Morice River East

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological • KP 1004, 3 km north, Morice River Resources (cont’d) West • KP 1014.5, 4.5 km north, Morice River-Tommy Creek • KP 1029, 5 km north, Tagit Creek • KP 1035, 2.3 km north, Morice River • KP 1036, 2.1 km north, Thautil River • KP 1036.5, 2.1 km north, Gosnell Creek • KP 1039, 1.5 km north, Gosnell Creek – Morice River Cutoff • KP 1058.5, 500 m north, Gosnell Creek • KP 1065, 750 m north, Gosnell Creek- Burnie River Cutoff • KP 1069, 2 km north, Burnie River • KP 1080.5, 4.5 km north, Clore River • KP 910, KP 964.5, 1.2 km north of KP 968, KP 970.5 – unknown trails Culturally Modified Trees (CMTs) are A number of message trees, arborgraphs commonly found along trail corridors in the and arborglyphs have also been identified central interior of B.C. The most common across the Nechako Plateau. The Nechako type of CMT found is the pine cambium Plateau is north of the RoW at about stripping scar. These features can occur KP 750 to KP 795. singly or in large, dense distributions of hundreds or even thousands of individual CMTs.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological RoW clearing would make adjacent lands The proposed 50 m buffer along the RoW is Resources (cont’d) and archaeological resources susceptible to insufficient to protect areas with disturbance from tree blow down. In archaeological potential. addition, associated development activities like decking sites and other ancillaries to the pipeline will make a 50 m wide corridor insufficient. The RoW has not yet been finalized (2006), thus it is not possible to conduct effective archaeological effects assessments with meaningful results. Socio-economics Project construction will contribute to a boom-bust cycle in employment, with short- term increases in population and inflation effects that put stress on community infrastructure. Creation of boom-bust cycle may also lead to rise in alcohol and drug abuse, with accompanying rise in violent crime. Existing tourism activities are already Decrease in land available for outdoor affected by other developments in the recreation/tourism. regions (e.g., forestry). Increased competition for tourist sector infrastructure (e.g., local accommodation, inflated prices).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics Economic benefits of proposed (cont’d) developments are often overstated, due to an assumption that the capital and labour used in a project would otherwise not be employed. Construction jobs are short-term, The probability that First Nations will benefit unsustainable jobs that will occur during a substantially from this employment is quite relatively brief period. low. Regional employment and income Regional multiplier effects associated with multipliers associated with oil and gas and the Project will not substantially benefit pipeline construction are very low, due to CSTC. the specialized nature of the inputs into the sector (backward linkages) and the high proportion of in-migrant workers and their spending patterns (final demand linkages). Project identifies the purchase of local It is anticipated that CSTC peoples will goods and services as an economic benefit. experience very limited benefits from these expenditures. Treaties have not been settled in the CSTC None of the benefits from the Project’s use region, of the land and resources to which CSTC claim Aboriginal title and rights will in fact flow to CSTC or its member Nations.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Human Health Effects of project air emissions, especially on Elders and children, where the RoW passes through inhabited reserves (aerosol particles generated from construction activities, slash burning, construction equipment emissions and dust). Potential effects on environment and human health from spills and/or accidental ruptures (e.g., construction materials and waste, sewage facilities). Most CSTC members consume traditional Potential contamination of traditional foods and medicines. sources of food and medicines, with resulting effects on human health. Stress in CSTC members associated with concerns over potential contamination of traditional food and medicines. Aboriginal The land selection process for treaty Project clearing will constitute an immediate Traditional settlement lands has not occurred. A RoW direct taking of approximately 1,000 ha Knowledge through CSTC lands could potentially harm (2,500 acres) of Crown land without CSTC interests by reducing the lands compensation to the Aboriginal titleholders. available for treaty settlement, or by reducing the value of those lands if selected. Also under current treaty policy, it is important to note that the Crown will not recognize claims for compensation for past infringement.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Research and experience shows that the One-third of the project RoW is in CSTC Traditional construction of energy corridors through Traditional Territories and a number of Knowledge traditional territories has the effect of CSTC Keyoh lands are crossed by the (cont’d) diminishing Aboriginal peoples’ connections RoW. to their lands. CSTC peoples have constitutionally Removal of or changes to vegetation could protected Aboriginal rights to hunt for food affect gathering sites for the traditional food, and ceremonial purposes. Exercising these medicine, and technology plants of CSTC rights depends on the health of the various peoples. species, and their habitat. Potential effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat. See also Wildlife and Vegetation. All fish species are important to CSTC, and Watercourse crossings will limit the Carrier the species of particular interest include Sekani people’s ability to exercise fishing salmon (sockeye, Chinook, pink, and coho), rights. steelhead, rainbow trout, bull trout (formerly See Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat known as Dolly Varden), white sturgeon, for predicted effects at specific watercourse arctic grayling, burbot, longnose sucker, crossings. and mountain whitefish. CSTC peoples harvest these species for food, social, and ceremonial use throughout the year, with the exception of self-imposed restrictions for conservation reasons of certain salmon stocks and white sturgeon.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal A number of springs in CSTC Traditional Project activities could alter groundwater Traditional Territories are known as “healing waters” recharge and discharge regimes. This could Knowledge and people travel specifically to these sites add to the changes in peak flow associated (cont’d) to obtain drinking water. with forest clearing and may result in local changes to springs. Numerous archaeological sites exist within See also Archaeological Resources. CSTC Traditional Territories, including culturally modified trees (e.g., message trees, arborgraphs and arborglyphs in the Nechako Plateau), traditional trails, as well as Keyoh activity sites. Potential spills and ruptures would have Any spill in CSTC Traditional Territories adverse effects on water quality, terrestrial would have some affect on Aboriginal and aquatic organisms, fish, wildlife and rights. human health. Contamination would not be limited to the direct spill area, but would be passed on through the food chain and the watersheds. Details and magnitude of likely effects on Information on various traditional use sites activity sites and on others within the Keyoh potentially affected by the Project is of CSTC peoples could not be adequately included below. addressed in this study (2006).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Activity sites in Nak’azdli Traditional Traditional Territory that may be affected include, but Knowledge are not limited to (KP range 739 to KP 835 (cont’d) is in Nak’azdli Traditional Territory): • Muskeg River, trap for beaver, KP 748 • McDougall River, trap for smaller furbearers, 55 km north of RoW, approximately KP 750 to KP 775 • Trail, Carp Lake to Slender Lake • Mossvale Lake, trapping cabin on northwest shore, 3 km north of RoW at approximately KP 757 • Salmon River, fishing for chinook, coho, trout; RoW crosses river at KP 763 • Salmon River east of Great Beaver Lake, trails all over on both sides; Great Beaver Lake-Stuart Lake trails include: south trail at KP 786, north trail at KP 788.5 and another trail at KP 811

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Graveyards, IR16 (10 km north of Traditional KP 786) and on north tip of Great Knowledge Beaver Lake (17 km north of KP 794); (cont’d) lots of graveyards on east side of Great Beaver Lake in vicinity of RoW (2.5 km north of KP 773, within vicinity of RoW between KP 774 and KP 778) • Trail, Nak’azdli to Carrier Lake, Salmon River, Carp Lake and McLeod Lake • Necoslie River, fishing and moose hunting, KP 816 • Beaver Lake, historic villages (3), west end, outlet, south shore • Beaver Creek, cabin at mouth • Trails, Beaver Lake to Terrapin Lake and other lakes • Great Beaver Lake, gathering area at south tip, KP 777 • Nahounly Creek, Carrier Lake, large historic villages; Carrier Lake is about 19 km north of KP 798 • Spad Lake (Lhotsuli ) (7 km north of KP 818), Tehlmuck Creek, spawning area for whitefish in March, animals feed here

May 2010 Page C-91

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Stuart Lake (closest, about 4 km Traditional north, at KP 822), Long Island Knowledge (Nooyiz), major site for fishing (cont’d) • Stuart River (KP 822), important fishing and spawning river, ceremonial site at mouth (KP 824, 4 km south) • Prince family, first 35 miles of Stuart River, Six-Mile Meadow, Sturgeon Point (KP 783 is approximately 22 km north of Prince family area.) • Six-Mile Meadow, camp, old village, cache pits; Six-Mile Meadow IR is 4 km east of KP 829 to KP 832 • Spencer’s Ridge, medicinal plant gathering • Stuart Lake, drinking water, about 4 km north of KP 822 where crosses Stuart River

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Nine-Mile to Dog Creek, used all year Traditional round, about 12 km south of RoW Knowledge between KP 823 and KP 841 (cont’d) • Dog Creek, sacred site, RoW about 11 km north at KP 823 • Dog Creek, spawning and fishing • Sowchea Creek, fishing, spawning, hunting, trapping; RoW crosses at KP 823 • Pitka Creek, west of Sowchea Creek, berry picking, intersected by RoW at KP 825 • Trail, Sowchea to Nadleh, RoW crosses Sowchea River at KP 853 and Sowchea-Sutherland Trail at KP 854.5 • Gravesites (2), Marie Lake, RoW is about 3.5 km south, from KP 840 to KP 843 • Nana Lake, Marie Lake, cabins; Nana Lake is 5 km north of KP 837 to KP 840 • Dog Creek Road, near RoW • Old trail, Dog Creek to Nadleh River, Dog Creek trail is 3 km south of KP 825

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Trails (2), Cunningham Forest Service Traditional road Knowledge • Marie Lake, good moose hunting to (cont’d) south • Berry picking to north, south and east of RoW • Historic villages (3) along Stuart River (KP 822), Gordon Lake (KP 788, RoW 10 km north), Marguerite Lake (16 km south of RoW, KP 781) and Thompson Lake (11 km south of RoW at KP 795) • CSTC Culture camp, Stuart River • Camp, north of Dog Creek, ancestral remains site, sacred • Spiritual sites, east side of Stuart River Activity sites in Saik’uz Traditional Territory that may be affected include, but are not limited to (KP range 819 to KP 842 is near Saik’uz Traditional Territory): • Trail, Noonla Crossing to Nak’azdli; Omineca Trail, Noonla – Necoslie trail is 1.5 km south of KP 812.5

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Trail, Vanderhoof airport north to Traditional Stuart River, Stuart River trail is Knowledge 4.5 km south of KP 821 (cont’d) • Cultural camps, Finmoore, Wedgewood, Chunlac, fishing, hunting and berry picking • Wedgewood, medicine harvesting, cabin, smokehouse • Finmoore, hunting, fishing, sturgeon conservation, berry picking (45 km south of KP 776) • Ormond (13 km south of KP 855), Oona (12 km south of KP 859) and Fraser Lakes (24 km south of KP 848 to KP 867) and Nautley (river is 23 km south of KP 850), fishing • Finmoore camp, cabin located about ½ km upstream (Finmoore is 45 km south of KP 776) Nechako River, bear hunting (RoW does not cross Nechako River; located from 20 km to 70 km south of KP 710 to KP 875.)

May 2010 Page C-95

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Activity sites in Nadleh Whut’en Traditional Traditional Territory that may be affected include, but Knowledge are not limited to (KP 850 to KP 889 (cont’d) crosses Nadleh Whut’en Traditional Territory): • Sutherland River (Natl’ali Koh), all types of fish, fishing (KP 856) • Nadleh-Babine Trail through Sutherland Valley, eastern side of Sutherland River, numerous traditional activities • Nyan Wh’eti trail from Fort St. James to Nadleh, intersected by RoW at KP 840.5 • Marie Lake (Whool-tan) burial sites and traditional trails, Marie Lake is about 3.5 km north of RoW, from KP 840 to KP 843. • Mount Ott (Tho Anun), bear hunting, 12 km north of KP 878 • Zipper Lake (Bun Yaz), good fishing, just south of RoW

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Activity sites in Nadleh Whut’en Traditional Traditional Territory that may be affected include, but Knowledge are not limited to (KP 850 to KP 889 (cont’d) crosses Nadleh Whut’en Traditional Territory): • Big Red Deer (Yiseh Cho), rare, north Sutherland, hunted on Bernadette McQuarry’s trapline • Bernadette McQuarry’s trapline, medicine harvesting (RoW intersects trapline between KP 854 and KP 862) • Trail, northwest corner of IR 1 Nadleh Reserve to north of Etcho Lake, fishing at Ormond Lake; Ormond Lake-Duncan Creek-Sutherland Valley trail is crossed by RoW at KP 863.5 • Sutherland River (KP 856), major moose habitat, deer and bear also hunted • Sutherland Trail, trapping, Nadleh, Sutherland Valley east trail is crossed by RoW at KP 856 • Lts’umusyoo Keyoh, north of Nadleh reserve

May 2010 Page C-97

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • IR 7 and IR 8 on Ormond Lake, trail Traditional going west Knowledge • Cabins, Ormond Lake, west end of (cont’d) Peter Lake • Dog Creek Trail, from northeast corner of Nadleh IR 1 north to Dog Creek and Fort St. James, connects to Hwy 27 around Dog Creek, branches off to north to Ormond Lake (13 km south of KP 855) • Ormond Lake, trail from west end to north shore of Fraser Lake • Berry picking north of Fort Fraser (KP 846 is 27 km north) • Cabin, Louie George, headwaters of Shovel Creek; Shovel Creek intersected by RoW at KP 878

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Activity sites in Burns Lake Band Traditional Traditional Territory that may be affected include, but Knowledge are not limited to (KP range 870 to KP 940 (cont’d) crosses Burns Lake Band Traditional Territory): • Traditional Territory between Co-op Lake, Shovel Lake, south side of Taltapin down to Endako River, important for hunting, fishing, trapping – important for our culture; Traditional Territory crossed by RoW between KP 870 and KP 940 • Taltapin Lake and 2 to 3 miles west, Lhksilyu (Caribou) trapline; RoW is 2 km-8 km south of Taltapin Lake between KP 890 and KP 905 • Taltapin Lake, good fishing • Eight-Mile Creek, spawning • Three-Mile Creek, critical habitat for beaver • Shovel Creek, spawning, RoW crosses at KP 878 • Big Lake (halfway between Hannay road and eastern end of Taltapin), good fishing

May 2010 Page C-99

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Poison/Tibbets Creek area, spawning, Traditional hunting; RoW is 2 km north of Poison Knowledge Creek IR at KP 930, and 11 km north (cont’d) of Tibbets at KP 910 • Priestly Hill, historic cabin, medicine harvesting, 15 km south of RoW at KP 898 • Martin Lake, trapping, hunting, 15 km south of KP 899 • Co-op Lake, east side, moose calving, ice fishing, berry picking, 9 km south of KP 904 • Endako River, damaged by development, kokanee salmon contaminated, water source for Sheraton people, moose hunting, trapping, trout, whitefish, ling cod and grayling, medicine picking, RoW crosses at KP 929 • East end of Burns Lake, hunting, trapping, RoW is 8.5 km north at KP 909 • Sheraton Mountain (Neta Bulh), berry, medicine and plant food harvesting, hunting (Sheraton IR 19 is 9 km south of RoW at KP 908)

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Eagle Creek, natural spring, KP 930 to Traditional KP 940, RoW is 1 km-5 km north of Knowledge creek (cont’d) • One-Mile Creek, historic cabin • Burns Lake, year round fishing and hunting, lots of trails and CMTs, 1.5 km to 8 km south of RoW, KP 910 to KP 930 • Creek between Burns Lake and Decker Lake, hunting, snowshoeing, RoW crosses creek at KP 929 • Crystal Lake, swimming, 4 km south of KP 920 • Cougar Creek (Boos Cho Kwah), trails along to Poison Creek, Big Lake and east end of Taltapin Lake; RoW crossings of traditional trails around Taltapin Lake include: Taltapin south trail – KP 891, Taltapin branch – KP 900.5, and Taltapin-Burns Lake trail – KP 906 • Trail, Shovel Creek to Endako River • Poison Creek IR 17, important duck and moose habitat, just to the south of KP 929 to KP 930

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Poison Creek IR 17a (RoW is 1.6 km Traditional north at KP 930), wetland habitat, Knowledge CSTC homes, ceremonial site, (cont’d) potential future site of cultural camp and treatment centre • Burns Lake IR 18, ceremonial site (KP 928 to KP 929, RoW 1 km north) • Sheraton Creek IR 19 (KP 908, 9 km south of RoW), bird hunting, log cabin, population wiped out by 1918 epidemic; Sheraton Creek trail is crossed at KP 913 Activity sites in Wet’suwet’en First Nation Traditional Territory that may be affected include, but are not limited to (KP range 908 to KP 1085 falls within Wet’suwet’en First Nation Traditional Territory): • Bear (Gitdumden) Traditional Territory • Moose habitat everywhere, but number declining, wintering grounds threatened • Junction of Morice River and Owen Creek (Tse Mi’kek’in), net fishing, RoW is 500 m south, KP 1003 • Biw ni’kek’ and Tse nin h’i, old cabin sites

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Morice River (Wendzen Kwa’h, Deep Traditional Creek), fishing, RoW runs close to Knowledge river from KP 1003 to KP 1038; (cont’d) crosses at KP 1038 • Morice Forest Service Road, berry picking • Owen Creek (Biiwenil Kwa’h), Owen Lake (Biiwenil Bin), lots of char, RoW crosses Owen Creek at KP 1003, Owen Lake is 15 km south of KP 997 • Owen Lake, gatherings held here, seven to eight generations have lived here, cabin, traditional village sites, berry picking • Morice Lake (10 km to 36 km south of RoW, KP 1043 to KP 1072) to Owen Lake, medicine area, especially in sloughs • Owen Lake, traditional plant food harvesting, fishing • Houston Tommy Creek (Celtay Toostaan Kwa’h), former cabin site, fishing, trapping, hunting; 10 km- 30 km north of RoW, KP 1003 to KP 1023

May 2010 Page C-103

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Mount Morice, berry picking, bird Traditional hunting, 6 km north of KP 997 Knowledge • Nelgi Mountain (Nelgi Dzilh), berry (cont’d) picking • Maxan Lake (Tasdlegh Bin) reserves, Maxan IR 3, IR 5, IR 6 and Foxy Creek IR 6 (Maxam Lake IR 3 is 13 km north of KP 955; Maxam Creek IR 5 is 11 km north of KP 953; Foxy Creek IR 6 is 11 km north of KP 953) • Maxan Lake (7 km north of KP 950), big house, another 2 miles down from the lake, spawning – from Fraser, Nadina and Nanika Rivers, fishing, hunting, berry picking (Nadina River – 27 km south of KP 979; Nanika River – 12 km to 22 km south of KP 1044) • Maxan Creek mouth (Kas Kwa’h) (5 km north of KP 949), fishing, trail on west side to Francois Lake

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Swan Lake (Cliok Khat Bin), fishing, Traditional trapping, less moose than before Knowledge • Day Lake (Net Tat Tzow), lots of trails, (cont’d) snaring rabbits (19 km north of KP 962) • China Nose (Chai Zo), berry picking, mountain goat and grizzly habitat on higher ground (China Nose Mountain is 17 km north of KP 970) • Elwin Lake (Deetsanzagh Bin), fishing, 23 km north of KP 964 • Chisholm Lake (3 km north of KP 1027), cabin • Pack Lake, cemetery • Poplar Lake, fishing • Morice Lake (Wedzen Bin), spawning, camping, 10 km to 36 km south of RoW between KP 1043 and KP 1072 Cumulative Effects The creation of new access roads and Project cannot be viewed in isolation; RoWs can stimulate other mineral cumulative effects must be assessed. exploration, forestry and tourism in the area. Project may help accelerate development in The project RoW transects the Nechako CSTC Traditional Territories. The result and Bowser/Sustut Basins, which have may be adverse effects on water quality, been identified by the Government of British fish and fish habitat. Columbia as potential areas of oil and gas development.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Cumulative Effects Watersheds within CSTC Traditional The construction of the Project would (cont’d) Territories have already been affected by further threaten vulnerable watersheds on dams, mining operations and other which CSTC peoples rely for survival. development. Water temperatures in rivers currently Water temperature increases may result occasionally exceed BC guidelines for from vegetation clearing at watercourse salmonids during adult Chinook and crossings. sockeye migration. This may be contributing to the Stuart River sockeye’s historical decline. Fraser River and its tributaries are important Project contribution to existing cumulative for all salmon species, white sturgeon, effects in Fraser River watershed, burbot (ling cod) and bull trout. particularly to white sturgeon spawning. Mountain pine beetle is already having Project clearing would add to existing substantial effects on forests in region. effects and further threaten fish stocks (links between forest cover and water temperature). Project air emission contributions to existing air quality conditions (e.g., construction vehicles). CSTC peoples are already experiencing Potential for Project to contribute to existing substantial cumulative effects, which are effects and further impede transfer of limiting the ability of Elders to pass along traditional knowledge. valuable traditional knowledge to younger generations.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Access Project will increase access to traditional Management areas, and stimulate other development and additional access in future. Increased sport fishing and hunting as result of easier access by recreational vehicles. Construction Pipeline construction, including the development of new or upgraded forest roads between Highway 16 and the RoW, could contribute to terrain instability. Improperly sized or installed access road culverts can contribute to road and slope failures and associated stream channel instability. This has the potential to block fish passage to upstream habitat. Accidents and The potential for project accidents and Potential project accidents and malfunctions Malfunctions malfunctions is of very serious concern to have not, to date (2006), been fully CSTC. Any contamination from such an identified or quantified. Specific concerns event would not be limited to the direct spill include the risk of a pipeline failure and the area, but would be passed on through the effect such a failure will have on soil and food chain and watersheds. As a result, any water quality, biota, and potentially human spill in CSTC Traditional Territories would health. have some affect on Aboriginal rights.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Accidents and Seismic events leading to a pipeline failure. Malfunctions The RoW crosses several geologic faults in (cont’d) the Traditional Territory, including the Pinchi Fault just east of the Stuart River. Risk presented by two pipelines is greater than the risk presented by a single pipeline. A rupture of both pipelines at a stream crossing would introduce two waste streams to the water body, potentially leading to additive effects that may be difficult to foresee. Potential effects and toxicity of materials being transported is of grave concern. Additional ecosystem disturbance if it becomes necessary to repair a damaged pipeline (similar to effects from construction). Air quality effects if spilled oil or condensate is burned in place. The potential for a landslide adjacent to the pipeline increases the chance of pipeline rupture.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-4 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by CSTC by CSTC Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and Aboriginal and treaty rights, including title, Since Aboriginal title is a right to the land Socio-economic are not recognized in regulatory processes itself, any proposed development will affect Assessment and land-use planning. it. CSTC exercise of Aboriginal rights relies entirely on health and integrity of the environment.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.5 Duncan’s First Nation

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed 1 Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric DFN members have noted that air quality Environment - Air has worsened over time. Pesticide spraying Quality and chemical fertilizer use in the agricultural activities have contributed to poor air quality. Heavy oil fumes related to the oil and gas industry have been encountered more frequently and cause headaches among community members. Sour gas (H2S) has been encountered on hunting trips and was noted as a particular concern for its toxic effects on both human and animal health. Noise Potential effects of increased noise levels It was strongly suggested that noise associated with construction and pipeline disturbances be minimized during operation and on wildlife. The effects of construction, with particular focus paid to noise on moose and the possibility of driving moose rutting season in September and moose off of their normal seasonal rounds October. was a key concern. Less reliable hunting forays could result in greater costs incurred by community members. See also Human Health.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Terrain DFN Elders have seen increased erosion at Given the size of the project and the number Keep soil and vegetation disturbances at watercourses due to industry-related of watercourses that could be affected, least 75 m away from riverbanks. Account riverbank disturbances. Vegetation removal potential widespread erosion of riverbanks for bank steepness by measuring 75 m back at riverbanks was noted as a key contributor could occur. from the top of the bank (not 75 m up the to increased levels of erosion. A number of See also Water Quality and Quantity. bank). Elders working as monitors on other projects Use hand-cutting methods from the top of have seen evidence of watercourse the bank to the water line to prevent soil protective measures not being adhered to. disturbances. Leave stumps and roots in place to prevent soil loss. Where vegetation has been removed from riverbanks, use a packer to prevent soil loss prior to vegetation re-growth. Employ DFN community members as monitors during construction at all water crossings to ensure compliance with best practices.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality and The means of procuring water for DFN Increased erosion at riverbanks along the Adhere to all best practices when crossing Quantity community members has changed greatly RoW could increase sediment loads in watercourses to reduce the effect of erosion over time. Elders used to be able to drink watercourses relied on for drinking water. on water quality and fish habitat. Do not take from streams while out hunting, but now Water crossings discussed during the ATK shortcuts when crossing watercourses. need to pack in store bought water, study include Wapiti (KP 485 to KP 502), The community would like to know Northern increasing the amount of gear carried while Smoky (KP 419 to KP 424) and Simonette Gateway’s plans for construction over, under out on the land. Other community members Rivers (KP 360), as well as four other or near small streams. also no longer feel safe drinking from local crossings from KP 383 to KP 387, KP 388 to More erosion-specific recommendations are water sources, necessitating the purchase of KP 391, KP 393 to KP 397 and KP 403 to provided below as well. bottled water and increasing the cost of KP 406. living. The reason for such changes was Reduced water quality could adversely affect attributed to reductions in water quality and animal and vegetation health, which would quantity. have a corollary effect on human health among persons relying on wild game and gathered plants sickened by polluted water. Changes in water quality were linked to Concerns were raised over whether Limit damage to wetlands and fresh water growing industrial and pastoral activities Northern Gateway would adhere to sources by rerouting to avoid them, or where within the DFN Traditional Territory. protective measures at rivers/streams, avoidance is impossible, by employing the Wetlands (swamps, muskegs, sloughs) were lakes/ponds and wetlands as mandated by highest standards possible when crossing regarded as being key to the natural filtration environmental regulations. them to reduce detrimental effects. of surface water. Thus damage to such Provide details on proposed Smoky River ecological features reported by DFN Elders and Wapiti River crossing methods. is viewed as a contributor to poor water quality.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality and Potential for pipeline trenches to damage Ensure that ground disturbances throughout Quantity (cont’d) subsurface rivers and aquifers. construction do not disrupt the natural flow of aquifers and underground rivers. Chemical, fuel and lubricant spills from Ensure that sites used during construction equipment during construction were also a are properly cleaned up once work is cause for concern by virtue of their completed. Take everything out that does detrimental effects on water quality, not belong there and do not allow chemicals especially if they are not properly addressed to seep into the ground. in an expedient fashion. DFN Elders are concerned that chemicals, litter and equipment will be left behind after construction has been completed, leading to a slow release of pollutants into the water table. See also Ecological Risk. A general reduction in the amount of water Ensure that ground disturbances throughout available within the DFN Traditional Territory construction do not disrupt the natural flow of was also reported. The cause of this aquifers and underground rivers. reduction was attributed to over-use of water by drilling operations and subsurface river and aquifer disturbances by exploration and extraction drilling projects.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality and DFN Elders have seen increased erosion at Given the size of the project and the number Keep soil and vegetation disturbances at Quantity (cont’d) watercourses due to industry-related of watercourses that could be affected, DFN least 75 m away from riverbanks. Account riverbank disturbances. Vegetation removal members were concerned that widespread for bank steepness by measuring 75 m back at riverbanks was noted as a key contributor erosion of riverbanks could occur. Increased from the top of the bank (not 75 m up the to increased levels of erosion. A number of erosion at riverbanks was cited as a bank). Elders working as monitors on other projects potential contributor to reduced water quality Use hand-cutting methods from the top of have seen evidence of watercourse and marginalization of productive fish the bank to the water line to prevent soil protective measures not being adhered to. habitat, which would reduce the potential for disturbances. Leave stumps and roots in successful fishing. place to prevent soil loss. See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Where vegetation has been removed from Habitat. riverbanks, use a packer to prevent soil loss prior to vegetation re-growth. Employ DFN community members as monitors during construction at all water crossings to ensure compliance with best practices, such as the Smoky River crossing and Wapiti River crossing. Freshwater Fish The DFN Traditional Territory has a number Reduced fish populations would lead to Conduct annual fish surveys at major river and Aquatic of good fish habitats which contain a variety lower success rates in subsistence fishing by crossings within DFN Traditional Territory. Habitat of species, including jackfish, pickerel, DFN community members. Provide the results of these surveys to DFN lingcod, trout, Dolly Varden, walleye, The Wapiti, Smoky and Simonette Rivers community members. goldeye and sturgeon. were all identified as important fish habitats.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish DFN Elders noted that fish are increasingly Potential effects that pipeline spills could Minimize the number of new roads being and Aquatic affected by pollution and bans on eating fish have on fish, and ultimately on the animals constructed for the Project. Be mindful of Habitat (cont’d) in certain areas are becoming more who feed on fish. This fear of pollution road construction methods employed (e.g., common. Some community members noted affecting fish populations extended to leaks use culverts or temporary bridges to reduce that even if the pollution in the water is and spills from machinery and equipment effects on riverbanks and beds). Pack soil cleaned up and the streams repair involved in the construction process. down on cleared banks to prevent soil runoff. themselves, the number of fish and diversity of species will not return to their original levels. Reduced fish numbers and health were attributed to industrial and agricultural pollution, as well as accumulating sediment loads from increased road traffic and vegetation removal. DFN Elders have seen increased erosion at Potential effects of increased sediment loads Limit the number of new roads being watercourses due to industry related introduced to rivers during the construction installed. Be mindful of road construction riverbank disturbances. Vegetation removal phase will have on fish spawning habitat and methods employed, (e.g., use culverts or at riverbanks was noted as a key contributor thereby fish populations. temporary bridges to reduce effects on to increased levels of erosion. A number of riverbanks and beds). Pack soil down on Elders working as monitors on other projects cleared banks to prevent soil runoff. have seen evidence of watercourse protective measures not being adhered to.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation DFN Traditional Knowledge Holders rely DFN Elders were concerned about plant Prevent or limit effects on medicinal and greatly on local plants in DFN Traditional disturbances in general, but were particularly edible plants by avoiding developments near Territory, and noted that there is currently concerned with berry patches and medicinal wetlands, lakes and rivers. Avoid ‘swamps’ good diversity. Berries in particular were plants found near swamps and lakes. Elders and ‘muskegs’ by at least half a mile. cited as an important plant for food and are concerned about the wholesale removal Only remove plants that have to be removed. medicine. of vegetation along the RoW. Engage DFN members as plant monitors Common species included high bush during construction to ensure that sensitive cranberries, saskatoon berries, strawberries, plants are not damaged. Where sensitive raspberries and blueberries. plants must be removed, allow community A wide range of medicinal plants are also members to hold a ceremony with tobacco to gathered by DFN members; areas in and/or gather from the plant before it is removed. near wetlands, lakes and other fresh water sources are most the most critical sources of these. One such area was identified less than 1 km north of KP 494.5 during field visits. Detrimental effects on plant gathering have also been observed due the diminished abundance of wetland vegetation related to an overall reduction in water levels. Increased herbicide and pesticide spraying Potential effects of plant and pest control Do not use any chemical sprays on the by farmers and by industry have been sprays used on the RoW. pipeline clearance. adversely affecting the general health of See also Human Health. vegetation in the area and has prevented their collection and use for food and medicine.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife DFN Elders have noted a displacement of Increased noise levels associated with Limit noise disturbances throughout the life wildlife in recent years, in part due to the construction and the possibility that more of the project. elimination of native habitats, but also noise would further drive off animals from Do not fence off the RoW. If a portion needs through increased traffic and human the area being developed. to be fenced, create natural looking wildlife presence in the bush which has driven the DFN Elders were concerned that plant and crossings rather than wooden or metal animals further away. pest control sprays would be used on the bridges which are seldom used by animals. Elders noted that inasmuch as some animal RoW, which could contribute to animal Keep any developments or disturbances at population levels, particularly bears, remain sickness and death. least 150 m away from beaver habitat. Do unaffected by development, many species Fencing along RoW would impede animal not disturb beaver dams or lodges. have been encountered less frequently over movement. Engage DFN community members as wildlife time, and some encountered were suffering monitors at the pipeline before, during and from pronounced health problems attributed after construction is completed. to industry related pollution. Rabbit and coyote population levels were regarded as Maintain clean camps to deter animals from extremely low as of late, and were coming into contact with construction encountered frequently with signs of personnel. sickness. Use aerial photos to identify beaver dams in Great concern was raised over beaver advance of sending out surveyors so that habitat disturbances brought about in the they know exactly where beaver habitat is to past by industrial developments. better facilitate route planning. Moose were identified as a very important A number of hunting areas were identified on animal species to DFN community members, or near the RoW. and are found in abundance around the See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Smoky River and Fox Creek.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Other features noted as being important to An important mineral lick is located near a If mineral licks are identified in advance they DFN community members include mineral DFN camping and hunting area in the vicinity should be avoided. Leave a 150 m stand of licks, which form in low lying areas and of Gold Creek Road and Smoky River brush or willows to protect the mineral licks attract moose; watercourse crossings (rivers, (KP 416 to KP 426). and not deter moose from using them. streams and creeks); and beaver dams. Two other licks were identified during the Employ a DFN community member who is ATK study: one near a water crossing knowledgeable about moose licks or who (KP 389) about 1 km north of the RoW; the hunts in the area to act as a monitor prior to, other about 18 km north of RoW (KP 402 to during and after construction. Have the licks KP 407). flagged so that the pipeline avoids them. Have the monitor go out with the surveyor. Moose populations have been dropping in Project will increase habitat marginalization Limit noise disturbances throughout the life recent years. Population decreases were and thereby further reduce moose of the project, but especially during attributed to increased human presence in populations in DFN Traditional Territory. construction over the course of the autumn the bush, noise related to industry and A large linear clearance would promote rut. development, habitat fragmentation due to poaching with a long line of sight, and allow Do not fence off the RoW or pump stations. an increase in the number of linear cutlines wolves easier access to moose crossing or If a portion needs to be fenced, create associated with resource exploration, which travelling down the RoW. natural looking wildlife crossings rather than deter moose from remaining in the area and Noise levels during the autumn rut wooden or metal bridges which are seldom increase the potential for poaching down (September to October); such disturbances used by animals. such long lines of sight. Smells also carry would ultimately lead to lower birth rates. Use moose blinds every 1 km to 2 km apart further down these clearances and attract to discourage poaching and reduce the the attention of wolves to the presence of distance wolves will be able to track moose moose. Removal of red willow and other down the clearance. food sources was also attributed to reduced moose populations.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Moose are reportedly encountered more Use of plant and pest control sprays project frequently with signs of sickness, including RoW, which could contribute to animal tumours, discoloured organs and parasites. sickness. The cause of this sickness has been attributed to runoff from oil and gas leases that have not been properly cleaned up and to weed control chemicals used along clearances. Wetlands such as swamps and muskegs Disturbances to wetlands, mineral licks, Do not disturb the landscape within at least a were noted as important ecological features beaver dams and areas of natural beauty half a mile of swamps and muskegs. to the community in general. Both are over the course of the Project. Use existing linear clearance as much as important moose habitats, they both contain Moose habitat was identified at KP 402. possible. Be mindful of road construction a high density of medicinal herbs and each methods employed (e.g., use culverts or acts to filter the water that runs through temporary bridges to reduce effects). them. Elders have seen a number of Provide support for DFN community muskegs ruined by the intrusion of silt and members to act as monitors during other light sediments deposited from construction at watercourse crossings, such upstream. These sediments typically wash as the Smoky River crossing and Wapiti off of development areas devoid of River crossing. vegetation or off of the increasingly numerous access roads through the bush.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Spills from vehicles and equipment, as they Use proper spill prevention methods, both contribute to sickened and less populous during construction with vehicles and wildlife and plants in DFN Traditional equipment, as well as during operations with Territory. the pipeline itself. Advise DFN community members of spill response procedures. Pasture land is displacing much of the native vegetation in DFN Traditional Territory, which has in turn contributed to reduced wildlife due to food source elimination. Red and diamond willows are important food sources for moose and their removal has reportedly had a particularly adverse effect on moose populations. Elk and deer are also important food sources for DFN community members, though not to the same extent as moose. Caribou were noted as being prevalent in the past, but are now almost completely absent from the Traditional Territory.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) DFN Elders reported a variety of bird Old dead looking trees used by owls from Ensure that dead looking trees are checked species living on or near DFN Traditional generation to generation might be cleared for birds and nests prior to their removal. Territory, including geese, ducks (mallards), from the RoW prior to being checked for partridges, grouse, whooping cranes, and to nests. a lesser extent, swans. Elders have also noted that geese, ducks and swans have become more prevalent in the last four years. Waterfowl taste different than they used to, which has been attributed to their eating vegetation from farmers fields where weed and pest control chemicals have been sprayed. Paleontological One DFN Elder noted that dinosaur bones Resources have been uncovered in the area just south of Grande Prairie. Ecological Risk Potential for an accidental release at or near DFN Elders would like a copy of Northern sources of fresh water, and the effects such Gateway's safety record, specifically with a release would have in the long and short- regard to accidental releases. term on water quality. This was particularly See also Water Quality and Quantity. true during field visits to the Smoky River and Wapiti River crossing sites.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Ecological Risk In the event of an accidental release with the (cont’d) potential to affect DFN Traditional Territory, DFN requests immediate notification to act as environmental monitors during cleanup. Non-Traditional Elders reported that areas of particular Land Use aesthetic quality were highly valued by the community. Archaeological Culturally modified trees might be removed Identify and avoid culturally modified trees. Resources in the construction process if not identified in Engage DFN community members as advance. monitors on the pipeline before, during and after construction is completed. A cabin and burial locale in the vicinity of Possibility of the Project altering or Avoidance. Pinto Creek, a traditional, multi-use area, destroying any multi-use areas identified were identified during the course of the first during the study. ATK study with DFN participants. Cabin and burial at Pinto Creek are located between KP 467 and KP 475.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological DFN community members did not identify Resources (cont’d) any specific trails currently in use, but noted that there used to be many trails within the bounds of DFN Traditional Territory. Elders indicated that the Hinton trail was used to travel south to Grande Prairie in the past, a trip which took two days to complete. People would travel south and follow medicines and game when the seasons changed. Community members expressed an interest Provide the results of archaeological in the results of any archaeological assessments performed on or near DFN assessments. Traditional Territory to the DFN band office. Socio-economics Wage employment among DFN community Many DFN Traditional Knowledge Holders Employ DFN community members for the members has included, among many others, expressed an interest in acting as monitors duration of the Project. DFN community forest fire fighting, industry monitoring, heavy on the Project, before, during and after members have a suite of skills, talents and equipment operating, pipe laying, lumber mill construction has taken place. Many DFN certifications that could see use in a variety labour and guided hunting. community members have experience as of job postings. DFN Traditional Knowledge Holders are monitors, have worked on oil and gas Monitoring was indicated as a primary area pleased with recent changes in construction projects in the past, have a range of safety of interest for employment. contract policies within DFN Traditional and first aid certifications permitting their Territory that necessitate a minimum participation in development projects, and percentage of Aboriginal labour on the work have experience as heavy equipment force. operators.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics Interest was expressed in the lumber that Provide felled marketable lumber to DFN for (cont’d) will be removed when the pipeline and use in home construction. If lumber is sold, ancillary facility footprints are cleared. DFN provide 50% of profits from sale of lumber to members include logging truck drivers and the community. Contact Extreme Homes to have experience with cabin construction. get a special done in the community. DFN members expressed concern that Provide employment opportunities for DFN Northern Gateway’s investment in the members throughout the Project (clearing, community will not be one of long-term construction, operations, maintenance, commitment. reclamation, and decommission). Provide training opportunities to community members for project-related employment where necessary. Moreover, DFN members request participation in educational, training, and employment opportunities that will foster community sustainability. Another community issue raised during DFN Traditional Knowledge Holders Allow for visits from DFN youth to see how interviews was the lack of housing available. expressed an interest in having youth visit projects are undertaken and how the land Young adults find no choice but to leave the the RoW before and during construction to looks before and after construction. reserve because of the lack of housing, allow them to see the kinds of changes that Financial support from Northern Gateway in which in turn leads to their moving into the will come to the area. the form of scholarships for DFN youth to cities and getting involved with drugs. attend post-secondary institutions was also suggested.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Human Health DFN Elders reported that community Most concerns specific to the Project Do not pollute the land. If spills or accidents members are less healthy now than in the revolved around the removal and pollution of do occur, clean them up the right way and past, with cancer as a primary source for traditional foods and medicines that clean them up quickly. Do not leave concern. DFN members attribute the community members rely on for health and chemicals in the bush. increased occurrence of cancer to air, water, well-being. The community is collectively Allow DFN community members to hold a and soil pollution brought about by increased undertaking a number of traditional initiatives ceremony and gather medicines prior to the levels of industrial development within and to treat maladies that necessitate clean, removal of plants on or near the RoW. adjacent to DFN Traditional Territory. undisturbed materials collected from the Diabetes was also noted as a serious land. When pollutants are introduced to one community concern that is being treated by a aspect of the ecosystem, they have the change to more traditional food sources. potential to affect a wide array of DFN Community health is supported by a reliance traditional practices. on traditional medicines from a wide variety of sources, including locally available plants and animals. An increased number of cancer related Hunters are concerned that the project will It was strongly suggested that noise deaths was noted by a number of DFN disrupt traditional hunting and the animals disturbances be minimized during participants, and these deaths have led, in relied on for food, forcing them to buy more construction, with particular focus paid to turn, to a reduction in the practice of store bought foods. A greater reliance on moose rutting season in September and traditional ways by DFN Elders. store-bought foods due to reduced hunting October. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge success would bring about greater levels of See also Noise. section. sickness among DFN community members, as highly processed store-bought foods have contributed to greater levels of diabetes and other diet related ailments in the community.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Reduced water quality could adversely affect See also Water Quality and Quantity section. Traditional animal and vegetation health, which would Knowledge have a corollary effect on human health among persons relying on wild game and gathered plants sickened by polluted water. Many community members of different ages Installation of another pipeline affecting Leave a clear ATV-sized trail alongside the hunt within and beyond DFN Traditional hunting rights protected by treaty. As more RoW to allow legitimate hunters to travel Territory. Harvested species include moose, vegetation is removed and the land is through the area without difficulty. elk, deer (mule and white tail), and rabbit; opened up further, opportunities for fruitful See also Wildlife for additional but goose, duck, bear (black and grizzly), hunting trips decrease. recommendations. beaver, fox, coyote, lynx, grouse, spruce Concerns were also raised in this regard grouse and partridge as well as other small about the potential for future developments mammals and birds are also hunted with being encouraged to use the large RoW, less frequency. thereby further opening up the land and reducing suitable animal habitat.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Animals are hunted for a variety of reasons, A number of hunting areas were identified on Traditional including food for daily life, meats for ritual or near the RoW. Two major areas are either Knowledge feasting, the procurement of traditional intersected by or are adjacent to the RoW for (cont’d) medicines, as well as hides and pelts. Some about 80 km. The area on the north side of community members will also participate as the RoW (KP 400 to KP 443) is intersected guides for non-Native hunters, lending their by the RoW for 38 km. The area south of expertise with the local wildlife and terrain. and adjacent to the RoW stretches some Hunting is also regarded as a good way to 60 km from east to west (KP 422 to KP 479). supplement the rising cost of food, both now Other hunting areas in close proximity to the and in the past. RoW include: Reductions in animal populations have • a hunting area adjacent to the RoW, greatly affected the ability of community between KP 380 and KP 381, near a members to successfully hunt game in DFN proposed stockpile location; and Traditional Territory. • all along Highway 40, intersected by Hunting areas within 60 km of the RoW the RoW at KP 428; include: • a hunting spot roughly 19 km north of the RoW at KP382; • a large hunting area southeast of Grande Prairie, extending between 19 and 31 km north of the RoW, between KP 387 and KP 430; • an area near Economy Lake, 33 km north of the RoW at KP 383; • a very large hunting territory, extending between 56 and 140 km south of the RoW, between KP 378 and KP 385

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal DFN Elders are concerned about access to Provide details on the land access plans Traditional the project area for hunting along the RoW. regarding hunting on or near the RoW, if Knowledge Members asked if the installation of a any. (cont’d) pipeline would restrict where community members can and cannot hunt. Popular fishing locations included Figure 8 More industry and road construction could Limit the number of new roads being Lake, Wapiti River, Smoky River, Red Deer lead to marginalized habitat for spawning, installed. Be mindful of road construction River, Simonette River, Pelican Lake, Stony and higher pollution levels in fish relied on methods employed, (e.g., use culverts or Lake and Bear Lake. for food. temporary bridges to reduce effects on Fishing areas identified by DFN include riverbanks and beds). Pack soil down on areas of the Wapiti (KP 400 to KP 571, cleared banks to prevent soil runoff. KP 431 to KP 439) and Smoky Rivers (KP 394, KP 413). Many DFN Traditional Knowledge Holders More fishing restrictions and bans on eating Perform a fish survey at major river and their families often went fishing in the fish could result from higher pollution levels crossings within DFN Traditional Territory past, but poor water quality and the poor in DFN Traditional Territory. before the project begins, and on an annual health of fish have restricted the ability to basis thereafter. Provide the results of these fish. surveys to DFN community members.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal DFN Traditional Knowledge Holders Potential effect that removal of berry patches Engage DFN members as plant monitors Traditional highlighted the importance of plants within and medicinal vegetation will have on ability during construction to ensure that sensitive Knowledge DFN Traditional Territory, whether those to gather plants within DFN Traditional plants are not damaged. (cont’d) plants were used as food, medicine, spiritual Territory. instruments or art materials. A resurgence of A berry-picking area adjacent to the RoW interest in traditional ways among DFN and pump station powerline is located community members has led to an increased between KP 401 and KP 416. reliance on local plants in spiritual and A medicinal plant harvesting area is crossed artistic endeavours. by the RoW and the pump station powerline between KP 419 and KP 222. DFN community members have made Fears were also raised about the potential Do not pollute vegetation with chemical or special arrangements with local farmers to for project related pollutants affecting plants, fuel spills. Leave the land as it was found. not spray berry patches with pesticides when thereby preventing their use by community Do not use any chemical sprays on or crop dusting, but several Elders pointed out members. around the pipeline clearance. that the plants relied on are still being affected by pollutants. Elders noted that when plants are affected by pollution the community no longer feels comfortable gathering them. As water levels have declined, areas like Prevent or limit effects on medicinal and riverbanks and muskeg where important edible plants by avoiding developments near medicinal plants have been gathered for wetlands, lakes and rivers. generations no longer support their growth.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Elders stated that when plants are gathered Only remove plants that have to be moved. Traditional properly they will reliably grow back in that Where sensitive plants must be removed, Knowledge location, but if disturbed they may never allow community members to hold a (cont’d) come back. ceremony with tobacco to gather from the plant before it is removed. DFN Elders reported the community does Increasing pollution levels in, and diminished All recommendations made with regard to not eat as much game, fish, and fowl as in populations of, plants and wildlife could animal and plant health, hunting, fishing and the past, due to physiological changes in a result from the installation of a pipeline, plant gathering are relevant to the wishes of number of species procured within DFN which would adversely affect DFN traditional DFN community members with regard to Traditional Territory (e.g., taste of waterfowl). food sources. traditional foods. Dried moose meat however, remains a Berry patches could be disturbed or favoured traditional food eaten frequently by destroyed during construction of the pipeline. community members. Community members also indicated that Much of the discussion about traditional even when berry patches recover, they do foods centered on the role of nutrition in not bear fruit in substantial quantities until coping with the prevalence of diabetes in the years later. community. Community members indicated feeling healthier eating traditional foods. DFN members noted that grocery meat is becoming more expensive and contains hormones and antibiotics. At the same the costs associated with hunting traditional foods are increasing with the price of fuel and the need to travel further from home to find game.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Three important multi-use areas were Possibility of the Project altering or Avoid any impact to or effects on the three Traditional identified by DFN Elders, including: a destroying any multi-use areas identified multi-use areas outlined. Knowledge meeting place and resource gathering locale during the study, but particular focus was (cont’d) at Pipestone Creek. paid to the three outlined here: 1) A seasonal camp located in the vicinity • Smoky River multi-use area (KP 414 to of Smoky River and Gold Creek Road KP 433) will be crossed by RoW and was identified by DFN participants. This powerline. area is used by DFN members for • Settlement, cabin and burial at Pinto hunting, and there is an important Creek (KP 467 to KP 475). mineral lick in the area. DFN Elders • Pipestone Creek area (KP 450 to remember making camp and hunting all KP 457) is located about 20 km north up and down the Smoky River from this of the RoW. location. 2) A family settlement at Pinto Creek that includes a cabin and burial locale. These were identified during the course of the first ATK study with DFN participants. RFMA #280 is crossed by the RoW and is held by member of Horse Lake First Nation. 3) Pipestone Creek was designated as a locale important for gatherings and collection of trade materials.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Other traditional use areas include a multi- Potential removal of camping area at Traditional use area at Twin Lakes (Two Lakes) about KP 383. Knowledge 15 km south of the RoW (KP 443 to KP 472), (cont’d) and another some 16 km north of RoW around KP 488 to KP 494. A camping area adjacent to the RoW and a stockpile location is located near a hunting area at KP 383. Sundance Creek, an area where gatherings were held, is about 18 km south of the RoW at KP 481 to KP 497. Another social gathering area was identified spanning 55 to 68 km north of the RoW between KP 414 and KP 430. Elders explained that several small berry DFN Elders have noted that it is becoming See also Access Management in the Project trails are still used by the community, but increasingly difficult to find one’s way in the and Engineering Process section. many of the old trail networks were bush on account of all of the cutlines. ultimately turned into roads. See also Archaeological Resources. Hunting is one way for Elders to teach community youth about land use, and so acts to facilitate the transmission of traditional knowledge.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal DFN members share hunted meats and A number of DFN Traditional Knowledge See also Socio-economics and Human Traditional generally rely on each other for their well- Holders reported once being opposed to Health. Knowledge being. However, the ability to carry out developments, but now see the potential for (cont’d) traditional practices has been strained by a good to come from industry operating on number of factors as of late, including a DFN Traditional Territory. reduction in available resources. Heartbreak was expressed by a number of study participants over transformations in the land brought about by developments.

Project and Engineering Process Access One participant reported that more open Roads associated with the Project may lead Garbage bins should be installed and Management access for non-Aboriginal groups has to greater access and greater amounts of maintained at access points for public use. It resulted in increased litter and garbage in litter being left in the bush. was suggested that oil and gas firms that the area. Roads associated with oil and gas open up the area to more public traffic development have opened access to the should be responsible for keeping the area public. In the Smoky River area substantial free of litter. amounts of garbage lying among several fire pits was observed during fieldwork for the ATK study.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Access Hunting access to areas around the RoW - Limit the number of new access roads. Make Management Elders have noted great difficulty in packing use of existing roads as much as possible. (cont’d) out hunted game due to stumps and debris Keep access roads gated and locked, but left on trails, but also noted that provide lock codes to DFN community unauthorized access has been made due to members who use the areas for gathering, poorly secured access points. fishing and hunting. Do not restrict land access for DFN community members. Conservation and Community members have seen many DFN Elders would like to see natural Foster natural growth to take place, using Reclamation developments within DFN Traditional vegetation returned to the cleared 20 m plant species native (not just grasses) to the Territory. Some of these developments have construction zone, and ultimately to the 25 m region. Replant in areas prone to erosion made substantial efforts to return the land to RoW when the pipeline ceases operation. with native plant species. Use red willow, a state similar to those that existed prior to Reclamation was cited as a major issue for diamond willow, spruce and jackpine in disturbance, but it was observed that too wildlife well-being, particularly around beaver sandy soil, poplar (aspen) for high ground many are not adequately addressing the dams, swamps and muskegs. Other projects with clay. reclamation issues raised during in the area have left substantial messes in Use unsalvageable trees to bolster the consultation. the bush after reclamation had taken place, roach, evenly distribute woody material on DFN18 noted that in the Chinchaga area simply mixing refuse into the soil and leaving the ground to reduce motor vehicle access. they seeded the clearance with four kinds of it behind. Design the roach to eliminate depressions grass seed. Now the grass has spread out after soil settling. into the bush and is choking out other native Consult with DFN on matters of planning and vegetation types there. reclamation Ensure that all materials not native to the terrain are removed rather than churned into the soil and left behind.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Design A number of DFN Elders have been involved Previous pipeline projects have encountered Provide details on plans to mitigate near- with oil and gas industry in the past and are bedrock in problematic areas and asked how surface bedrock encountered in the project familiar with the practicalities of and this Project would approach such situations. area during construction. challenges of industrial developments in If the pipeline will run over bedrock, put a DFN Traditional Territory. cushion of sand down to buffer against damage to the pipe. Potential effects associated with river Use underground watercourse crossings as crossings and animal movements were also often as possible. While some community identified. members voiced concerns with underground water crossings, DFN Traditional Knowledge Holders were largely united in support for underground crossings, indicating that above ground crossings were “an accident waiting to happen” and posed “too much of a threat” (DFN10). Do not fence the RoW. Allow animals freedom to move through the area. Raised animal crossings are seldom used as intended. Use aerial photos to identify beaver dams in advance of sending out surveyors so that they know exactly where beaver habitat is to better facilitate route planning

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Design (cont’d) Fragmentation of animal habitat/hunting Use as much of the Alliance line as possible. grounds by the creation of new roads should Keep any new cut lines as narrow as the design phase not account for existing possible. Limit disturbances as best infrastructure as much as possible. possible. Maintain access roads, but restrict unauthorized access. Safety In general, community members expressed Elders expressed concern that such a large Increase security at the pipeline. Use a good deal of trust in Northern Gateway as pipeline might be the target of eco-terrorists cameras and manned fly-overs down the a company that has operated properly and in light of recent bombings in British line. respectfully in the past. Columbia, and fears were voiced over the Provide a copy of Northern Gateway's safety hazards associated with spills that could record, specifically with regard to accidental result. releases. One Elder indicated that when trees are Remove any trees damaged by heavy damaged by heavy equipment they can be a equipment. safety hazard for people travelling through the area later. Increased traffic and human presence in the bush was also identified as a safety concern for hunters. A greater human presence in hunting territories could lead to a greater chance of gun-related injuries.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Safety (cont’d) Scrap wood and ‘junk’ are left behind to prevent unlawful access to the RoW, animals can break their legs or otherwise become injured when trying to cross through the debris. Construction DFN Elders with pipeline installation Use more metal bands (safety collars) experience noted concerns over seams around seams and joints in the pipe to between pipe lengths. reduce the chance of a rupture. One Elder noted that laying pipe in the Follow standard pipe-laying procedures and winter can be problematic because of do not allow time constraints to compromise differential heating and cooling of plastics those procedures. used to wrap the pipe. DFN Elders are concerner about the effects of tight timelines and unsanctioned construction techniques on safety. Pipe damage can be incurred during Elders requested that Northern Gateway construction if the process is hurried, and follow proper pipe-laying procedures, as indicated that improperly backfilling and compressed time constraints can lead to laying pipe over bedrock can lead to poor field decisions. accidental releases down the road. Use the ‘shading’ method for installing the pipeline. Carefully lay a small amount of rock-free soil on top of the pipe (recommended one foot of sand, then a clay layer on top of that) before backfilling with heavy machinery to prevent damaging the pipe while it is in the ground.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction Adequately protecting riverbanks and beds DFN requests that the Project utilize existing (cont’d) and minimizing the number of access roads. access roads and restrict off-road travel and recreation within DFN Traditional Territory. Bring in a snow maker for ice bridges in order to limit the effects of road construction on watercourses and fish habitat. A question was raised as to whether or not It was strongly suggested that noise there would be any dynamite use/blasting in disturbances be minimized during Alberta. construction, with particular focus paid to moose rutting season in September and October. Provide DFN with information regarding possibilities of blasting DFN community members have repeatedly Project crews will not respect the Treat the environment (water, plants, observed a general lack of sensitivity for the environment in a general sense. animals, soil, all of it) with respect. environment on the part of developers and construction crews. Operations Period of pipeline operations and the need Employ DFN community members to monitor for DFN community monitors. “Those lines the pipeline during operations to ensure the need constant attention. The Band needs to security and integrity of the route are be part of the ongoing monitoring of the line.” maintained. (DFN30)

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-5 Duncan’s First Nation (DFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by DFN by DFN Regulatory and ESA Process Monitoring and DFN Elders expressed a great deal of There are concerns that community Employ DFN community members in long- Follow-up interest in acting as monitors throughout the members will not be provided with term positions throughout the life of the Programs life of the pipeline, from surveying to monitoring positions on the Project, or that pipeline, from surveying through to decommissioning. DFN community members monitoring positions will be short-term and decommissioning. have a wealth of experience acting as insufficient to properly assess changes or monitors within DFN Traditional Territory, situations which may arise in DFN have a wide range of training and Traditional Territory through the installation certification necessary for working in a of the pipeline. variety of capacities. Consultation In general, community members expressed What are the obligations of other companies Provide details on regulations for expansion a good deal of trust in Northern Gateway as expanding the proposed RoW subsequent to of the project RoW with subsequent project a company that has operated properly and completion of the Project? Questions were tie ins and clearance usage, specifically respectfully in the past. raised as to the financial and consultation regarding subsequent consultations and requirements of companies seeking to make financial compensation. use of the project RoW in the future. Give community’s input serious consideration and maintain ongoing dialogue with DFN.

NOTE: 1 DFN has in-depth knowledge and use in DFN Traditional Territory (see Figures 7-1 and 7-2 from DFN’s community report). Traditional use sites and/or potential ecological areas of concern within approximately 60 km of the Project RoW are as illustrated in Figures 7-1 and 7-2 from DFN’s community report.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.6 Enoch Cree Nation

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Air quality has been declining, especially in Environment - Air the Edmonton area because of refineries Quality and clearing of trees, which filter the air. It improves as you travel north and west along the project RoW. Noise ECN TEK predicts that project-related Provide ECN with information regarding what construction noise will affect an eagle the Project will do to reduce noise during migration route. construction to avoid disturbing eagle See also Wildlife section. migrations. Water Quality Water quality within ECN traditional lands is Application of chemicals for the Project Do not use herbicides or pesticides in the generally poor, whereas it used to be good. affecting water quality. maintenance of the RoW within ECN This is attributed to leaching of agricultural See also Human Health section. Traditional Territory. chemicals and hydrocarbon drilling activities. The recent heavy bunker fuel oil spill at Potential ruptures in the pipelines could See also Accidents and Malfunctions in Wabamun Lake has affected water quality in contaminate lakes, and leaks could affect Project and Engineering Process section. the area. groundwater. Groundwater The watershed is damaged, and subsurface hydrology has been changed. Well water used to be soft, but now it must be treated because of high sodium and iron concentrations. This is attributed to disturbances from seismic exploration.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Soil Metal from the pipelines could rust and Ensure materials used in pipeline design are contaminate the soil. safe and do not have long-term effects on the environment. Provide an opportunity to discuss technical aspects of the Project relative to safety issues (e.g., materials used for pipeline construction, methods used to prevent accidental release situations) with ECN members and Northern Gateway representatives. Freshwater Fish Fish are harvested in the and Aquatic area. Lakes were more widely used for Habitat fishing than rivers. Trout are widespread in ECN’s Traditional Territory. Pigeon Lake and Lesser Slave Lake have large whitefish. Mercury contamination of fish is problematic within ECN traditional lands, leading to a decrease in fishing by ECN. Past fishing locales include Athabasca River, Carson Lake, Lac la Nonne, Lac Ste. Anne, Chip Lake, Wabamun Lake, Isle Lake, Devil’s Lake, and an area west of Enoch Reserve 135 with a high concentration of small lakes.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation Various berries and plants are consumed, Disturbance of culturally important plants including wild onions, dandelion leaves, rose and loss of naturally occurring medicinal hips, high-bush cranberries, blueberries, plants along the RoW. low-bush cranberries, chokecherries, pin cherries, Saskatoon berries, raspberries, currants, strawberries, wild gooseberries, bearberries and beaked hazelnuts. Many traditionally used plants are now rare or locally extinct due to agriculture, including wild rhubarb, Seneca root and wild onion. Wild onions are known to grow near sloughs. Declines in various species of berries have ECN will not use plants near the pipelines been observed, including strawberries due to fear of contamination. because of habitat destruction through Disturbance of culturally important plants farming. However, there is re-growth in fields along the RoW. left fallow for approximately three years. Blue Hill area is crossed by RoW between Raspberries and currants are also in decline. KP 192 and KP 205; Blue Ridge berry Saskatoon berries and blueberries are harvesting site is approximately 5 km present along the RoW. northeast of RoW, between KP 175 and Berries presence and abundance is known KP 180. to fluctuate with climate and weather conditions.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) Thirty years ago, berries were plentiful along Highway 43 near Blue Ridge and Whitecourt. However, some of these traditional plant harvesting areas are not accessible because they are private Crown land. Blue Hill was identified as an important past berry-picking area which is no longer accessible by ECN because it is privately owned. Various plants and certain types of fungus Disturbance of culturally important plants Provide an opportunity for Elders to make are used as medicines and/or for ceremonial and loss of naturally occurring medicinal offerings for medicinal plants that will be purposes by members of ECN. ECN plants along the RoW. disturbed by RoW clearing activities within participants stressed the importance of There are particular concerns about a rare ECN Traditional Territory. making offerings in the context of gathering medicinal plant found in the Whitecourt area. ECN wants to collaborate with botanists on medicinal plants. the baseline vegetation study to determine There are many medicinal plant species in the distribution of Sarracenia purpurea muskegs (see also Aboriginal Traditional (pitcher plant) and limit its disturbance. Knowledge section). Develop a monitoring program for medicinal Generally, medicines are found in plants. undisturbed land near Hinton and Grande Cache. There used to be many medicinal plants in the area of Stony Plain Reserve 135 and a bit north (near the RoW), but they are no longer present.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife Today, members of ECN primarily hunt Potential adverse effects of the Project on Keep the RoW free of debris during all moose, elk and deer, and these are wildlife, such as population declines, habitat phases of the Project. important traditional foods for ECN. Rabbit fragmentation and loss of mineral licks. Avoid mineral licks. and duck from Lesser Slave Lake are also Do not fence the RoW within ECN harvested. Traditional Territory. Whitecourt and Fox Creek were identified as Develop a monitoring program to evaluate current hunting areas, Fox Creek being the the effects of the Project on wildlife primary hunting area. Other hunting areas populations, and involve ECN youth and include Peers, Tomahawk, Edson, Elders in collaboration with scientists. Valleyview and Hinton. Hunting areas used vary depending on the species hunted and time of year. In the past, people lived on wild game, with rabbit and duck being staples in their diet. People also occasionally ate gopher, and would collect duck eggs in the spring. Grouse were caught with nets and muskrats were trapped in the spring and late fall (muskrat tails are a delicacy). Now, muskrat and porcupine are rarely eaten because they are considered to be unhealthy, and gophers are contaminated by pesticides. ECN members do not hunt in the Swan Hills area because of the hazardous waste treatment facility.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Some animals use cutlines as trails, either because they are young or dumb, since they should be in the forest. Moose, bears, and cougars travel to Stony Plain IR 135 after fires because they lose their sense of direction. Some animals are found on Stony Plain 135 because they follow the Northern River there. In ECN Traditional Territory, deer were affected by chronic wasting disease in 2005 and moose were infested with tics in 2003 and 2004. This is attributed to the oil and gas industry, air pollutants and improper toxic waste management. Woodland caribou habitat has been fragmented or destroyed which has resulted in a change in their range. Caribou have been observed in the Fox Creek area, whereas they did not travel as far south in the past. Fox Creek and Whitecourt area support both grizzly and black bear. Bears are not hunted because they are spiritual animals.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Lynx are present in the Fox Creek area.

Rabbit populations fluctuate every seven years on average. However, even taking this into consideration there are fewer than in the past, and some rabbits have “lumps” on their bodies. A general decline in bird populations has ECN participants stated the importance of been observed. Ring-necked grouse were protecting wetlands for ducks and geese. present in the area, but are no longer. Ducks used to stop and rest, and now they do so less frequently. This is mainly attributed to industrial development and loss of habitat. Changes in snowy owl ranges have been observed, being present in the Fox Creek area whereas they used to be located in mountainous areas. A north-south migration route for eagles ECN TEK predicts that project-related Provide ECN with information regarding what (primarily bald eagles and some golden construction noise may affect an eagle measures are being taken by Northern eagles) is located near Rocky Mountain migration route. Gateway to reduce noise during construction House, west of the Brazeau Dam. See also Noise section. to avoid disturbing eagle migrations. Eagles are birds of spiritual significance to ECN.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Ecological Risk Safety of Project and consequent effects on Ensure materials used in pipeline design are the environment. safe and do not have long-term effects on the environment. Provide an opportunity to discuss technical aspects of the Project relative to safety issues (e.g., materials used for pipeline construction, methods used to prevent accidental release situations) with ECN members and Northern Gateway representatives. Archaeological ECN has interest in all archaeological sites Create an opportunity for ECN members to Resources within ECN Traditional Territory. be involved in the archaeological baseline studies within ECN Traditional Territory.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological Human remains should not be disturbed Potential disturbance of Big Hill, a historic Ensure that there is no disturbance to the Resources (cont’d) because they are sacred. A previous gathering area with possible burial sites Big Hill area. experience with Rossdale, where graves located near the project RoW. Big Hill ECN wants the Big Hill gathering area to be were excavated as part of infrastructure gathering area is crossed by the project identified in the field with knowledgeable development, was raised. RoW at its north end between KP 7 and ECN members and assessed as part of the Burials are commonly associated with long- KP 11; possible graves in area. archaeological baseline studies. standing settlement areas and trails. Potential burial locations include: Big Hill, a historic gathering area on the west bank of the North Saskatchewan River, was intensively used by ECN and many other Parklands Nations. People would camp on Big Hill and these gatherings carried on into the early 1900s, even after the establishment of reserves and the construction of a railway in the area. There are likely burial sites along the west side of the North Saskatchewan River, north of Fort Saskatchewan, near the Big Hill gathering area. There were likely numerous gathering sites on the west side of North Saskatchewan River (including Big Hill), with some used as ceremonial sites. The area at the confluence of Sturgeon River and North Saskatchewan River was also probably used for gatherings. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological An extensive network of trails was used by Project RoW will cross several historic trails. Resources (cont’d) ECN between settlements and resource gathering areas. In particular, trails along North Saskatchewan River, Battle River and Red Deer River were extensively used by ECN members. Rivers were important both for travelling and as camping areas. Socio-economics Employment opportunities for ECN Discuss potential employment opportunities members. for ECN members related to the Project. Human Health Effects on the health of wildlife and Use of chemicals for the project affecting Do not use herbicides or pesticides in the vegetation used as traditional foods because traditional foods. maintenance of the RoW within ECN of development activities, and the oil and See also Water Quality. Traditional Territory. gas industry in particular, coupled with social and cultural changes in the community have led to a decrease in traditional food consumption. People were healthier and lived longer in the past. Incidences of diabetes and cancer have increased in the community, and are attributed to a decrease in traditional food consumption and to a related increase in high-sugar and high-fat foods.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Hunting, trapping and fishing are practiced Though no traplines registered to ECN Traditional by only a few ECN members. Few members members were identified, the Project Knowledge of the community currently trap. Trapping crosses ECN traditional lands. areas included Whitecourt and areas further northwest, and there used to be a trapline at Riviere Qui Barre. Hunters continue to distribute meat within the community. The community continues to host feasts where traditional foods are served. The passing of many ECN Traditional Knowledge Holders is having an impact on traditional practices, specifically in the case of knowledge regarding plant medicines. It is important to protect wetlands because The potential disruption of wetlands and Avoid or limit disturbance to wetlands and they are rare in Alberta. Muskeg is muskegs are of major concern to ECN. muskegs within ECN Traditional Territory. considered key habitat for culturally See also Vegetation and Wildlife sections. important plants. Members of Stony Plain 135 were referred to as mus-keg-o-sak (people of the muskeg), and are still identified as such by neighbouring groups.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal A description of settlement and multi-use Traditional sites – areas with potential graves – is Knowledge provided in the Archaeological Resources (cont’d) section above. Additional historical, cultural information about movement, trade and seasonal harvesting in the area is available in the ATK report. Cumulative Effects A number of industrial areas, facilities and There is a general concern with approaching activities have affected and continue to the threshold at which Mother Earth will not affect ECN traditional use and cultural be able to withstand additional development lifeways, including the Swan Hills Waste activities extracting resources without giving Treatment Facility, CN Railway spill at back to the environment. Wabamun Lake, sour gas pipelines through ECN Stony Plain Reserve, forestry cutlines, refineries and the city of Edmonton itself. The shift in the practice of traditional The oil and gas industry and other activities is attributed in part to the development activities are considered a cumulative and ongoing contamination of threat to the practice of traditional activities, traditional food sources and encroachment because people have to travel further to on traditional lands. practice traditional activities.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Conservation and ECN has concerns regarding reclamation Involve ECN in the reclamation and Reclamation and abandonment planning process. abandonment plans where ECN Traditional Tree removal also affects air quality as trees Territory will be crossed by the Project. act as air filters. Use native plant species in reclamation. Plant trees near the RoW to compensate for trees cleared during construction.

Project and Engineering Process Accidents and Concerns about accidental releases and Based on the CNR clean-up process for the Provide information to the community about Malfunctions effects on the environment were voiced by Wabamun Lake oil spill, ECN is concerned the Project’s safety and emergency participants. These concerns stem in part Northern Gateway would not take response plan (ERP) (e.g., pipelines from the derailment of 43 Canadian National responsibility in case of an accidental materials, clean-up procedures). Railway (CNR) cars on the shores of spill/release situation. Provide an opportunity for ECN members to Wabamun Lake in August 2005, which Potential ruptures in the pipelines could give input on the ERP. resulted in more than 1,000,000 litres of contaminate lakes, and leaks could affect Include an assessment of traditional food heavy bunker fuel oil being spilled. groundwater. safety in the event of an accidental release in the study area. Monitor effects on the environment in the event of an accidental release situation. Participants asked that ECN and/or Yellowhead Tribal Council representatives be involved in the clean up and monitoring processes on ECN Traditional Territory, and to relay information to ECN members in the event of an accidental release.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-6 Enoch Cree Nation (ECN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by ECN by ECN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction ECN is concerned about salvage of timber Salvage wood removed for clearing the RoW from clearing. for use by the Band (to be distributed by Yellowhead Tribal Council). Operations The metal from the pipelines might Ensure materials used in pipeline design are deteriorate which could lead to leaks or safe and do not have long-term effects on explosions. the environment. Provide an opportunity to discuss technical aspects of the Project relative to safety issues (e.g., materials used for pipeline construction, methods used to prevent accidental release situations) with ECN members and Northern Gateway representatives

Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and The lack of influence over the regulatory Follow-up from the ATK study is needed in ECN requests that Northern Gateway give Socio-economic assessment and approval process was order to accomplish what it sets out to do. serious consideration to concerns raised in Assessment voiced by ECN participants. the ATK study and report back to the community on suggested mitigation measures. Monitoring and See Vegetation and Wildlife sections. Develop a monitoring program for medicinal Follow-up plants. Programs Develop a monitoring program to evaluate the effects of the Project on wildlife populations, and involve ECN youth and Elders in collaboration with scientists.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.7 Grande Cache Métis Local

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Weather patterns have changed, and are Environment related to global warming. Winters have gotten warmer, with fewer Chinooks, and the sun has gotten hotter. These changes are affecting wildlife and berries. Surface Water GCML has observed an overall decrease in creek, river and lake water levels, stating that “even the mountain creeks that used to run every year are dry” (GCML7). Elders have also observed that winter runoff has decreased. Water Quality Water quality has declined during the last Chemicals used to maintain RoWs for the Maintain clear RoW by hand or use other 15 years, which is attributed to chemicals pipeline and power lines to the pump station natural methods. used to maintain RoWs for other will be harmful to the water supply. developments (power lines and highways). The Wapiti River is so contaminated that it is making cattle that drink from it sick.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality GCML members can no longer safely Project construction, operation and Avoid using harmful contaminants during (cont’d) consume water from the local streams and maintenance will bring harmful contaminants construction (including camps and lakes, due to contamination and increased to the local water supply. Increased access equipment/machinery). Implement the presence of green algae. to water bodies may also contribute to highest safety precautions to avoid pipeline increased algae growth. leaks. Freshwater Fish Rainbow trout are abundant in Two Lakes. and Aquatic Fish used to be present in A La Peche, but Habitat have declined due to increased access and subsequent overfishing. Vegetation Traditional medicines are picked throughout GCML is concerned about potential project Identify medicinal plants prior to construction GCML traditional lands. One Elder effects on traditional medicines. with an experienced Elder. emphasized the sensitivity of some A medicine harvesting area is located some Establish buffers around plant medicine medicinal plants saying “they’ll die” if they 25 km south of the RoW near a GCML locales. are moved (GCML6). traditional settlement area, between KP 488 Where medicinal plant locales are and KP 503. unavoidable, transplant their seeds with the Access roads will cause destruction of guidance of a GCML Elder. medicinal plants. Avoid using existing or building new access roads near medicinal plant-gathering areas.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) Commonly collected berries include: high GCML Elders identified areas near the RoW Identify berry areas before construction. and low bush cranberries, raspberries, that are used for plant gathering. Notify community of berry patches identified blueberries, huckleberries and Saskatoon One berry-picking area was identified within in the ESA. berries. 35 km of the RoW. The Nose Creek berry GCML has noticed a marked decrease in area is located about 25 km south of the berry production, and attribute it to climate RoW between KP 486 and KP 509; change. Important berry-picking areas identified include Nose Mountain, Nose Creek, Daniel Creek and the Simonette River. Potential for use of herbicides in RoW RoW to be hand-cut and no herbicides used clearing and maintenance to have adverse in maintenance. effects. Weather patterns have changed, and are related to global warming. These changes are affecting wildlife and berries. Wildlife Species found within GCML traditional lands Project may destroy mineral licks. Hire community monitors to identify mineral include moose, caribou, whitetail deer, mule licks. Elders noted that licks cannot be deer, elk, big horn sheep, mountain goats, identified in winter. squirrels, mice, marten, lynx, weasel, fisher, Train project crews to identify and avoid coyote, fox, wolverine, wolves, cougar, mineral licks. grizzly and black bears. Once identified, avoid mineral licks and establish a buffer. Buffers around roads need to larger than near the RoW. See also mitigation measures for Project and Engineering Process.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife Animals have far less fat than they once did Construction and pipeline leaks may add Avoid using any pollutants that contribute to (ATK indication of health). This change is pollutants and contribute to acid rain acid rain. attributed to industrial activity. One Elder affecting wildlife and their food. linked animal health to pollution, stating that the animals drink acid rain from mineral licks. Wildlife species are less abundant. Increased access especially by construction Discourage hunting by construction workers. workers will lead to over-hunting. There has been a decrease in the number of caribou ever since the Grande Cache Mine was built. Caribou migrate from Copton Ridge to Prairie Creek every November and back near Muskeg in the spring. Elders have observed a decrease in the Project will contribute to increased mortality With all animals noted to decline and display number of mountain goats. In 1959, the rate or low birth rate of animals, and/or their poorer health, determine what the issues are goats were abundant; numbers have since relocation of habitat. affecting the mortality rate, low birth rate declined. Community members are not and/or relocation of each animal species. finding the dead animals. Before 1960, only mule deer could be found Project will contribute to mule deer's in GCML traditional lands. Mule deer are relocation or restriction to the mountains. now only found in the mountains and whitetail deer have since started appearing.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Elk also appeared in 1957, and were not GCML traditional lands before. Some sick elk have been observed eating bark, which makes them feel better. Moose populations and health has declined. Moose do not have as much fat on them as they used to, and tick infestations are becoming worse. GCML has observed a decrease in mice populations; it is a sign of larger problem because mice are the foundation of the food chain. Decreased furbearer populations, including squirrel, marten and lynx, are attributed to the effects of pine logging. GCML has noticed a decline in the health of horses within GCML traditional lands, and attribute it to acid rain affecting the nutrient levels of grass. Horses have less energy, and are not as fat as they should be as a result. Duck, goose and swallow populations have declined

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Frogs are disappearing from GCML traditional lands, and Traditional Knowledge Holders noted that declining frog populations is a worldwide phenomenon. Weather patterns have changed, and are related to global warming. These changes are affecting wildlife and berries.

Archaeological GCML identified numerous burial sites in • One burial site is located at Pipestone Establish 1-mile (1.6 km) boundary around Resources GCML traditional lands. Those within 45 km Creek, about 22 km north of RoW. burials. of the RoW are listed. (See also Figures 7-1 • Three burial sites are in the Shuttler Have archaeologists on site between KP 467 and 7-2 in the GCML ATK report.) Flats multi-use area, approximately and KP 500 to identify possible burials, and See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. 12 km to 14 km south of the RoW, other items of historical value near the between KP 486 and KP 489. camps and the historic trails. • One burial site is located on the historic Hinton trail, about 22 km south of the Row (KP 487). • One burial site is close to a cabin site, about 45 km south of RoW, at KP 494. Other unknown graves or items of historical value may be found near the camps and the historical trails.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological A number of historic traditional trails exist in RoW intersects historic Hinton trail between Resources (cont’d) the project area. KP 471 and KP 472. RoW intersects two other traditional trails at KP 493 and KP 496.5. Human Health Members have observed an increase in the Pollution and contaminants from the Continually monitor community health over incidence of achy bones in children, as well construction, operations and maintenance of the life of the project through to reclamation as cancer, diabetes and asthma rates the project will cause more human health and abandonment. among community members. effects. Increased cancer rates are attributed to oil and gas development. An increase in asthma in the Métis people from Grovedale, and attribute it to a plant that was built there about 15 years ago. Decreased water quality is affecting the Pollutants, especially from pipeline leaks will health of GCML members who use local affect water quality, whether through direct streams and lakes as water sources. contamination, or from animals carrying the contaminants to other water bodies. Socio-economics GCML noted that there are many skilled GCML recommends that skilled community community members in trades, as well as members be employed to work on the administration, procurement and accounting. Project. Long-term employment and training Training to be provided where necessary to opportunities are desired. fill skill gaps among GCML members.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal GCML have in-depth knowledge and use of Ongoing utilization of GCML traditional Traditional their traditional territory (see Figure 7-1 from knowledge throughout the life of the project Knowledge report); traditional use sites and/or potential to study its effects and assist with creating ecological areas of concern within new solutions to unanticipated effects. approximately 60 km of the project RoW and as illustrated in Figure 7.2 of GCML’s report are included in this table. Burial sites are listed in Archaeological Create 1-mile (1.6 km) boundary around Resources section. burials and cabin sites. There is a traditional use area at Pinto Creek Potential disturbance of traditional use area. Do not disturb the Pinto Creek site, located consisting of cabin(s), graves and other between KP 467 and KP 480, some 3 km settlement remains. south of the RoW. Do not disturb or allow access to Pinto Creek cabin at KP 468, 5 km south of RoW. GCML recommends community monitors be hired when crews are working between KP 467 and KP 500. The Shuttler Flats multi-use area is located Potential disturbance of traditional use area. Avoid disturbing Shuttler Flats area, located approximately 4 km south of the RoW. Potential for additional cabins, graves and between KP 479 and KP 490. trails between Pinto Creek (KP 467 to GCML recommends community monitors be KP 480) and Shuttler Flats.(KP 479 to hired when crews are working between KP 490). KP 467 and KP 500.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Other traditional use sites (see Figures 7-1 Traditional and 7-2 in report) are also identified. These Knowledge are located further away from the RoW. (cont’d) Trading post/store location some 7 km south

of RoW, between KP 505 and KP 514. Multi-use area associated with medicinal plant area, about 25 km south of RoW, between KP 488 and KP 503. Multi-use area associated with berry picking and Nose Mountain settlement area, about 34 km south of RoW, between KP 475 and KP 496. Cabin site associated with burial site, approximately 45 km south of RoW, between KP 490 and KP 492. Cabin site some 28 km south of RoW at Musreau Lake, between KP 418 and KP 428. Cabin site with burial near Sherman Meadows, 58 to 63 km south of the RoW, between KP 511 and KP 514. Fishing Area at Two Lakes, 53 to 61 km sout of the RoW, between KP 501 and KP 507.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal GCML trappers are no longer able to make a Construction may destroy traplines. Proper communication with trappers and Traditional living trapping because of a decline in respect for their lines. Knowledge furbearer populations. One trapper caught (cont’d) only 5 squirrels last year whereas the number used to be more than 2000 in a year, sometimes catching as many as 80 a day. GCML members are frustrated that potable water is not longer obtainable from the local streams and lakes because of contamination. Trails crisscross GCML traditional lands, and RoW intersects historic Hinton trail between include pack trails and historic travel routes. KP 471 and KP 472. RoW intersects two other traditional trails at KP 494 and KP 496.5. is still used among GCML Project will bring external influences to community members. contribute to the loss of Cree language. Cumulative Effects Existing cumulative effects of industry Project contribution to cumulative effects. Use construction standards applied by Parks activity on GCML traditional lands. Canada.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML Project and Engineering Process Conservation and Companies often plant non-native species GCML recommends that vegetation be Reclamation and use fertilizers. allowed to grow back naturally without being re-seeded or fertilized. If medicinal plants cannot be relocated, transplant their seeds with the guidance of a GCML Elder. Relocate berry bushes if necessary. Construction Mineral licks, important for some wildlife GCML recommends that community species, may be destroyed during project monitors be hired to identify mineral licks. construction. GCML Elders noted that licks cannot be Potential destruction of medicinal plants identified during the winter. Access roads will cause destruction of Avoid licks during construction. medicinal plants. Train project crews to identify licks. Create buffers around identified licks. GCML recommends these buffers to be larger if the lick is near a road as opposed to the RoW. Limit pollutants caused by construction (i.e. equipment oils and CO2), operation and maintenance of the project. Avoid using existing or building new access roads near medicinal plant gathering areas.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-7 Grande Cache Métis Local (GCML) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by GCML by GCML

Project and Engineering Process (cont’d)

Transportation/ Increased traffic may lead to an increase in Increase traffic enforcement and employ a Traffic Conditions animal mortality. road monitor. and Services Clear road ditches so wildlife is more visible to drivers. Fund a study to assess the relationship between increasing traffic and road fatalities in Grande Cache area.

NOTE: GCML has in-depth knowledge and use in GCML traditional lands (see Figure 7-1 from GCML community report); traditional use sites and/or potential ecological areas of concern within approximately 60 km of the Project RoW are as illustrated in Figure 7.2 of GCML’s report.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric A recent wind study conducted near These strong winds, coupled with the KLCN would like to work with Northern Environment - Air community members’ traplines, found that construction of the two pipelines, make local Gateway to ensure measures are taken to Quality the wind strength in sections of the people worried about the effects of dust keep dust down on windy days. Measures Traditional Territory are among the strongest pollution on community health. might include spraying dusty construction in the province. areas with water on windy days. KLCN would like Northern Gateway to inform them of their plans to limit dust pollution during the construction phase. Light trucks and large transport trucks speed Traffic from the Project will exacerbate this There are several alternative routes more through the area, creating noise and dust, situation. suitable for construction vehicles. KLCN will and putting local peoples' safety at risk. provide Northern Gateway with maps of alternative routes, and suggest that Northern Gateway instruct pipeline construction personnel to use the alternative routes, rather than roads in the community of Kelly Lake. Noise The numbers of animals may decrease if their habitats are destroyed or they may be scared off by the sounds and smells associated with pipeline construction, operations, maintenance and decommissioning.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Noise (cont’d) Light trucks and large transport trucks speed Traffic from the Project will exacerbate this There are several alternative routes more through the area, creating noise and dust, situation. suitable for construction vehicles. KLCN will and putting local peoples' safety at risk. provide Northern Gateway with maps of alternative routes, and suggest that Northern Gateway instruct pipeline construction personnel to use the alternative routes, rather than the roads that run right through the community of Kelly Lake. Water Quality Riparian management is a major concern for Potential effects of the Project on water KLCN would like to continue to be involved Kelly Lake people. The community identifies quality in the region. Specifically, they want in environmental assessments and the following as ‘sensitive watersheds’: Hook to ensure that water crossings do not monitoring related to water quality, Creek, Imperial Creek, Leyland Creek, adversely affect water levels (for fish particularly those watersheds that have been Horsetail Creek, Club Creek, Barbour Creek, passage), water quality (in terms of potential identified as sensitive watersheds. Kinuseo Creek, Five Cabin Creek, Quinette contamination) and riparian vegetation. Creek, Babcock Creek, Hambler Creek, Onion Creek, Honeymoon Creek, Fearless Creek, Dokken Creek, Flatbed Creek, Thunder Creek, Redwillow River, South Redwillow River, Wapiti River, Hiding Creek and Calliou Creek.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) KLCN depend on a reliable supply of clean Contaminants from development projects KLCN is interested in having members water to keep fish, animals and people ending up in drinking water in traditionally trained in environmental monitoring healthy. In recent years, changes to water, used areas, and the potential adverse participate in monitoring work during such as lower levels and the presence of effects on fish and animals that drink and preconstruction and construction phases, to pollutants, have raised concerns about the swim in the water. help ensure that appropriate mitigation future health and availability of the animals, measures are taken to restore sensitive fish and plants that rely on this important waterways and surrounding riparian zones. resource. Water Quality Elders have noted a marked change in water Project may add to existing effects. KLCN is interested in having members (cont’d) levels and quality over the past 15 years, trained in environmental monitoring and link it directly to the increase in large- participate in monitoring work during scale energy development preconstruction and construction phases, to help ensure that appropriate mitigation measures are taken to restore sensitive waterways and surrounding riparian zones. Freshwater Fish Commonly used species include: Grayling, and Aquatic Sucker, Rainbow trout, Bull trout, Great Habitat Northern pike, and Jackfish. In recent years, changes to water, such as Project may add to existing effects. KLCN would like to continue to be involved lower levels and the presence of pollutants, in environmental assessments and have raised concerns about the future health monitoring related to water quality, and availability of the animals, fish and particularly those watersheds that have been plants that rely on this important resource. identified as "sensitive watersheds". (See also Water Quality notes.)

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish The Kelly Lake Cree people and other and Aquatic Aboriginal people who have traditional Habitat (cont’d) territories in northeastern BC and the oil sands region of Alberta have noted marked decreases in the number and health of fur- bearing animals and fish, and have noticed that water quality has suffered. Vegetation Commonly used species include: Lodgepole pine, Trembling aspen, White spruce, Alder, Willow, Jack pine, Blueberries, Cranberries, Saskatoon berries, High bush berries, Low bush berries, Hay, Rat root, Feathered club moss, Spotted bunchberry, Labrador tea, Arnica, Twinflower, Calypso, Fairy slipper, Orchid flower, Pea vines, Wild roses, Paintbrush, Chickweed, Frog orchids, and Pussy toes. Currently, KLCN members have access to Disturbances and maintaining access to KLCN intellectual property and Aboriginal unpolluted berry-picking and medicinal plant- berry-picking and medical plant-gathering use rights preclude identification of gathering sites. sites, and ensuring that the soil, water and traditional use sites. See also Human Health. air on which the plants rely are not polluted Upon request, KLCN will provide Northern by pipeline construction activities or the Gateway monitors with a map indicating petroleum and condensate that the pipelines high, medium and low potential for these will carry. gathering areas to occur along the pipeline right of way. The map should not be shared with others without permission from KLCN.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) KLCN monitors will advise Northern Gateway construction and inspection personnel on environmental and traditional use issues. KLCN recommends pipeline construction in the winter when possible. In the winter, these sensitive areas are covered with snow and more protected from construction activities. Wildlife Commonly used species include: Caribou, The numbers of animals may decrease if KLCN monitors will alert construction crews Lynx, Otter, Mule deer, Rabbit, Mink, Brown their habitats are destroyed or they may be to the presence of animal habitats, food bear, Grizzly bear, Black bear, Squirrel, scared off by the sounds and smells sources and travel corridors near their Wolverine, Red fox, Silver fox, Marten, Wolf, associated with pipeline construction, worksites. Muskrat, Whitetail deer, Weasel, Mountain operation, maintenance and sheep, Moose, Mountain goat and Beaver. decommissioning. Species used for food, clothing, tools, and sold for furs: moose, elk, bear, wolf, wolverine, lynx, beaver, caribou, martin, hare, weasel, otter and many other fish and waterfowl.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Bird species of interest include: Ptarmigan, Fisher, Loons, Sandpiper, Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Red-tailed hawk, Mallard duck, Black duck, Canada goose, Golden eagle, Bald eagle, Barred owl, Yellow warbler, Barrow’s goldeneye, American bitten, Northern goshawk, Red-breasted nuthatch, Dark-eyed junco, Sora, Bufflehead, Green- winged teal, Great horned owl, Mountain bluebird, Tree swallow, Northern harrier, Pileated woodpecker, Blue-headed vireo, and Bohemian wax wing. Some curious animals may be attracted to Northern Gateway crews should take care the construction potentially putting them, and not to leave food or garbage at the worksites pipeline workers, in danger. so that animals are not attracted to the construction zone. The pipeline and its construction zone may Northern Gateway should make every effort change the landscape enough to act as a to avoid or limit effects on these features. If barrier to normal animal migration and construction plans call for actions that might movement. disturb these features, Northern Gateway personnel should meet with KLCN traditional and environmental monitors to discuss mitigation strategies.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) KLCN people are concerned that If construction plans call for actions that construction of the Project will disturb animal might disturb these features, Northern habitats, food supplies and travel corridors. Gateway personnel should meet with KLCN traditional and environmental monitors to discuss mitigation strategies. The construction of or improvements to existing roads near the project site could increase access to the area by recreation hunters and trappers. Their activities would put increased pressures on animals in the region. Deforested areas created during the construction of the pipeline make prey animals more vulnerable to predators that can see them more easily and may even lay in wait for prey in these areas. The Kelly Lake Cree people and other Aboriginal people who have traditional territories in northeastern BC and the oil sands region of Alberta have noted marked decreases in the number and health of fur- bearing animals and fish, and have noticed that water quality has suffered.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) The most important traditional land-use Based on traditional knowledge about See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge activities have long been trapping and animal migration, habitat and conservation, section. hunting. Kelly Lake people hold eight KLCN leadership and knowledge-holders traplines, which stretch across the have determined that development activities Traditional Territory. KLCN trapping grounds within 100 km of traplines are likely to affect included watersheds of the Athabasca, (even peripherally) animals that pass Peace, Smoky, Kiskatinaw, Redwillow, through the traplines, and consequently the Murray, Belcourt Creek, Sukunka and Wapiti trappers who rely on the traplines for their Rivers. livelihoods. Archaeological Traditional use sites, such as graveyards (or The disturbance or destruction of traditional Due to the highly sensitive nature of these Resources single burial sites); archaeological sites that use sites during the construction and places, and KLCN intellectual property have been documented in the provincial operations of the pipeline is of great concern conventions, the locations of these places registry and those undocumented sites that to community members. cannot be shared with Northern Gateway. KLCN Elders know about; culturally modified KLCN proposes a two-pronged approach to tress; and spiritual sites, all have very high addressing this concern. cultural value to KLCN people. First, upon request, KLCN will provide Northern Gateway with a GIS map of KLCN Traditional Territory that uses coloured polygons to indicate locations where traditionally and culturally sensitive areas are likely to occur, and the type of traditional use values that KLCN people associate with these places.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological The scale and presentation of the map Resources (cont’d) preclude the identification of specific site locations. Where the map indicates a medium or high potential for sites to occur, KLCN will expect Northern Gateway to consult with KLCN about appropriate measures to avoid or limit adverse effects, such as possible alternative routing or acceptable mitigation measures. Second, KLCN will provide traditional knowledge monitors with knowledge of cultural and traditional sites and resources to work alongside pipeline personnel during preconstruction and construction phases, to advise them if their work threatens to disturb or destroy significant resources or sites. The unanticipated discovery of a significant KLCN is drafting a contingency plan for traditional use site, such as a burial site, traditional use sites and other significant archaeological site, or a moose lick, during sites encountered unexpectedly during construction could be worrisome for both pipeline construction. KLCN will share the KLCN people and Northern Gateway plan with Northern Gateway. personnel.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological Rivers, creeks and lakes serve as travel See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Resources (cont’d) corridors for people, and delineate family section. hunting and trapping areas. Oral histories and elders' living memories relate stories of moving from place to place along the rivers. These water-based travel corridors continue to be used by KLCN trappers and their families today. Tributaries in the Traditional Territory served as travel corridors facilitating trade with the Shuswap, Ktunaxa, Sekani and Beaver tribes. Human Health Strong winds in area - air quality. Project construction may have adverse Mitigation measures to limit dust, traffic and effect on community health by increasing to communicate with community. dust in the air. (See also Air Quality section.) Picking berries and gathering medicinal Kelly Lake people are concerned about While KLCN intellectual property and plants continue to be valued cultural and maintaining access to berry-picking and Aboriginal use rights preclude identification health-related activities for Kelly Lake medical plant-gathering sites, and ensuring of traditional use sites, Kelly Lake can people. that the soil, water and air on which the provide Northern Gateway with a map of the See also Vegetation. plants rely are not polluted by pipeline project area with polygons indicating high, construction activities or the petroleum and medium and low likelihood of the presence condensate that the pipelines will carry. of traditional use sites, and the sorts of traditional values KLCN people associate with these places.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Human Health KLCN has observed that development Project may add to existing effects. KLCN is committed to working with Northern (cont’d) activities are affecting their ability to conduct Gateway, and other proponents, to develop traditional activities. The ability to engage in strategies to limit adverse effects on their traditional land use is a central part of traditional land use. KLCN’s Cree identity, and disruptions and See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge degradations of the ability to engage in section. these practices have adverse effects, not only on incomes, but on social cohesion, mental health, the transmission of traditional knowledge to youth, and peoples’ sense of self. The Kelly Lake Cree people and other Project may add to existing effects. Aboriginal people who have traditional territories in northeastern BC and the oil sands region of Alberta have noted marked decreases in the number and health of fur- bearing animals and fish, and have noticed that water quality has suffered. KLCN relies on many of these species for traditional foods. Socio-economics Trapping remains an important livelihood for KLCN trapline holders are concerned about KLCN would like communication with KLCN people. the economic effects of the Project on their Northern Gateway about this issue, and to livelihoods. work together to develop a plan for mitigation and/or compensation.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics KLCN people want to be able to access KLCN would like to work with Northern (cont’d) good jobs associated with the Project, and to Gateway to develop an agreement for have the skills to work on energy education and training for KLCN people. development projects in the future. KLCN people want the opportunity to work KLCN wants Northern Gateway to share as environmental and traditional use hiring strategies and job postings with KLCN monitors during pipeline construction. and encourage qualified members to access these jobs. KLCN members want to be involved in post- Northern Gateway should identify construction environmental monitoring along opportunities for qualified KLCN people to the pipeline. participate in post-construction monitoring. To work in post-construction monitoring, KLCN personnel must have the proper training. KLCN businesses want the opportunity to KLCN would like Northern Gateway to work on the Project. provide them with information about bidding on construction contracts. Aboriginal KLCN filed a comprehensive land claim with Project transects approximately 325 km of KLCN is committed to working with Northern Traditional the federal government in 1994 based on KLCN’s Traditional Territory, passing within Gateway, and other proponents, to develop Knowledge the concept of continuing Aboriginal rights 45 km and to the south of the community of strategies to limit adverse effects on and title, which, to this point, have not been Kelly Lake, right “through the heart of KLCN traditional land use. dealt with by treaty or other legal means. Traditional Territory”.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal KLCN has observed that development Project may add to existing effects. KLCN is committed to working with Northern Traditional activities are affecting their ability to conduct Gateway, and other proponents, to develop Knowledge traditional activities. The ability to engage in strategies to limit adverse effects on their (cont’d) traditional land use is a central part of traditional land use. KLCN’s Cree identity, and disruptions and degradations of the ability to engage in these practices have adverse effects, not only on incomes, but on social cohesion, mental health, the transmission of traditional knowledge to youth, and peoples’ sense of self. Elders’ living memories, oral histories and The disturbance or destruction of traditional Due to the highly sensitive nature of these documented historical accounts of the KLCN use sites during the construction and places, and KLCN intellectual property people and their ancestors demonstrate the operations of the pipeline is of great concern conventions, the locations of these places continuity of occupation, use and to community members. cannot be shared with Northern Gateway. management of their Traditional Territory. KLCN’s holistic view of the interdependence KLCN proposes a two-pronged approach to Traditional use activities continue in these of human and environmental systems addressing this concern. places today. Even while KLCN people teaches that potential changes in one area were/are engaged in wage or contract work, of their Traditional Territory must be they continue(d) to travel across the considered in light of secondary social, Traditional Territory to hunt and fish in cultural and economic effects in other areas season and to gather berries and medicines. of the Traditional Territory.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional First, upon request, KLCN will provide Knowledge Northern Gateway with a GIS map of KLCN (cont’d) Traditional Territory that uses coloured polygons to indicate where traditionally and culturally sensitive areas are likely to occur, and the type of traditional use values that KLCN people associate with these places. The scale and presentation of the map preclude the identification of specific site locations. Where the map indicates a medium or high potential for sites to occur, KLCN will expect Northern Gateway to consult with KLCN about appropriate measures to avoid or limit adverse effects, such as possible alternative routing or acceptable mitigation measures. Second, KLCN will provide traditional knowledge monitors with knowledge of cultural and traditional sites and resources to work alongside pipeline personnel during preconstruction and construction phases, to advise them if their work threatens to disturb or destroy significant resources or sites.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal The most important traditional land-use New roads, right of ways and buffer zones KLCN would like to work with Northern Traditional activities have long been trapping and related to the pipelines may restrict trappers’ Gateway to ensure that Kelly Lake trappers Knowledge hunting. Through traditional, land-based access to their traplines. retain access to their traplines through the (cont’d) activities like trapping, hunting, fishing, The construction of or improvements to pre-construction, construction and post- picking berries and medicines and travelling existing roads near the project site could construction phases of the project. KLCN across the Traditional Territory, KLCN increase access to the area by recreation recognizes that during the course of people produce cultural meanings and form hunters and trappers. Their activities would construction, it is possible that trapline cultural identities as Cree people. put increased pressures on animals in the access points will be temporarily cut-off. In Based on traditional knowledge about region. this case, KLCN requests that Northern animal migration, habitat and conservation, Trappers are concerned that the Project will Gateway would provide KLCN with KLCN leadership and knowledge-holders contribute to the declining productivity of information about the locations of the have determined that development activities Kelly Lake traplines, which will affect the closures, the anticipated length of the within 100 km of traplines are likely to affect ability of trappers and their descendents to closures and locations of alternative access (even peripherally) animals that pass continue successful trapping. KLCN own points. KLCN would relay this information to through the traplines, and consequently the eight traplines: TR0720T001, and trapline users to ensure that they use trappers who rely on the traplines for their TR0720T003-TR0720T009. alternative access points. livelihoods. Kelly Lake people hold eight traplines, which The pipeline route will cross one trapline stretch across the Traditional Territory. owned by a KLCN member (TR07020T001), KLCN trapping grounds included watersheds as well as traditional hunting and fishing of the Athabasca, Peace, Smoky, grounds, cabins and campsites, medicine Kiskatinaw, Redwillow, Murray, Belcourt and berry-picking areas and trails used by Creek, Sukunka and Wapiti Rivers. many Kelly Lake families.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Construction crews working on the pipelines Avoidance of trappers' equipment by Traditional may inadvertently damage or destroy construction crews can be achieved through Knowledge trappers’ equipment. regular communication and joint monitoring (cont’d) by Northern Gateway and KLCN. If Kelly Lake people are aware of the locations of the pipeline construction zone, they can take care not to set traps in the zone. Likewise, by ensuring that pipeline construction crews are conscientious in their work, they can avoid causing inadvertent damage or destruction to trappers’ gear. Rivers, creeks and lakes serve as travel Project may add to existing effects. See also Access Management in Project and corridors for people, and delineate family Engineering Process section. hunting and trapping areas. These water- based travel corridors continue to be used by KLCN trappers and their families today. The expansion of logging roads and introduction of pipelines and well sites into the Traditional Territory have made following the rivers more difficult in places.

May 2010 Page C-181

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Cumulative Effects Given the central role that the land plays in Project may add to existing effects. KLCN is committed to continuing to work the formation and experience of Cree with Northern Gateway, and other culture, Elders and other traditional land proponents interested in doing business in users from KLCN are concerned about the their Traditional Territory, to develop cumulative effects that large-scale energy mutually agreeable strategies for avoiding, development projects on KLCN Traditional minimizing and mitigating the potential Territory are having on their ability to carry adverse effects of the Project, in the hopes out traditional land-use activities, such as that its contribution to the cumulative taking young people out on the Traditional adverse effects of energy projects in their Territory to teach them about significant Traditional Territory will be manageable. cultural activities and places. Kelly Lake people contend that development projects, taken together, raise health and safety concerns for their people. KLCN people have noticed changes in the quality of water, land and animals in the Traditional Territory since the acceleration of large-scale energy development projects in the Traditional Territory, and fear that, should such projects continue at the same intensity level, one day KLCN people will not be able to hunt, fish and trap at all.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN

Project and Engineering Process Access The construction of or improvements to Management existing roads near the project site could increase access to the area by recreation hunters and trappers. Their activities would put increased pressures on animals in the region. Kelly Lake people are concerned about While KLCN intellectual property and maintaining access to berry-picking and Aboriginal use rights preclude identification medical plant-gathering sites, and ensuring of traditional use sites, Kelly Lake can that the soil, water and air on which the provide Northern Gateway with a map of the plants rely are not polluted by pipeline project area with polygons indicating high, construction activities or the petroleum and medium and low likelihood of the presence condensate that the pipelines will carry. of traditional use sites, and the sorts of traditional values KLCN people associate with these places. New roads, the RoW and buffer zones KLCN would like to work with Northern related to the pipelines may restrict trappers’ Gateway to ensure that Kelly Lake trappers access to their traplines. retain access to their traplines through the pre-construction, construction and post- construction phases of the project. KLCN recognizes that during the course of construction, it is possible that trapline access points will be temporarily cut-off. In this case, KLCN requests that Northern

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN

Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Access (cont’d) Management Gateway would provide KLCN with (cont’d) information about the locations of the closures, the anticipated length of the closures and locations of alternative access points. KLCN would relay this information to trapline users to ensure that they use alternative access points. Conservation and KLCN members want to be involved in KLCN would like to work with Northern Reclamation decommissioning and reclamation activities Gateway to develop and implement along the pipeline corridor. reclamation strategies. Reclamation activities might include: conducting a preconstruction inventory of traditional/native plants along the right of way; planting traditional or native plants along the RoW post-construction; and performing regular vegetation management along the RoW. Transportation/ Light trucks and large transport trucks speed KLCN people are concerned about There are several alternative routes more Traffic Conditions through the area, creating noise and dust, increased traffic through the Kelly Lake suitable for construction vehicles. KLCN will and Services and putting local people’s safety at risk. community during construction and provide Northern Gateway with maps of operation of the Project. Specific concerns alternative routes. Northern Gateway should include: speed, dust, volume, noise and ensure that their drivers are aware of and transport of dangerous goods. use these alternative routes whenever possible, rather than the roads that run right through the community of Kelly Lake.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN

Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Accidents and The people of Kelly Lake are concerned KLCN is particularly interested in ensuring Malfunctions about the short- and long-term health and that an emergency notification system is in safety effects of a potential pipeline rupture place for locating and contacting trappers on the environment, and on their families. and other resource users in the event of a pipeline rupture or other emergency. Trappers, often spend days and even weeks out on the land, often out of contact with other community members. KLCN would like to work with Northern Gateway to develop and implement a local- level Emergency Response Plan to notify these community members in case of an emergency. Northern Gateway should hold public meetings to share details about the Project, its safety and Emergency Response Plan and emergency protocols. Decommissioning KLCN members want to be involved in KLCN would like to work with Northern decommissioning and reclamation activities Gateway so that members are involved in along the pipeline corridor. various aspects of the decommissioning process.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-8 Kelly Lake Cree Nation (KLCN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLCN by KLCN Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and KLCN would like to review environmental Northern Gateway should share EA findings, Socio-economic assessment work done for the project. recommendations and work plans with Assessment KLCN. KLCN members would like their TLU and KLCN TLU and TEK should be incorporated TEK information to be incorporated into the into the environmental assessment process environmental assessment process. for the Project. This report can be attached as an appendix to assessment reports related to the Project. Monitoring and KLCN members would like to be involved in KLCN has 12 members who will complete an Follow-up construction monitoring as environmental environmental monitor training course by Programs monitors and Aboriginal monitors. July 2009. KLCN and Northern Gateway should work together to determine opportunities for KLCN members to work as monitors during construction. KLCN members want to be involved in post- Northern Gateway should identify construction environmental monitoring along opportunities for qualified KLCN people to the pipeline. participate in post-construction monitoring.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines Pipeline Seasonal weather patterns are changing. Atmospheric Temperature contrasts between winter and Environment summer used to be more severe (in the 1950s and ‘60s). Today, winters are warmer and summers are cooler. There is less snow in winter; there is “hardly any” today, where there would have been four feet in the past. Acoustic Roads drive wildlife away, especially if Environment constructed near mineral licks. Surface Water Water quantity is decreasing - all the lakes and creeks “are going down.” Construction through muskeg areas disrupts Build culverts in the roads when crossing water flow and damages the muskeg muskegs to ensure water flow is maintained ecosystem, leaving one half alive and the in the muskeg on either side of the road. other half dead.

May 2010 Page C-187

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality Water quality has declined in the last 30 The pipeline crossing of water bodies, • Provide additional information to years. Community members used to drink including lakes, lagoons, streams, rivers and KLMSS on project watercourse from Kelly Lake and creeks in the region. muskeg, may contaminate the water supply. crossings. Today, swimming in the lake can cause All water bodies should be protected; the • The Project must take into rashes. Dead muskrats and fish wash up on Project should not pollute the water in any consideration regional variations in the shores of Kelly Lake. way. climate in the design and construction The poor water quality in Kelly Lake Region-specific variations in climate may plan for watercourse crossings. attributed to a local sewage system and affect the construction of watercourse • KLMSS strongly supports watercourse other industrial development in the region. crossings. crossing and re-vegetation techniques Contamination of other water sources is outlined in the Kelly Lake technical attributed to industrial development and forum held on August 12, 2009. drilling. • Conduct ongoing monitoring along Waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, are no watercourse crossings during project longer consumed because of decreased construction within KLMSS traditional water quality. lands.

Freshwater Fish Important fishing areas and species include: There is a fish spawning area in the vicinity • Protect the spawning area. Located and Aquatic Hook Lake (Dolly Varden and rainbow trout), of the RoW on the Murray River. between KP 592 and KP 600. Habitat Onion Lake and Stoney Lake (rainbow and • KLMSS wants Northern Gateway to cutthroat trout and pike), the Kiskatinaw provide information to KLMSS on how River (arctic grayling and rainbow trout), this fish spawning area will be Trout Lake (Dolly Varden), Monkman Creek protected. (Dolly Varden, rainbow trout and arctic • Hire a community member as a grayling). monitor to observe how the fish spawning area is being protected.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Overall, fish health is poor. KLMSS member and Aquatic have seen scabs on fish in the Cutbank Habitat (cont’d) River, and dead fish floating in Kelly Lake. Vegetation Commonly used berry plants include: There is an important berry-picking area Do not disturb the berry-picking area; place a strawberries, Saskatoon berries raspberries, near the project RoW. 500 m buffer around the identified plant- dew berries, low and high-bush cranberries, gathering site. Area is crossed by the RoW huckleberries, low and high bush- between KP 549 and KP 552.5. blueberries, black currants and red currants. Medicinal plants include: rabbit root, rat root, Labrador tea, purple aster, buffalo berry, mint tea, carrot root, valerian and spruce gum from black spruce bark, jackpine, white lily, alder bark, cow parsnip, fireweed, ferns and moss. (Contact ATK Lead for species information.) Important areas for gathering medicines include the Wapiti River and Fox Creek.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) Non-native plant species are present in Project will introduce new species of Use alternative approaches to road KLMSS’s territory; they have been vegetation, which would be detrimental to construction for RoW access, such as introduced by seeds on industry-related native species. swamp mats offered by Paradox Access trucks and equipment. Solutions to limit the transfer of plant matter by equipment between sites. KLMSS strongly supports watercourse crossing and re-vegetation techniques outlined in the Kelly Lake technical forum held on August 12, 2009. Muskegs are highly important ecological and Disturbance or destruction of muskeg areas. Build culverts in the roads when crossing cultural areas; they are a food source for muskegs to ensure water flow is maintained birds, and contain many important medicinal in the muskeg on either side of the road. and food-plant species used by KLMSS members. Muskegs do not regenerate after they are destroyed.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife Animals most commonly consumed include: RoW destruction or disturbance of mineral Create a buffer - minimum 200 m - around moose, elk, deer, fish, muskrat, porcupine, licks or wildlife trails. any mineral licks or wildlife trails to avoid rabbit, caribou and beaver. Five mineral licks were identified: disturbing moose and other animals. Bears are no longer consumed because • One at Imperial Creek—intersected by Hire community members as monitors to they eat humans and garbage. RoW, KP 596.5 to KP 604 ensure mineral licks and all wildlife trails in the vicinity of the RoW are identified and Waterfowl such as ducks and geese are no • One mineral lick area—intersected by avoided. longer consumed because of decreased RoW, between KP 597 and KP 600, and water quality. intersected by powerline, all along its Restore any wildlife trails that are disturbed The most commonly trapped species length following construction to ensure that animals can reach mineral licks. include: lynx, muskrat, beaver, squirrel, • One near historic cabin site— marten, fisher, wolverine, coyote, wolves intersected by RoW, between KP 589 Active portions of the construction site and silver fox. and KP 591 should be fenced to protect animals from entering the site. • One near Five Cabins—intersected by RoW, between KP 579.5 and KP 582 • One near Red Willow Métis Settlement - 4 km north of RoW, between KP 543 and KP 544 Declining health in ungulates (caribou, elk, deer, moose, sheep and goat) due to sicknesses caught from escaped domesticated animals.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Moose health and populations are declining. The use of chemical pesticides and Moose have been seen where the hides are herbicides is contributing to the declining not attached to the body, moose with green health of wildlife species. guts, and moose with lungs that had puss balls on them. ATK says that problems with moose health began when the oil companies moved into the region. Decline is also attributed to the use of herbicides and pesticides that contaminate moose food sources. Similar to moose, deer have also been found with livers that had puss balls, and green guts. Black bears and grizzly have become more aggressive, and attribute this change to habitat fragmentation and increased human presence. Porcupine and rabbit populations have experienced declines. This may be related to the normal seven-year cycle. Decreased marten, beaver and squirrel populations have also been observed.

Page C-192 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) The muskrat population is increasing in KLMSS’s traditional use areas, but they are unhealthy. They have been observed with sticky fur, and dead muskrats have washed up on the shores of Kelly Lake. Bird populations, particularly owls, and little yellow birds, robins, sharp-tailed grouse and ruffed grouse, are decreasing. Increased traffic, pollution and herbicide/pesticide/DDT use is the cause. Traffic has increased since the road to Kelly Lake was paved in 2004. Speeding vehicles and large truck traffic has resulted in many animal deaths.

Archaeological KLMSS has interest in all ancestral Potential disturbance or destruction of sites • Involve KLMSS in all archaeological Resources (archaeological) sites in KLMSS traditional that may be found during construction. assessments within KLMSS traditional lands. lands.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological KLMSS identified a number of sacred sites, Potential disturbance of sacred sites and/or • Further investigation and field-truthing, Resources (cont’d) as well as settlement and burial areas. graves. Burials are located: avoidance and buffering (500 m). Specific sites and mitigation measures are • Monkman Provincial Park -2 km south • See also Aboriginal Traditional described below. of RoW, between KP 603 and KP 607 Knowledge. • Bearhole Lake - 27 km north of RoW, between KP 561 and KP 563 • Redwillow River - 300 m north of RoW, between KP 551.5 and KP 553 • Imperial Creek - intersected by RoW at KP 602 • Five Cabins—intersected by RoW at KP 581

Battle sites with potential for human remains • Have archaeological team assess exist near the RoW. Battle sites are sacred battle sites; buffer of 1 km buffer to KLMSS. Battle sites are located between around the sites. KP 561 and KP 565 (2 km south of RoW) and between KP 555 and KP 561 (intersected by RoW).

Page C-194 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological Five Cabins Site (KP 579.5 to KP 582 on • Investigate to confirm burials. Resources (cont’d) RoW) - Historic community camp and • Avoid area; using 500 m buffer. settlement site used by KLMSS families in the past; there are burials associated with this site.

Duke’s Cabins (KP 534 to KP 535, 8 km • KLMSS recommends having the north of RoW) - Historic settlement site Northern Gateway archaeological team consisting of the remains of five cabins used further investigate and map the site. by KLMSS families in the past. • Avoid area; using 500 m buffer.

Big Slough (Gunn Lake) (KP 518 to KP 520, • Locate this burial site and record; 12 km north of RoW) - Historic settlement protect it with a 500-m buffer. site used by KLMSS families in the past. There is a burial associated with this site.

Pre-Historic KLMSS is concerned about paleontological • KLMSS wants all paleontological Resources materials discovered during the construction materials found on KLMSS traditional of the pipeline because of their cultural lands to be returned to KLMSS. significance.

Human Health KLMSS members are experiencing KLMSS is concerned about the effects of the increased rates of asthma, cancer, heart Project, and other oil and gas development, disease and diabetes. Changes in diet on the health and well-being of community related to the increased consumption of members. store-bought foods and contaminated traditional foods are responsible.

May 2010 Page C-195

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics See also Consultation. Employment opportunities for community • Notify KLMSS early about employment members generated by the Project. opportunities; members should be given priority for jobs within KLMSS traditional lands. • Hire community members as monitors for pipeline operations. • Consider Ma-M-Way Cooperative and other services that could be provided by the community in contracting.

KLMSS recommends that Northern Gateway engage in dialogue with KLMSS regarding the maintenance of project infrastructure, which could potentially benefit ecotourism in the Kelly Lake area.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal There are four KLMSS traplines within 60 • Potential project effects on traplines • Contact KLMSS registered trapline Traditional km of the Project: and animals. holders directly to discuss the Project. Knowledge • Trapline 0720T005, between KP 542 • See also Wildlife. and KP 560, 3 km north of the RoW • Trapline 0720T004, between KP 529 and KP 542, 15 km north of RoW). • Trapline 0720T006, between KP 517 and KP 570, and 20 to 47 km north of RoW • Trapline 0720T007, between KP 532 and KP 575, and 25 to 45 km north of the RoW Trapping is important for cultural preservation and is highly valued.

There is an important berry-picking area Project has the potential to disturb an • Protect berry picking from project near the project RoW. important berry-picking area (KP 549 to activities; place a 500 m buffer around KP 553). the identified plant-gathering site.

A number of hot springs exist in KLMSS Potential for Project to affect hot spring • Avoid any hot springs encountered traditional lands. They are used by the locations. during construction. community for healing and to treat various ailments, including arthritis.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Burials are often associated with settlement See Archaeological Resources for location • KLMSS wants to ensure that all burials Traditional and other multi-use sites and are sacred to of burials. are protected and not subject to any Knowledge KLMSS disturbance with a 500 m buffer around (cont’d) all burials.

There are two sites in the region where Battle sites with potential for human remains • Have archaeological team assess the historic battles occurred: here referred to as exist near the RoW. Battle Sites located: battle sites; establish 1 km buffer Battle Site 1 and Battle Site 2 (Thunder • 2 km south of RoW, between KP 561 around these sites. Mountain War Site). The Thunder Mountain and KP 565 War site is a sacred site. These sites are • Intersected by RoW, between KP 555 from wars between Beaver and Cree and KP 561. peoples in the 1800s. There is high potential for human remains at these sites.

KLMSS identified three sacred and culturally • KLMSS wants to be sure that these • KLMSS will work with Northern important areas for which the community important areas remain confidential Gateway to provide information does not want to share detailed information. and protected. Located: adequate to ensuring site protection. • Intersected by RoW, between KP 610 and KP 614.5 • Immediately adjacent to RoW, between KP 602 and KP 607 • Intersected by RoW, between KP 565 and KP 569

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal KLMSS Traditional Knowledge Holders Potential effects on eight cabin sites • Record, field-truth and avoid these Traditional identified a large number of family identified, as they are all situated near or on sites with a 500 m buffer. Knowledge settlements and community camps, the RoW. Cabins located: (cont’d) including: • Intersected by RoW, between • Hook Lake Community Camp, (KP 617 KP 592.5 and KP 597 to KP 624, 8 km north of RoW) • Intersected by RoW at KP 588 • Imperial Creek, (KP 595 to KP 604, • Intersected by RoW, between KP 574 intersected by RoW) and KP 579.5 • Unnamed multi-use area (KP 583.5 to • Intersected by RoW at KP 575 KP 584.5, intersected by RoW) • Intersected by RoW, between • Five Cabins, (KP 579.5 to KP 582, KP 568.5 and KP 572 intersected by RoW) • between KP 521 and KP 526 (10 km • Guide’s Cabins, (KP 579 to KP 580, north of RoW) and intersected by RoW) • between KP 516 and KP 519 (1.5 km • Callahasen Flats, (KP 566 to KP 568, north of RoW) 13 km north of RoW) • Intersected by the RoW at KP 581. • Monkman’s Cabin, (KP 565 to KP 566, 2 km south of ROW) • Honeymoon Creek Community Camp, (KP 559 to KP 565, 1.5 km south of RoW) • Calliou Flats, (KP 550 to 552, 11 km south of RoW) • Red Willow Métis Settlement, (KP 543 to KP 544, 4 km north of RoW)

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Moose Lookout, (KP 537 to KP 545, Traditional 5 km north of RoW) Knowledge • Duke’s Cabins (KP 534 to KP 535, (cont’d) 8 km north of RoW) and • Big Slough (Gunn Lake) (KP 518 to KP 520, 12 km north of RoW). • Additional details on multi-use sites are provided below.

Imperial Creek (KP 595 to KP 604, • RoW to avoid this area, with a 500 m intersected by RoW). Historic community buffer around the site. camp and settlement site used by KLMSS • Have KLMSS community member families in the past. There are burials monitor the area around Imperial Creek associated with this site. during construction.

Five Cabins Site (KP 579.5 to KP 582, • RoW to avoid this area, with a 500 m intersected by RoW). Historic community buffer around the site. camp and settlement site used by KLMSS • Investigate site to confirm burial. families in the past; there are burials associated with this site.

Guide’s Cabin (KP 579 to KP 580, • RoW to avoid this area, with a 500 m intersected by RoW). Cabin site used today buffer around the site. by guides and community members.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d)

Aboriginal Monkman’s Cabin (KP 565 to KP 566, 2 km • RoW to avoid this area, with a 500 m Traditional south of RoW) buffer around the site. Knowledge Historic settlement site used by KLMSS (cont’d) families in the past.

Honeymoon Creek Community Camp • Avoid the Honeymoon Creek (KP 559 to KP 565, 1.5 km south of RoW). Community Camp area by 500 m. Community campsite currently used by KLMSS.

Red Willow Métis Settlement (KP 543 to • Project to avoid area, with minimum of KP 544, 4 km north of RoW). A historic cabin 500 m buffer. and farm settlement with a possible burial. The site is situated within important elk and moose habitat with mineral licks and game trails.

Moose Lookout (KP 537 to KP 545, 5 km • Avoid the Moose Lookout area by north of RoW). Past hunting and food 500 m. preparation site; currently used for plant gathering.

Duke’s Cabins (KP 534 to KP 535, 8 km • RoW to avoid this area, with a 500-m north of RoW). Historic settlement site buffer around the site. consisting of the remains of five cabins used • Have the project archaeological team by KLMSS families in the past. further investigate and map the site.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d)

Aboriginal Big Slough (Gunn Lake) (KP 518 to KP 520, • KLMSS recommends that this site be Traditional 12 km north of RoW). Historic settlement site located and recorded, and that the Knowledge used by KLMSS families in the past. There burial be protected with a 500 m buffer. (cont’d) is a burial associated with this site.

Hook Lake Community Camp - 8 km north of • Project to avoid area, with minimum of RoW between KP 617 and KP 624 500 m buffer.

Unnamed multi-use area - intersected by • Project to avoid area, with minimum of RoW, between KP 583.5 and KP 584.5 500 m buffer.

Callahasen Flats - 13 km north of RoW, • Project to avoid area, with minimum of between KP 566 and KP 568 500 m buffer.

Calliou Flats, 11 km south of RoW, between • Project to avoid area, with minimum of KP 550 and KP 552 500 m buffer.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal There are a number of historic trails RoW crossings will disturb the trails and KLMSS requests minimal disturbance to Traditional connecting cabins and settlement sites that travel routes. both current and historic trail locations. Knowledge will be intersected by the project RoW (cont’d) including: • Five Cabins Trail (crosses RoW at KP 583) • Honeymoon Creek Trail (crosses RoW at KP 569) • Monkman Trail (crosses RoW at KP 564) • Wapiti Creek Trail (crosses RoW at KP 593.5), and • a portion of the Old Kinuseo Road (runs along RoW between KP 566 and KP 572, KP 573 and KP 577, KP 581.5 and KP 583, and KP 585 and KP 593. • Trail intersected at KP 575

KLMSS Traditional Knowledge Holders • Involve youth in future ATK initiatives. expressed a desire to involve KLMSS youth in traditional knowledge education

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal There is a general feeling that the area The community is concerned about how the • KLMSS wants Northern Gateway to Traditional around Kelly Lake has changed for the Project will affect the land and whether ensure that they are protecting the land Knowledge worse: “everything’s different now … it was Northern Gateway will act responsibly to and environment and to establish a (cont’d) good a long time ago, now it’s not.” protect the land and the environment. The dialogue with KLMSS regarding KLMSS Traditional Knowledge Holders community expects that the proponent “will environmental protection in relation to expressed sadness about the community’s make sure the environment will be protected the Project regarding work in the future ability to enjoy and sustain a livelihood like we protect our own” (KLMSS11). KLMSS traditional lands. from the land. KLMSS is worried about the KLMSS Traditional Knowledge Holders are • See also Consultation. state of the wilderness: “Ka-na-ta [Cree for also concerned about the health of all ‘clean area’], it’s not ka-na-ta anymore, it’s animals and plants in KLMSS traditional wee-pe-ta (Cree for ‘destroyed’ or ‘dirty lands and fear no longer being able to area’) because it’s been destroyed” harvest plants and animals from the land (KLMSS6). because of poor health and contamination.

Project and Engineering Process Access One KLMSS member stated that there are Project will increase access, leading to non- • Gate all RoW access points and hire Management so many roads now, “…we can’t even community members using KLMSS community members to monitor access recognize our own backyard anymore” traditional lands for hunting, fishing, to the RoW. (KLMSS11). recreation and other purposes. • If gates are not monitored and are only The community is also concerned that a secured by lock, people could get past road will be constructed next to the pipeline with all-terrain vehicles, or could break RoW. the lock and enter restricted areas.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Project and Engineering Process (cont’d)

Access Increasing number of roads associated with • Project should limit the construction of Management industrial development. new roads and access. (cont’d) Restrictions to access and use of RoW by • KLMSS to define use and access of KLMSS. RoW within traditional lands (including future use for powerlines). Conservation and Have community monitors present during the Reclamation reclamation phase of the Project. KLMSS would like input on the contractor hired within KLMSS traditional lands for reclamation. Transportation/Tra Traffic has increase since the road to Kelly Project will increase traffic in the community Northern Gateway takes responsibility for ffic Conditions and Lake was paved in 2004. Speeding vehicles and KLMSS Traditional Knowledge Holders maintenance and improvements to the road Services and large truck traffic have made it unsafe are concerned for community members’ into Kelly Lake. for children play on their bikes, for people to safety on the roads and the maintenance of Put speed bumps on the road within the walk the road, and has resulted in many the road. community, and explore other speed control animal deaths. measures such as traffic cameras. Construction Questions regarding environmental KLMSS wants the opportunity to discuss management plans and waste production construction methods directly with Northern during construction. Gateway.

May 2010 Page C-205

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Accidents and Possibility for accidental releases from the Discuss the ERP for the Project with Malfunctions pipeline and diesel spills from trucks used KLMSS, and well as the maintenance and during construction and maintenance. monitoring procedures. Hire KLMSS community member monitor the pipeline for spills throughout the life of the Project. Thoroughly clean all accidental oil and diesel releases to avoid harming plants and wildlife.

Potential for integrity of the pipeline to be KLMSS wants the opportunity to discuss compromised where it crosses the construction methods directly with Northern continental divide and where land shifts. Gateway.

Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and KLMSS is concerned about effects of Establish a dialogue with KLMSS regarding Socio-economic industrial development on wildlife, vegetation environmental protection and management Assessment and water. KLMSS also expressed concern plans. with the increasing number of roads associated with industrial development.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-9 Kelly Lake Métis Settlement Society (KLMSS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KLMSS by KLMSS Regulatory and ESA Process (cont’d) Environmental and See also Consultation. There are concerns that KLMSS input will Project presentation in the Kelly Lake Socio-economic not be heeded, and that aspects of the ATK community hall prior to the commencement Assessment study are problematic because the location of construction. (cont’d) of resources cannot easily be mapped. Provide regular project update presentations KLMSS members do not fully understand and apprise KLMSS of all major changes the regulatory and application processes. occurring on KLMSS traditional lands in regards to the Project. Consultation An oil drilling rig was put up across Kelly Consult with community before development Lake from the community without any occurs on KLMSS traditional lands. consultation, and caused asthma in Provide KLMSS with a detailed project plan community members. as soon as they become available. See also Socio-economics. KLMSS voiced concerns regarding timber KLMSS recommends that timber from the debris from clearing during construction. RoW be given to the community, to be converted into biofuel.

Monitoring and Community monitors on-site at all times Follow-up during construction to enable reporting and Programs recording of any environmental incidents and the management of these back to the community. Monitors will also ensure that project crews act responsibly, including garbage and waste cleanup.

NOTE: KLMSS has in-depth knowledge and use in KLMSS traditional lands (see Figure 7-2, 7-3, and 7-3a from KLMSS community report); traditional use sites and/or potential ecological areas of concern within approximately 60 km of the Project RoW are as illustrated in Figures 7-2. 7-3, 7-3a of KLMSS’ report.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.10 Nose Creek Settlement

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric The air no longer ‘smells fresh’. Air emissions from project pump stations Use best practices and technology to ensure Environment - Air may have adverse effects on animal and pump stations are as efficient as possible, Quality human health. with minimal emissions. Air quality is affecting the health of migratory birds. NCS Elders have observed changes in seasonal weather patterns, stating they are no longer consistent (longer winters, greater variation in temperatures, hotter summers). Noise Noise from industry drives animals away; Construction noise scares animals away. Keep noise to a minimum. they return about two to three years after construction.

Surface Water There has been a decrease in water levels in rivers and creeks, and floods have become less frequent.

Water Quality There has been an overall decline in water quality in the last 20 years; oil and algae are present in local creeks. Upstream water (towards the mountains) in Nose Creek and Pinto Creek is still potable.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality NCS members eat less fish Potential effects on water quality at the Have NCS monitors on site during (cont’d) following watercourse crossings: Pinto construction at water crossings; use Creek, Wapiti River, Smoky River and directional drilling to limit adverse effects. Simonette River.

Migratory bird health has also declined and is linked to poor water quality. Freshwater Fish Fish used to be an important part of the and Aquatic traditional diet. Now, Alberta Fish and Habitat Wildlife has placed consumption restrictions on some species. NCS members no longer consume bull trout, and feel that fish from the smaller streams are not safe to eat. Remaining fishing spots include the Kakwa, Smokey and Wapiti Rivers, and Two Lakes. Species taken include Dolly Varden and bull trout. There has been a drastic decrease in fish Potential effects on watercourse crossings, Have community monitors present at populations in small streams the last two to water quality and fish habitat in the following watercourse crossings construction to three years, though the decline began about rivers and creeks: Pinto Creek, Wapiti River, capture and relocate fish and watch for water 15 years ago. It is related to dust on road Smoky River and Simonette River. turbidity. crossings. “Weird bumps” have been seen NCS recommends that directional drilling be on the skin of fish caught in smaller streams. employed at watercourse crossings in order to avoid adverse effects on water quality and fish habitat.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation Major changes in vegetation have occurred. NCS is concerned about a decrease in Do not use pesticides or herbicides on the Berry populations are “not even half of what berry-picking areas and other plant- RoW. it used to be” (NCS1). This decline has gathering locales. Have a community monitor locate and occurred in the past 5 to 10 years, and identify medicinal plants and any plant- coincides with an increase in industrial gathering locales on the RoW. activity on NCS traditional lands. Previous See also Conservation and Reclamation. experience tells NCS that developers will not avoid berry patches. Commonly used berry species include buffalo berries, raspberries, huckleberries, strawberries and blueberries. Plants used for medicine include buffalo berry, willow, juniper, wild mint and birch sap.

Vegetation patterns have changed; aquatic plants in small wetlands are increasing as a result of global warming.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife Wildlife species commonly hunted include Project construction may adversely affect Limit construction activities during late moose, elk, deer and grouse. Animals animal habitat, mineral licks and game trails. summer and autumn months, when NCS trapped include squirrel, among others; Several wildlife areas were identified on or community members are hunting to put up trapping has diminished due to a decrease in near the RoW: stores for the winter. furbearers. • one near the Hinton Trail at KP 493 Avoid mineral licks and game trails on or Bear is no longer hunted because their diet near the RoW. • two east of Hinton Trail at KP 488 has changed to include garbage, road kill Employ a community member to monitor • and, occasionally, humans. one at Rod Moberly’s cabin (KP 474.5) mineral licks and game trails on or near the Moose are attracted to cutblocks, but not • one just south of RoW, east of Moberly RoW before and during construction. pipeline clearings. Elk are more attracted to cabin (KP 473) NCS recommends that the RoW, access pipelines because of the grass. roads and game trails be kept clear of Though numbers are greatly reduced, debris. NCS recommends burning caribou are present and migrate through (preferable) or mulching the debris so NCS traditional territory. animals can pass safely. NCS members have observed an overall Small furbearers and bird habitat will be lost Use community monitors at watercourse decrease in wildlife species such as as a result of clearing for the Project. crossings; use directional drilling. ungulates, smaller furbearers and birds. Potential adverse effects on beaver dams at Decreases in ungulate and furbearer Pinto Creek crossing. populations are related to logging and clearing activities, and decreased bird populations are related to air and water pollution. Mosquito populations have increased.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Larger predator populations (e.g., cougar, bears) have increased; cougars were not present previously. NCS TEK predicts that the use of chemicals Do not use chemical controls on RoW. to control plants on the RoW will affect animal health. Increased traffic for the Project may lead to See Project Design and Planning for accidents involving wildlife and wildlife mitigation recommendations. fatalities. Archaeological One historic trading post was identified The Pipestone Creek trading post and store Resources during the ATK study at Pipestone Creek. is located near the confluence of the Wapiti See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. River and Pipestone Creek, about 22 km north of RoW (KP 452 to KP 457). Socio-economics Currently, there are only 12 people in NCS Community well-being is affected by young Northern Gateway can assist in improving as a result of people leaving the community people moving out of the community for community well-being by: for work. employment and for other conveniences. • contributing funding for paving the road to the Nose Creek Settlement (Two Lakes Road) • contributing funding to extend power to all homes in the community

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics Putting out job postings and offering (cont’d) community members employment opportunities as environmental assessment survey assistants. NCS ATK participants expressed concerns NCS recommends that Northern Gateway about community livelihood and have a employ community members on the Project. desire to see the Project result in some economic benefits and employment for community members. Human Health There has been an increase in Elders and NCS is concerned about the use of Do not use chemicals to maintain the RoW. youth sickness in the community, particularly chemicals to control plants on the RoW and stomach and bowel illnesses. These resulting effects on human health. illnesses are related to chemicals in store- bought foods. One NCS member was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis, one of only two Aboriginal people in Alberta. This is attributed to the NCS proximity to gas plants. Aboriginal NCS members rely predominantly on NCS ATK predicts that project construction Limit construction activities during late Traditional traditional foods for subsistence. activity will affect animal behaviour and, in summer and autumn months, when NCS Knowledge Animal, plant and fish populations used for turn, the ability of community members to community members are hunting to put food traditional purposes (e.g., food, medicine) hunt. stores together for winter. are declining and are less healthy. The project RoW crosses about 70 km of an NCS hunting area between KP 428 and KP 506.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal A multi-use area (Mak-sim-oss-see-pee) is Potential disturbance of multi-use area Avoid this area and associated burials. Traditional located about 5 km south of the RoW on located near KP 468. Establish a 75 m buffer between the RoW Knowledge Pinto Creek. and any cabins and burials. (cont’d) Rod Moberly’s cabin is approximately 200 m Potential disturbance of traditional site at Avoid this site. north of the RoW and has potential to be KP 474.5. Establish a 75 m buffer between the RoW affected by Route R, current in July 2009. and any cabin remains. Edward Stony’s cabin is approximately 2 km Potential disturbance of traditional site near Avoid this site. south of the RoW at the confluence of Stony KP 469. Establish a 75 m buffer between the RoW and Pinto Creeks. and any cabin remains. Traditional trails connect Grande Cache, These trails will be intersected by the RoW; Keep trails clear of construction debris so Nose Creek Settlement and the Pipestone NCS is concerned with how the Project will that NCS members can continue using the Creek trading post. affect trails. trails. Hinton Trail is intersected at KP 493; two other trails are located near Nose Creek at KP 494, KP 495.

NCS wants to protect sensitive location NCS ATK information must be presented in information for their traditional use sites. two different formats; spatial information included in the regulatory application must protect location information for NCS sites. Provide detailed information gathered in the study in a separate, confidential map for the community.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Assessment Disciplines (cont’d)

Cumulative Effects NCS is concerned about the cumulative Limit effects wherever possible and work in a effects of development on NCS traditional respectful manner. lands and traditional foods.

Project and Engineering Process Access NCS is concerned that an increase in Install gates at access roads to limit non- Management project-related access roads will result in local access. giving non-local hunters access to NCS traditional lands. The project RoW crosses about 70 km of an NCS hunting area between KP 428 and KP 506. Conservation and NCS is concerned about the plants to be Project should replant the species that were Reclamation used for reclamation. there before clearing. Construction NCS reports that road crews often remove Potential that crosses will be encountered Provide training to crews about how to roadside markers (crosses) that indicate during project construction. respect road-side crosses and associated where someone has died. NCS would like to sites. see these markers protected. Notify and consult the community if these crosses are encountered during road work. NCS have observed construction crews Project should have dry camps, provide working on development projects in the area training regarding respectful behaviour and sometimes behaving in a disrespectful and limit construction crews’ land access. reckless manner, speeding, having parties in the bush and leaving garbage behind.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-10 Nose Creek Settlement (NCS) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by NCS by NCS Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Transportation/Tra Increased traffic associated with the Project Provide training to crews to encourage ffic Conditions and may result in an increase in accidents compliance with speed limits and safer Services causing human or animal fatalities. driving habits. Bring fuel tanks to job-sites to reduce traffic. Encourage car-pooling amongst workers and contractors. Build camp near the Tansi Road. Employ a community member to monitor roads and enforce traffic regulations. Accidents and NCS is concerned about the possibility of an Develop an emergency response plan. Malfunctions accidental release or spills from equipment. Educate crews and contractors on cleaning spills. Use a safety monitor to ensure compliance with policies regarding spills. Use water for pressure testing pipeline.

Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and NCS is concerned that consultation in Northern Gateway should continue to consult Socio-economic conjunction with Aseniwuche Winewak NCS separately from AWN. Assessment Nation (AWN) is not effective.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation)

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines Soil Area has highly productive agricultural lands, suitable for a wide variety of garden crops, fruit orchards, and berry fruits, and supports many types of farming, such as dairy, poultry, hay, fruit. Soil stability at stream banks of watercourse Project may lead to soil instability at crossings may be affected. watercourse crossings, affecting fish habitat Further information related to soil stability will through erosion and sedimentation. be provided once information has been See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic received and analyzed. Habitat. Freshwater Fish Commonly harvested fish include: sockeye, Hunter Creek area is identified as a food Information provided by KFN is confidential and Aquatic pink, chum, chinook, Coho, Steelhead fishing river (trout, salmon). (Hunter Creek to the Project. Habitat salmon; cutthroat and Dolly Varden trout; watercourse crossing at KP 1099.) and lamprey eels. Also harvest ground fish, cod, shellfish, and crustaceans from outside KFN Traditional Territory. Main fish harvest takes place in the Skeena River. Also Kitimat River and its tributaries.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Important salmon and trout spawning areas Potential project effects on spawning areas, Construct aerial crossings at watercourse and Aquatic exist in the project area; there will be effects particularly Chist Creek (KP 1123) and crossings for Chist and Hunter creeks. Habitat (cont’d) on sensitive salmon habitat during the Hunter Creek (KP 1099). construction phase of the project. The construction of (both timing and type) of Project has potential to affect stream bank Limit effect on spawning grounds during watercourse crossings can have adverse stability and sedimentation, stream construction. effects on fish spawning. hydrology and groundwater recharge and discharge, all of which may affect spawning. The pipeline will experience pressure from stream bed movement, which may led to pipeline failure, also has the potential to affect spawning. The Kitimat River has unique runs of Project has the potential to affect sockeye and important chum runs that groundwater quality, which may affect grizzly and black bears require for sockeye and chum runs in the Kitimat River. hibernation survival. (Lower Kitimat ~KP 1118 to KP 1154; Upper Kitimat ~KP 1085 to KP 1125.) See also Wildlife. Fish studies for the Project are currently KFN to review fish and wildlife studies. incomplete and ongoing.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation Common berries harvested for food and KFN berry-picking harvest areas are found in Information provided by KFN is confidential medicine include: black hawthorn, blueberry, Hunter Creek area (KP 1099) and Upper to the Project. bunchberry, cloudberry, crabapple, bog Kitimat River (Hoult Creek water course cranberry, low bush cranberry, highbush crossing, KP 1087). cranberry, crowberry, black and red currant, elderberry, black gooseberry, hazelnut, huckleberry, lily of the valley, raspberry, soapberry, salal, saskatoon, strawberry, and thimbleberry. Harvested in Upper Kitimat River basin - usually in low-lying areas adjacent to wetlands. Other commonly harvested plants include: devil’s club, lichen, mushrooms, liquorice, pacific silverweed, rice root, springbank clover, wild onions, cinquefoil, common juniper, copperbush, cow parsnip, pine, puff balls, Indian hellebore, Labrador tea, lupine, skunk cabbage, sylvan goat’s beard, and wild rose. KFN’s historic construction materials include: red and yellow cedar, sitka spruce, hemlock, maple, birch, alder, fir, yew, poplar, and cottonwood trees.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife Commonly harvested furbearers include: There will be effects on furbearers, their Information provided by KFN is confidential beaver, marten, mink, squirrel, weasel, movement corridors and habitat during to the Project. wolverine, fisher, muskrat, otter, fox, coyote construction and blasting. and rabbits. Hoult Creek crossing (KP 1087) overlaps Furbearers are trapped in the Upper Kitimat with Upper Kitimat furbearer harvest area. River area from the Wedeene River to the Hunter Creek crossing (KP 1099) overlaps headwaters. with furbearer harvest area and, specifically, with beaver, otter, muskrat harvest areas. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. The proposed RoW will affect beaver habitat. Natural vegetation will be lost in clearing for Project clearing will remove food for wildlife. the RoW and access corridors. RoW clearing. These are important food stocks for wildlife. The project RoW crosses several wildlife Project construction and operations will alter corridors, and facilities are located in wildlife seasonal movement and corridors for all areas wildlife.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Commonly harvested large game includes: KFN ungulate and bear harvest areas are moose, deer (blacktail and mule), mountain overlapped by: goats, caribou, black and grizzly bear. • tunnel portals of RoW (KP 1080 to Ungulate harvest is associated with trapline KP 1080.8), Clore River harvest area holders and occurs around the Upper Kitimat • Hoult Creek crossing (KP 1087), Upper River and its tributaries. Kitimat River Mountain goat harvest is limited to particular • Onion Lake Delta (KP 1125 to areas and by trapline holders, and occurs in KP 1159) RoW, Upper Kitimat River the following areas: upper Chist Creek, • Clearwater pump station (KP 1125), Bolton Creek, South Kitimat, Hunter Creek Upper Kitimat River and Hoult Creek. • Hunter Creek crossing (KP 1099) The grizzly bear harvest was closed in the 1980s. Black bears are shared amongst the community and are taken from areas around the Upper Kitimat River and its tributaries. KFN plays an integral stewardship role in the RoW crosses Upper Kitimat River watershed protection of grizzly bears and their habitat between KP 1085 and KP 1125. within the Upper Kitimat River and its tributaries. There is critical wildlife habitat near the Clearing for access roads and the RoW may Project, including grizzly habitat, and moose lead to loss of critical habitat for grizzly bear, and goat winter range areas. moose and/or mountain goats.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) There are important grizzly bear feeding Project construction may have effects on Study these areas more closely; schedule areas in Upper Kitimat watershed that are important grizzly habitat; Upper Kitimat, construction to avoid these areas in spring. critical spring feeding areas. approximately KP 1085 to KP 1125 Grizzly bears are already under significant The Project will lead to increased public pressure due to declining salmon stocks and access into areas that have been isolated habitat loss. and inaccessible to vehicular traffic. This will increase hunting pressure on species in general, and grizzly bear in particular. The construction and location of proposed watercourse crossings will have effects on bear feeding and bedding areas. Birds commonly harvested include: ruffed, Hoult Creek (KP 1087) and Hunter Creek spruce and blue grouse, ptarmigan, Canada (KP 1099) crossings are in upland-migratory goose, and mallard ducks. bird harvest areas. Harvested within the Upper Kitimat River and its tributaries. Construction timing is a critical factor in Project construction effects on wildlife. Pay careful attention to life cycles of all mitigating effects on wildlife. wildlife species – breeding, birthing, pre- hibernation and nursery areas. Wildlife studies for the Project are currently KFN to review fish and wildlife studies. incomplete and ongoing.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological KFN peoples have lived on the land since The archaeological study for the Project is Review archaeological study with KFN. Resources time immemorial. Archaeological currently incomplete and requires review by investigations have carbon-dated occupation KFN. of the area to 5,000 years ago (Kitselas Canyon). Socio-economics KFN is presently governed by the Kitselas Band Council and Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) under the Indian Act. However, KFN has established a land code which allows the band to administer its own land and resources policies. The Band Council’s role includes the administration and management of natural resources within the boundaries of KFN Traditional Territories. Forestry remains the staple of the local economy, although recently operations have been scaled back. Aboriginal KFN Traditional Territory covers an area of A comprehensives traditional land-use study, Information provided by KFN is confidential Traditional approximately 656,000 hectares. Bounded and collaborative land-use planning is to the Project. Knowledge on the west by Fiddler Creek, on the east by required for the meaningful participation of Gitnadoix River, to the north by Nisga’a KFN. Traditional Territory, and to the south by Without ground-truthing, the study has yet to Haisla Traditional Territory. meet the full requirements of the traditional use study.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal KFN is comprised of eight reserves, four of Traditional which are unoccupied Knowledge (cont’d) The KFN people are organized into four hereditary clans: Killer Whale, Wolf, Eagle, and Raven. The clans and their leaders exercise an important role in community decision-making and festivities. Food, berries, fish, wildlife and fur products were often bartered and traded with other First Nations and non-native people in the Skeena River Valley in the past. This is still practiced by the Tsimshian and other First Nations groups today. Traditional harvest areas of KFN peoples Project will increase ease of access to KFN include areas outside KFN Traditional traditional areas and increase hunting Territory. Main harvest areas include: areas competition and pressure on wildlife, which of the lower Skeena and adjacent tidal will make it more difficult for KFN harvesters waters, as well as the Kitimat River valley to meet community food needs. and Upper Zymoetz River, mainly the upper See also Access Management, Vegetation, Clore River, a tributary of the Zymoetz. Wildlife and Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal KFN has four active traplines in the Upper Project will result in increased public access Traditional Kitimat watershed. The project RoW and and use of area, which will have an effect on Knowledge access routes for the pipeline will have furbearers, and therefore an effect on (cont’d) effects on furbearer habitat and movement. licensed KFN trappers. Four trapline areas range from KP 1083 to KP 1123. See also Access Management. Cabins are present at the following locales: Chist Creek is crossed by RoW at KP 1123; • Chist Creek (2) Bolton Creek is south of KP 1116; Hunter Creek is crossed at KP 1099; Upper Kitimat • Bolton Creek (1) River ranges from KP 1085 to KP 1125. • North Kitimat River to Hunter Creek (1) • Upper Kitimat River, Kitselas Band trapline (2) KFN is working to protect grizzly bears and Upper Kitimat River watershed (KP 1085 to their habitat. Traditionally grizzly bears hides KP 1125). were harvested for ceremonial purposes. Cumulative Effects A comprehensive land-use study needs to The Project has the potential, in combination be completed prior to any major with other port-related projects, to contribute development in KFN traditional lands. to cumulative effects.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN

Project and Engineering Process

Access Project crosses parts of KFN traditional Project will increase public access into areas Management territory that are currently isolated and that are currently isolated and inaccessible, inaccessible to hunters and other members therefore increasing hunting pressure on of the public. wildlife species. KFN members currently trap in project area; The increase in access to the area will lead Project will result in increased public access to increased human activity, which will have and use of area. effect on furbearer movement and will create more public pressure on KFN trapping activities. Construction and Project construction and the permanent Project construction and operations will alter Operations location of facilities, RoWs, and permanent seasonal movement and corridors for all access will affect wildlife movement. wildlife. Watercourse crossing construction is in Construction and operation of pipeline (e.g., important fish spawning areas. pipeline failure) may affect water quality and fish habitat. Construction timing is a critical factor in Project construction effects on wildlife. Timing of construction to avoid important mitigating effects on wildlife. wildlife areas and/or seasons. See also Wildlife. Further information related to soil stability and geo-technical aspects of Project will be provided once information has been received and analyzed.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and KFN has little or no input into development Elected and hereditary KFN leaders Successful land-use planning requires a Socio-economic within traditional territories. concerned that land-use planning be more collaborative approach, grounded in an Assessment respectful and sensitive to needs of KFN. honest appreciation of the perceptions and attitudes of the KFN people. KFN is concerned about the significant Current project review processes are increase in marine traffic, in particular, the inadequate with regard to assessing and transport of deleterious materials in the addressing mitigation requirements for Douglas Channel. Douglas Channel and its approaches. Marine traffic is increasing, and other port- Project review process will not deal related projects are being proposed. adequately with potential cumulative effects. Comprehensive traditional use study Lack of comprehensive traditional use study . urgently needed prior to any major prevents adequate assessment of potential development in KFN traditional use and effects on KFN use. harvest areas. A traditional use study would provide a systematic and comprehensive documentation of all traditional uses of the lands within the traditional tribal territories and traditional use areas required for the proposed RoW.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-11 Kitselas (Kitselas First Nation) (KFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by KFN by KFN Regulatory and ESA Process (cont’d) Environmental and KFN traditional use study for the Project Lack of comprehensive traditional use study Socio-economic includes only those areas where there may prevents adequate assessment of potential Assessment be an interaction with the Project, and do not effects on KFN use. (cont’d) reflect the entire extent of KFN use. The information provided in the Traditional Use Study: Upper Kitimat Watershed/Clore River (March 2007) should be considered confidential to the Project.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band)

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Airborne dust from clear cutting and Potential that Project will involve sour gas in Northern Gateway to inform community Environment - Air increased truck traffic related to the logging any way. Accidental release of sour gas about the possibility of sour gas Quality industry; the effect of sour gas on plant and could affect the health and well being of Decrease the dust level by constant and animal health near Moberly; as well as the community members and wildlife. continuous spraying with a water truck. effect of pulp and paper facilities on air Potential that project will create a lot of dust quality are all familiar to MLIB members. in the air Acoustic Elders noted that other developments within Potential project effects of construction and Provide details on any dynamite use that Environment their territory have driven off animals blasting-related noise on animals within may take place within MLIB lands. because of constant, loud noise coming from MLIB lands. construction equipment and vehicle traffic. Logging was cited as a primary contributor to noise pollution within MLIB lands. Caribou were noted as being particularly susceptible to noise disturbances. Elders have repeatedly witnessed the great extent and lengthy duration of animal displacements (50 years) due to blasting. See also Wildlife.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Acoustic Elders asked if there would be any noise or Provide details to MLIB on any noise or Environment vibrations associated with a buried pipeline, vibrations that might be associated with an (cont’d) and if these are known to have an effect on operational buried pipeline. Indicate if there animal behaviour. are any known effects on wildlife behaviour. Surface Water The quantity of water in MLIB lands has Elders noted during field visits and while been dropping in recent years. Some reviewing project maps that the pipeline is streams seen during helicopter overflights too close to a number of wetlands, lakes and that were very low or dried up entirely. A rivers. creek used as a water source by community members while camping at Merton Lake no longer has water running in it. Low water also affects river travel and necessitates more advanced planning to account for portages. This is particularly important on the Crooked River, which is intersected by the RoW at KP 718

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality Community members noted that local water Potential for more exploration drilling in MLIB Do not contaminate lakes, rivers or wetlands sources have remained relatively pristine on lands and the effect these subsurface over the course of the construction process. account of the lack of major cattle farming or disturbances could have on fresh water Do not use plant or insect control sprays, drilling operations in the McLeod Lake and sources. which contaminate water sources. Bear Lake areas. There are, however, cattle Elders noted during field visits and while Provide information to MLIB on the project farming and drilling operations in MLIB reviewing project maps that the pipeline runs policies regarding other project tie-ins which traditional territory, as it extends east to the too close to a number of wetlands, lakes and could lead to greater effects on fresh water Alberta boundary. rivers. quality and quantity through increased MLIB Elders did however indicate that the drilling operations. pulp and paper industry had contributed to MLIB members requested further details on reduced water quality. watercourse crossing methods to be used A spill in Pine Valley was mentioned with within their lands and how decisions will be regard to existing threats to water quality. made in the selection of crossing methods. See also Accidents and Malfunctions. See also Monitoring and Follow-up Programs.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality MLIB Traditional Knowledge Holders used Potential for Project to adversely affect Move the RoW 5 km away from Slender (cont’d) the soil found around the edges of wetlands wetlands. Wetlands identified by the Lake. for their gardens. Wetlands are a very community, either intersected by or in Move the line at least 500 m north away from valuable resource. There are edible and proximity to the RoW include: the Chuchinka Creek and related wetlands, medicinal plants there, (e.g., rhubarb and • Slender Lake, intersected by the RoW especially between KP 688 to KP 698. fiddleheads, stinging nettles, wild rice, wild between KP 718 and KP 615) onion, devil’s club, Labrador tea). • Area near Parsnip River, intersected by the RoW at KP 674.5 • Area at Chuchinka Creek, intersected by the RoW at KP 676 • Swamp River along the Chuchinka Creek is in close proximity to the RoW (approximately 200 m—area not ground truthed) between KP 688 and KP 712. Potential effects to the wetland between KP 688 to KP 698 and KP 710 to KP 712 were of particular concern. • Tacheeda Lakes, extends between 17 and 24 km north of the RoW, between KP 702 and KP 710. MLIB participants identified two important Potential for Project to adversely affect the watercourse crossings. water quality at watercourse crossings. Two of particular concern to the community are located near Bear Lake (KP 710.5, Angusmac) and at KP 671, the Parsnip River.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Fish species typically encountered in MLIB Potential for Project to adversely affect fish Perform three fish surveys on an annual and Aquatic territory include: Dolly Varden, rainbow trout, health and habitat, through construction- basis, in the spring, mid-summer and Habitat bull trout, arctic grayling, whitefish, coarse related contaminants, accidental autumn. Compare results to those gathered fish, suckers, char, and lingcod. releases/spills, habitat disturbances from before the Project was installed. Involve Fish caught in Merton Lake and other areas riverbank erosion, or the introduction of toxic MLIB members in the studies and provide have been encountered more frequently with chemicals from insect and plant control results of these surveys to MLIB. worm infestations, precluding their use as sprays. Do not use plant or insect control sprays, food. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. which contaminate water sources. Coarse fish were introduced to the area See also Surface Water and Water Quality. when people dumped their bait/minnows. They are an invasive species. The pulp mill in Prince George dumped untreated sewage into the river, which sickened fish therein. In-laws of an MLIB member became very sick from eating fish from the river and no longer go fishing as a result. Of note, this incident did not affect the communities of McLeod Lake and the Bear Lake, as they do not share this watershed.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation MLIB Elders have a wealth of knowledge Potential that project-related construction will See also Socio-economics and Monitoring regarding traditional plant use, and routinely eliminate good berry and medicinal plant- and Follow-up Programs. make forays into the bush for medicinal and gathering areas, or will pollute the land near nutritious food plants. them, thereby precluding their use by Elders noted that Prince George used to community members. Several harvesting have many good quality berry patches, but areas were discussed. they are almost all paved over now that the See Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge for a city has grown. Of note, the McLeod Lake list of harvesting areas. and Bear lake communities are not experiencing these same changes, and there are still many good quality berry patches near McLeod Lake and Bear Lake. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge and Human Health. Problems associated with clear cutting and the rapid growth of low brush thereafter reduces the ability of community members to collect berries.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation MLIB community members have seen the Effect that chemical sprays used to maintain Do not use chemical sprays throughout the (cont’d) effect that chemical sprays used to maintain clearances have on vegetation used for life of the Project. Allow trees to grow a little, clearances can have on vegetation medicine and food. and then girdle them to kill them off. throughout their lands. Animals eat these Proponent may not honour their word by plants and get sick from consuming the refraining from use of chemical sprays on the toxins. Elders have seen evidence of other RoW. pipeline companies spraying chemicals around large berry patches after agreements were put in place stipulating that sprays would not be used. Invasive species of plants will arise from tree Use plants native to the area for reclamation. clearances, soil disturbances and the Ensure that non-native plants foreign are replanting of clearances with non-native removed (without the use of chemicals) to plants. ensure they do not displace native species. The pine beetle has made collection of traditional medicines (e.g., sap and cambium) from pine trees impossible due to wide spread destruction of large tree stands. Elders have also noted that pine trees are far less healthy now due to the impact of the pine beetle. This has made travel through the bush less safe, as tree wood is becoming punky, leading to tree falls in high winds and a greater risk of wildfires.

May 2010 Page C-235

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife Moose were once much more abundant in Potential for Project to affect animal health if Do not use chemical controls. MLIB lands. This decrease could be due to chemical sprays are used to maintain Perform two wildlife surveys annually, in the fatalities of moose along the highway, clearances. spring and autumn. Compare results to accidents along the railroad line, or an Potential that project-related construction will baseline studies. Involve MILB members in increase in predators (wolves specifically). It eliminate wildlife areas, or will pollute the the studies and provide results of these could also be due to an increased incidence land near them, thereby precluding their use surveys to MLIB. of sickness, including tumours and by community members. Wildlife habitat See also: Monitoring and Follow-up discoloured flesh. identified by the community in proximity of Programs MLIB Elders attribute this increase in moose the Project includes an area that begins sickness to the use of chemical sprays, and about 500 m from the RoW and extends proximity of a sour gas plant to hunting north 9.5 km, between KP 641 and KP 659. grounds. See also Acoustic Environment. Moose generally congregate in swampy areas where preferred food sources (red willow) are available. The Parsnip River east of Anzac where the river slows is good moose habitat, as is the land approximately 35 km north of the RoW between KP 700 and KP 702.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) A gas pipeline, built in the 1950s, runs north- south beside the communities of Bear Lake (about 2 km south of KP 715) and McLeod Lake. It has had a substantial impact on plant and animal abundance and health. Deer have just started returning in the last 10 years to the Bear Lake area. Effect on animal abundance and health may also be attributed to the large amount of snowfall experienced in the area in recent years. Caribou used to be much more numerous before the Hart Highway was built in the early 1950s. Some can still be found up in the Pine Pass area, but seldom anywhere else.

May 2010 Page C-237

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Elders indicated that there are a number of Potential for Project to disturb sensitive MLIB has recommended that band members sensitive areas in their lands that are areas. Members voiced concerns over the be allowed to walk the route with surveyors important natural features for moose. If these location of sensitive areas being made public in order to ensure that sensitive areas are features are disturbed, the moose will no for fear of their being disturbed or used by flagged for avoidance. longer congregate in those areas. poachers. Sensitive areas identified by the community in proximity of the RoW include: • One area intersected by the RoW at KP 719 • One area intersected by the RoW between KP 670 and KP 673, extending 1.5 km north and 750 m south of the RoW • One area intersected by the RoW between KP 679 and KP 683, extending 2 km north and 1.5 km south of RoW • One area that extends 1.5 km south from the RoW, between KP 716 and KP 718, • One area located 1.5 km north of KP 715 MLIB Elders have noted that moose will Buried pipeline will change the natural Use thermal blankets above the buried gather along RoW clearances in the winter. patterns of moose behaviour in the winter by pipeline to prevent or limit snow loss from Heat from the pipeline melts the snow creating a long snow-free zone. pipeline heat transfer. aboveground and the moose go to these snow-free patches to get away from timber wolves. Wolves successfully hunt moose in March-April in snowy areas where moose are less mobile.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Beaver populations have become very high Potential effects of Project on beaver habitat Avoid effects on beaver habitat in general. in MLIB lands now that the pelt has been and health. Community trappers still rely on beavers for devalued. Because nobody traps for beaver food. Do not displace beavers from their anymore, their numbers have grown homes, which take considerable effort to considerably. Personnel from other projects create. have asked MLIB members how to get rid of beaver. MLIB’s reply is that the beaver were there first and therefore should not be removed. Elders have noted a particular decrease in Potential effects of Project on bears and Avoid/reroute around bear dens. the number of grouse, ducks, moose, bears, bear dens. rabbits and other small furbearers. Bear and moose population declines were attributed to the effects of poaching within MLIB lands. During field visits a poached bear was found cached for later pick-up in a ditch at the Merton Lake recreational area. The remains were reported to the poaching hotline upon returning to town.

May 2010 Page C-239

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological Many burials took place on old traplines, so Potential for Project to disturb and/or not Burials should never be disturbed, no matter Resources any traplines that were once used in the area report archaeological remains. where they are encountered. Re-route should be considered suspect for human There is one burial in close proximity to the around burials. remains and treated accordingly. RoW at KP 696.5 (exact distance from RoW At least one burial is located at a trapping not groundtruthed). cabin at Colborne Creek, and three more are Another archaeological site is located some located at Kerry Lake, which are marked by 1.5 km north of the RoW at KP 716. a memorial. Colborne Creek is 140 km north of RoW at approximately KP 715; Kerry Lake burials are about 75 km north of RoW at KP 720. Elders also noted that the area on the north end of McLeod Lake is where the community used to be located prior to being forcibly relocated further up the hill. Thus, this area has a high potential for archaeological remains. An excavation was being conducted on the site of the old Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) trading post down in the old community area while field visits were made.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological Another area identified by community Resources members for archaeological sites was the (cont’d) Parsnip River near Williston lake (which has been flooded). A comment was made that archaeological sites could potentially be located anywhere there is flat, low-lying ground in the mountains. Community members noted seeing old fire rings and coffee cans from early campsites throughout the mountains. Projectile points and flakes have also been located sporadically throughout the area. One such site was noted approximately 1.5 km north of the RoW at KP 716. Elders have seen culturally modified trees Potential for Project to remove or damage MLIB Elders want all CMTs to be avoided by (CMTs) cut down by industrial developments CMTs located at: the Project. CMTs should not be removed or within their territory. These modified trees • One is intersected by the RoW at altered in any way. are signifiers that First Nations once made KP 717, use of the area, and are an important part of • One is 750 m north of KP 716 traditional use, culture and history. • One is 3 km north of KP 718, and

May 2010 Page C-241

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Human Health Bear Lake has already had a number of Elders living in Bear Lake are worried that Move the RoW further north, away from the industrial developments nearby (lumber mill, the Project will add to or exacerbate their community of Bear Lake. pipelines, hydroelectric power line). Elders existing health problems; RoW is close to the noted that many community members now community (about 2 km south of KP 715). have cancer and suffer from breathing See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. problems. Elders have noted an increase in the number of sick animals within their lands, and are concerned about the potential transfer of toxic substances to humans from consuming animals caught near developed areas. Socio-economics Community members used to sell furs. Elders are concerned that the Project will not MLIB Elders would like to see band Trapping is no longer economically viable provide gainful, long-term employment to members employed over the course of the due to the poor condition of fur bearing MLIB community members. Project. Elders would like to see promises of animals as of late, though some community employment fulfilled by developers. members still sell furs to a buyer in Emphasis was placed on hiring young adults Edmonton. Traplines were taken away from from the community, and on the creation of MLIB members when treaty was signed, long-term job opportunities as opposed to forcing them to only trap in more distant small contract jobs. lands set aside for Treaty 8 members. The MLIB members would be interested in distances necessary to travel to Treaty 8 receiving training to act as emergency lands now preclude many of the older MLIB response personnel for the Project, to react Elders from trapping. to spill situations should they arise.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics Community members voiced frustration over (contd’) unfulfilled promises of employment from various industries that operate within their lands. The Williston Lake dam construction project (1950s) was referenced in this regard. Aboriginal The lumber industry, which was the principal Many community members consider The community is home to many people with Traditional source of employment for MLIB members, themselves ‘displaced lumbermen’, and a wide array of skills that could be used for Knowledge has been in decline for several years, would be very interested in learning more the Project. One skill set detailed by Elders resulting in far less jobs for community about employment opportunities associated was the ability to maintain vegetation on the members. with the Project. The chance to update skills clearance using non-chemical vegetation through project-related training opportunities deterrents, including proper tree girdling was viewed favourably by all. techniques. Elders raised questions about the ultimate Elders requested that felled merchantable disposition of trees or profits from the sale of lumber or the profits of their sale be shared trees removed by project clearing. with MLIB.

May 2010 Page C-243

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal A number of cabins exist within MLIB lands, Potential disturbance or destruction of cabins Do not remove or damage cabins or Traditional some of which are still in use. Historic cabins and/or cabin sites. associated structures during construction. Knowledge frequently had raised caches associated with Cabins closest to the Project exist at Davie (cont’d) them. Lake, 7 km north of the RoW at KP 720 and Cabins are also located (more than 60 km at Merton Lake 4 km north of KP 737.5 and from the RoW) at: 7 km north of KP 735. The Davie cabin site • Kerry Lake (approximately 75 km north also has a cache associated with it. of RoW at KP 720) MLIB camping also occurs in the vicinity of • Parsnip River (on east side across the RoW. The closest area is Davie Lake from Isadore Creek, about 95 km north between the lake and the Heart Hwy., of RoW between KP 700 to KP 705; approximately 2 km north of RoW at KP 718. area previously flooded by dam) Another is at Merton Lake, 7.5 km north of the RoW at KP 735 and at Babcock • Colbourne Creek (about 140 km north Mountain, 15 km north of the RoW, at of RoW at KP 715) KP 583. • near the mine on Mount Milligan

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)***

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Many changes in traditional practices Potential for Project to alter the nature of Traditional occurred after the construction of the Hart MLIB land use in general. Knowledge Highway in the early 1950s. Travel in Three ‘water trails’ were discussed during (cont’d) particular changed from primarily boat-based interviews: along rivers and lakes, to wagon team and Summit-McLeod water ‘super-highway’ – cars along the highway. This change in crosses RoW at KP 718. mobility also impacted the nature of MLIB land use in general. As familiar routes were Davie Lake to Parsnip River begins 2 km abandoned or travelled less frequently, north of RoW, is intersected by it at KP 703 activities associated with those routes were and then runs parallel to RoW from KP 673 no longer practiced. to KP 703. Elders indicated that there were many ‘water Davie Lake to McLeod trail begins 2 km trails’ that were used frequently when they north of RoW at KP 720. were children, but the specific courses travelled are no longer known. An overland grease trail once existed between Davie Lake and Fort St. James, which was travelled in the winter by dog team and sleigh. The trail is now an abandoned logging road; rumour has it that it may be re-opened as a historic trail system.

May 2010 Page C-245

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Trails which once existed in MLIB lands are Traditional becoming less recognizable due to Knowledge increased levels of development. Clear cuts (cont’d) in particular have obscured the location of many trails, with one trail system in the Parsnip River area having been completely lost due to tree clearing. See also Cumulative Effects. Seven fresh water sources were identified by Potential that project-related construction will participants as being in proximity to the eliminate or pollute fresh water sources, or Project. will pollute the land near them, thereby precluding their use by community members. Sources of fresh water that will be crossed by the the RoW and noted during the study include the following sites: • Intersected by the RoW between KP 587 and KP 589, • Intersected by the RoW between KP 593.5 and KP 595.5 • Intersected by the RoW between KP 608.5 and KP 612.5 • Intersected by the RoW between KP 645 and KP 656.5 • Intersected by the RoW at KP 680.5

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Intersected by the RoW at KP 738 Traditional • Intersected by the RoW at KP 745 Knowledge An additional site noted but not identified in (cont’d) the field is located approximately 10 km south of Bear Lake with in view of the Hart Highway. MLIB community members hunt and trap Project may adversely influence the health Limit effects on animal health and habitat. throughout their territory and beyond, and abundance of game animals pursued by See also Wildlife. including, but not limited to: Colbourne community members as a source of food. Creek, Reynolds Creek, Davie Lake, Merton Sixteen hunting and trapping areas were Lake, Kerry Lake, Benoit Lake, Martin Flats, identified along a 100 km stretch of the RoW Parsnip River (especially east of Anzac from KP 645 to KP 740 as: where the river slows, moose hunting), along • Greater Bear Lake hunting area the 200 and 300 logging roads, Slender intersects RoW between KP 712 and Lake, Chuchinka Creek, Angusmac Creek KP 729. Total area extends from 10.5 area, Crooked River, Dominion Lake, km north to 13.5 km south of RoW, Wichita Creek, Carp Lake, Bear Lake, Hart between KP 708 and KP 720. Lake, Arctic Lake and the Misinchinka River. • Along the shores of Parsnip River, this Species trapped include: beaver, martin, area is intersected by the RoW at squirrel, mink, otter, lynx, wolf, coyote, KP 671. Total area extends 11 km martin, wolverine and muskrat. Hunted south of KP 660 to 16 km north of animals include: mountain marmot, moose, KP 684. elk, deer, blue grouse, goose, ptarmigan and rabbit.

May 2010 Page C-247

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Chuchinka Creek north area is Traditional intersected by the RoW at KP 703. Knowledge Total area extends 2 km south of (cont’d) KP 702 to 2.5 km north of KP 712 • Angusmac Creek area is intersected by the RoW at KP 710.5. The total area extends 4 km south of KP 707 to 6.5 km north of KP 717 • Angusmac Creek area is intersected by the RoW, between KP 713 and KP 717, extending 5 km north and 2 km south of the RoW. • Muskeg River area is intersected by the RoW between KP 747.5 and KP 748.5 • East of the Parsnip River, extending from the RoW 10 km south, between KP 647 and KP 667 • Chuchinka South area runs parallel to the RoW between KP 695 to KP 706 • Merton Lake area extends 14 km north from the RoW, between KP 724 and KP 745

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Davie Lake area extends 2 km north Traditional from the RoW, between KP 718 and Knowledge KP 720 (cont’d) • Bear Lake area 500 m south of KP 716 Area where Angusmac and Chuchinka creeks meet, located between 1 and 3 km north of the RoW, between KP 707 and KP 709 • 200 - 300 Logging Road extends between 1 and 7.5 km north of the RoW, between KP 721 and KP 735 • Wicheeda Lake area extends between 2 and 4 km south of the RoW, between KP 674 and KP 676 • Dominion Lake area is 7 km south of the RoW, between KP 715 and KP 718 • Tacheeda Lakes area extends between 17 and 24 km north of the RoW, between KP 702 and KP 710.

May 2010 Page C-249

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Moose is an important game animal. Traditional Numbers have been decreasing and more Knowledge sicknesses (e.g., tumours and discoloured (cont’d) meat) are being seen in moose in recent years. Community members do not eat these animals. Elders indicated that even their dogs would not eat the meat from sick moose. Community members have encountered See also Access Management. more non-native hunters in their territory, noting that many are Americans coming up to catch big game. This is a concern for MLIB members due to declining animal populations (related to increased human activity and over-hunting). Increased recreational ski-doo traffic in trapping territories is also adversely influenced the ability of community members to successfully trap furs; small furbearers are being driven off by this activity. See also Socio-economics.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal MLIB members gather a wide range of plants Potential that project-related construction will Traditional for use as medicines and food. Berries eliminate good berry and medicinal plant- Knowledge collected include: blueberries, soapberries, gathering areas, or will pollute the land near (cont’d) huckleberries, cranberries (low and high- them, thereby precluding their use by bush) saskatoon berries, raspberries, community members. Several harvesting chokecherries, currents and gooseberries. areas were discussed: Other plants collected include: wild onion, • On the banks of Chuchinka Creek violet, muskeg, Labrador tea, red willow, (medicines and foods), intersected by devil’s club, wild rice, dandelion, pine the RoW between KP 675 to KP 67. mushroom, juniper and fireweed. • Wetland area good for food and Wetlands (swamps and muskeg), lakes and medicines near.Slender Lake, mountainous terrain were noted as prime intersected by the RoW at KP 738 locations for a variety of plants used by • Near Swamp River, along Chuchinka community members as food and medicine. Creek (food and medicine), 1 km north Chuchinka Creek, Slender Lake, Swamp of RoW between KP 710 and KP 712. Creek and Techeeda Lakes (about 32 km north of RoW between KP 698 to KP 702) • Near Bear Lake (medicines and were included in this discussion. berries), area intersected by the RoW Specific areas used by MLIB member for between KP 713 and KP 732. Total plant gathering include: Parsnip River, Bear area extends 2 km south to 3 km north Lake, Davie Lake, Pine Pass. Summit Lake, of the RoW Martin Flats, Dominion Lake and Merton • Near Davie Lake (medicines), extends Lake. 1 km north of KP 719.

May 2010 Page C-251

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • Near Parsnip River (medicines), Traditional extends 2 km north from the RoW at Knowledge KP 671. (cont’d) • Near Merton Lake, 7.5 km north of RoW at KP 735. • In the wetlands west of Bear Lake, extending 1.5 km south from the RoW, between KP 716 and KP 718 • Along the banks of Caine Creek, approximately 1 km south of the RoW, between KP 720 and KP 721 • Along the banks of the Muskeg River, the area is intersected by the RoW between KP 747.5 and KP 748.5 • 200 - 300 Logging Road, extends between 1 and 7.5 km north of the RoW, between KP 721 and KP 735 • Near Dominion Lake, 7 km south of the RoW, between KP 715 and KP 718 • On the banks of the Angusmac River, extending 7 km north from the RoW, between KP 710 and KP 716 See also Vegetation.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal The community of Bear Lake has undergone Elders expressed concerns over the Move the pipeline further north, away from Traditional a great deal of development over the last 50 proximity of the proposed pipeline to the the community of Bear Lake. Knowledge years, which has adversely affected the community of Bear Lake. Good berry See also Access Management. (cont’d) quality and quantity of berries in the vicinity. bushes, whose quality and quantity had Community members have stated that they been affected by local development, are just cannot gather plants in areas where beginning to recover. development has taken place for fear that the vegetation is contaminated. Thus, even in places where plants have not been removed, the proximity of industrial developments can preclude their use by community members. Many MLIB members fish for pleasure and Project could contribute to existing levels of See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic subsistence. One MLIB youth noted he did habitat fragmentation, which has an effect on Habitat. not worry about catching anything; it is more fish habitat. about the experience on the land. Project could introduce pollutants to fish MLIB community members fish at the stocks relied upon for subsistence, numerous lakes and streams found all potentially leading to human health throughout their territory, including but not problems. limited to: Merton Lake, Parsnip River, Trent Several traditional fishing areas are located bridge (just outside the community of within 60 km of the RoW: McLeod Lake), McLeod Lake, Anzac (west • Wicheeda Lake, extends between 2 along the Parsnip River), Tacheeda Lakes, and 4 km south of the RoW, betwen Arctic lake, Summit Lake, Crooked River, KP 674 and KP 676 Dominion Lake, Davie Lake, Bear Lake, Hart Lake, Kerry Lake and Misinchinka River. • Tacheeda Lakes, extends between 17 and 24 km north of the RoW, between KP 702 and KP 710

May 2010 Page C-253

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal • The area where Chuchinka River and Traditional Angusmac Creek meet, extends Knowledge between 2 and 4.5 km north of the (cont’d) RoW, between KP 707 and KP 710 • Davie Lake, fishing area extends 7.5 km north from the RoW, between KP 717 and KP 722 • Merton Lake, which is about 10 km north of RoW, between KP 740 and KP 745 • Hart Lake, located approximately 12 km south of the RoW at KP 710.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Cumulative Effects Merton Lake was polluted by the saw mill Given the impacts witnessed on plant and Do not install a pipeline within MLIB lands. that used to operate there. Mill operators animal health and abundances, as well as would dump sawdust into the lake, polluting the corollary impact on human health and it for many years after it was closed. traditional practices which have arisen from The construction of the Hart Highway in the previous projects, several Elders indicated early 1950 is described as a landmark event that they are opposed to the installation of in recent MLIB history, which led to many another pipeline. Some species in the area changes, not the least of which was the of Bear Lake are only now coming back, 50 drastic reduction in caribou numbers in the years after they were displaced by another subsequent decades. pipeline. Concerns were voiced that Another landmark event was the installing another pipeline at a time when the construction of the dam on Williston Lake. ecosystem was just starting to recover would Community members were not consulted result in permanent damage. and many lost family cabins and their Elders are concerned that they and their traplines were either wholly or partly children will have nothing to look back to if submerged. The creation of the Williston their lands continue to be developed. As Lake dam is regarded as a destructive and industry continues to develop the natural disrespectful event by all MLIB participants. environment and remove cabins and CMTs There was a gas pipeline, built in the 1950s, that signify First Nations use, Elders believe that runs north-south beside the that there will be nothing left to mark their communities of Bear Lake and McLeod past, or allow their use of the land in the Lake. It has had a substantial effect on plant present. and animal abundance and health. Deer have just started returning in the last 10 years to the Bear Lake area.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Cumulative Effects Blasting with dynamite in the area of (cont’d) Chetwynd, BC, for the installation of a railroad drove all wildlife out of the area. Elders noted that to this day many species have not returned. Hunting in MLIB lands has been made more difficult by clear-cutting by the numerous logging companies that operate in the area. After the clearance is made, a thick brush quickly grows to replace the felled trees. Willows attract moose, but the nature of this vegetation makes moving or shooting through the new growth difficult and dangerous. This problem is most pronounced near the community of Bear Lake. The pine beetle situation throughout BC has impacted the ability of MLIB members to gather medicines from pine trees.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Project and Engineering Process Access Elders have noted that increased access to Potential for the project to open new roads, The government should create stronger Management the bush for recreational users has created increasing existing access problems being legislation regarding recreational access to more noise in otherwise undisturbed areas. experienced by MLIB community members. industry clearances. Stiffer fines and better Elevated noise levels have the effect of enforcement are suggested as a means of driving off animals relied on for subsistence controlling unlawful access. hunting. Elders requested that MLIB member access Elders have also indicated that more public to hunting, fishing and plant-gathering areas access to traditional hunting and trapping is not restricted, and that unused project grounds has led to an increase in the roads be left open for MLIB use. number of people hunting and removing game from the bush. The increased presence of non-native hunters has also raised concerns regarding the safety of hunting in areas traditionally relied upon for good hunting. Elders noted that roads used for years to travel to hunting and berry-picking areas deeper in the bush are being decommissioned, depriving them of access to good, clean food sources. Conservation and Recommendations were made to return all Reclamation lands to the condition they were in prior to development.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction, Concerns were voiced as to whether Do not dump garbage or sewage in the Design and garbage and sewage would be properly bush. Truck it all out and dispose of it Operations disposed of at camp locations. properly.

Project will have adverse effects associated Chemical sprays (herbicides and pesticides) with chemical sprays. should not be used in MLIB lands. See also Water Quality, Freshwater Fish and Elders requested that hand-cutting methods Aquatic Habitat, Wildlife and Vegetation. be used to keep the RoW clear of vegetation. MLIB members noted that above ground Elders were concerned that the pipeline MLIB Elders would like the pipeline to remain pipelines were eyesores and detracted from might not be buried and therefore would buried as much as is safely possible. the natural beauty they are commonly reduce the aesthetic quality of proximal situated in. landscapes. Accidents and MLIB Elders related the story of a recent oil Accidental release could occur; this would Use emergency shut-off valves along the Malfunctions spill from a pipeline in Pine Valley that adversely affect the flora and fauna in the line, especially in the vicinity of MLIB hunting caused a great deal of damage to the surrounding area, and thereby reduce the and plant-gathering areas. environment in that area. ability for MLIB community members to Provide MLIB with details on the depth of make traditional use of the land. burial for the pipeline. A community member requested further details on how deep the pipeline would be buried for the sake of determining the potential effect of a subsurface accidental release.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Accidents and Potential for underwater pipeline ruptures. Provide details to MLIB on underwater pipe- Malfunctions Will submerged pipe be wrapped to further laying methods. Use extra precautions (such (cont’d) offset the effects of an accidental release in as wrapping the pipe) to prevent spills. the water? Concerns were raised with relation to the MLIB members asked that wildlife monitoring recent pipeline bombings in BC. cameras be hidden near aboveground facilities and at access road entrances to ensure safety of the pipeline from bombers. Elders have noted instances where MLIB members were concerned about the Provide MLIB with spill prevention plans for construction or operations crew had been possible effect of a spill at aboveground aboveground pump stations. Indicate if pump drunk or stoned on the job in work areas in pump stations. stations will be protected by berms and MLIB lands, raising concerns about industrial Possible effect that wildfires could have on subsurface linings. safety protocols. buried pipelines; what measures are in place Provide MLIB with details pertaining to Elders have noted instances where to deal with any problems arising from pipeline safety as related to wildfires and any construction or operations crews had been wildfires? measures in place to mitigate the dangers drunk or stoned on the job in work areas in that could arise from a wildfire. MLIB lands, raising concerns about industrial Helipads should be established for use in safety protocols. emergency situations, especially in It was noted that industrial safety protocols mountainous areas. have changed and now include regular drug testing, which has strengthened safety among crew workers. See also Socio-economics and Human Health.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Decommissioning MLIB is currently considering the placement MLIB Elders voiced concern over the clean- Ensure that the stockpile site near the of a project stockpile on reservation lands up efforts to be undertaken at the stockpile if community of Bear Lake is thoroughly near Bear Lake that had been set aside for its location is approved, given that the area cleaned up after it is decommissioned. housing. The placement of this stockpile is a will be used for housing after the Project has Upon decommissioning of the pipeline, contentious issue for the community as it is finished with it. Elders requested that all facilities (but not viewed as a positive development by all Elders expressed concerns about project specifically pump stations and stockpiles) be members of the band. A stockpile from a facilities being left behind after the pipeline is removed and the land be cleaned up previous project in MLIB lands near no longer in service. properly. McGregor polluted a lake when waste from MLIB community members asked how long Elders recommended a soil chemistry the stockpile was dumped into it. the pipeline would be in service, and what analysis at camp, staging and stockpile would happen with the line itself once it is no areas during and after use to assess longer in use. contamination levels. Elders requested that the details of these analyses be provided to MLIB. Provide MLIB with information about how long the pipeline will be in service and what will happen with the pipe once it is no longer in use.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and Many Elders expressed a lack of faith in the Elders are worried that their concerns will not Socio-economic assessment process, indicating that their be addressed in a meaningful manner Assessment concerns have not been addressed in the through the project assessment process. past. Elders felt that the developments get authorized regardless of their wishes and that where money is involved, nothing else matters. Elders were displeased with the honoraria Elders have recommended that honoraria amounts provided in exchange for their should be upwards of $400 - $500 per participation in the study. participant per day. Monitoring and MLIB Elders know that several mineral licks MLIB are concerned that mineral licks and MLIB has recommended that band members Follow-up exist throughout their lands and do not want CMTs will not be avoided by project be allowed to monitor the route with Programs to see them disturbed by developments. construction personnel. surveyors in order to ensure that mineral Elders have repeatedly witnessed the Elders are concerned that proper licks and CMTs are flagged for avoidance. removal or destruction of CMTs in areas of watercourse crossing methods will not be MLIB Elders have requested that wildlife industrial development. adhered to during the pipeline construction monitoring continue for at least 10 years See also Water Quality, Wildlife Vegetation process. after construction has been completed in and Archaeological Resources. Elders are concerned that remote monitoring order to properly assess any effect the for security and pipeline integrity will be Project may have had on ecosystem health insufficient. near the RoW. Monitors have also been requested at all major water crossing construction efforts to ensure that proper procedures are adhered to. The Parsnip River and Crooked River were both named as rivers of interest in this regard.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-12 McLeod Lake (McLeod Lake Indian Band) (MLIB) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by MLIB by MLIB Regulatory and ESA Process (cont’d) Monitoring and Monitors have also been requested at all Follow-up major water crossing construction efforts to Programs (cont’d) ensure that proper procedures are adhered to. The Parsnip River and Crooked River were both named as rivers of interest in this regard. MLIB requested that the pipeline be monitored by MLIB members 15 to 20 times per year to ensure safety and security of the RoW within their territory. This could extend to monitoring beaver activity to ensure that flooding or water re-routes do not affect the integrity of the pipe. Have MLIB members monitor the clearance for vegetation regrowth, ensuring plants native to the area are growing there and that plants foreign to the area are removed without the use of herbicides.

NOTE: MLIB has in-depth knowledge and use in MLIB Traditional Territory (see Figures 7-2 and 7-2a from MLIB’s community report); traditional use sites and/or potential ecological areas of concern within approximately 60 km of the Project RoW are as illustrated in Figures 7-2 and 7-2a from MLIB’s report.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.13 Paul (Paul First Nation)

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric The climate has changed; conditions are Environment - much drier than in the past. Spring Climate temperatures were warmer in the 1960s than they are today. Currently, winters are warmer while summers are cooler than in the past. The frequency of storms has increased. These changes in climate are attributed to industry activities and are seen as a warning sign. Noise Noise of compressor stations scares away PFN recommends pressure releases be animals. done during the day rather than at night. Conduct a study to monitor the effects of compressor station noise on animals. PFN recommends the involvement of the Nation in this study. Water Quality PFN Elders used to be able to drink water Potential project effects on waterways, Provide data and information from from any of the rivers and creeks in PFN including possible contamination. environmental studies on watercourse Traditional Territory, as well as melted crossings to PFN. snow, and the lakes were not polluted. This is no longer possible because of the decline in water quality, attributed to industrial activities, especially oil drilling.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality PFN reported that wallows and springs PFN recommends that Traditional (cont’d) need protection. Knowledge Holders walk the RoW to identify wallows and springs prior to construction. PFN recommends that these sites be avoided if identified. PFN recommends that temporary bridges be built for crew access over creeks, rivers and muskegs during construction and operations.

The community considers Wabamun Lake Potential for other water bodies to be to be contaminated from the 2005 CNR oil similarly affected by the Project. spill. Wabamun Lake was once so clear you could see your reflection in the water, hence the Cree name wa-ba-mun or ‘looking glass.’ Wabamun Lake was once full of roots, fish and waterfowl. However, since the power plants were built, the populations of jackfish and pickerel have declined, if not altogether disappeared. The lake no longer freezes in the winter and ducks no longer migrate south.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish There has been a decrease in the Do not use herbicides or pesticides on and Aquatic abundance of fish, notably jackfish and RoW. Habitat pickerel in Wabamun Lake (since power plants built there). Particulates, contaminants and mercury are polluting the water in this lake, and therefore the fish. Community members fish less frequently than previously, due to concerns about fish health and water quality. Past fishing areas include Lac St. Anne, Buck Lake and Wabamun Lake. PFN members still fish for northern pike and freshwater whitefish in the Pembina and McLeod Rivers. Vegetation Traditional medicinal plants include: berries, PFN Elders emphasized the importance of PFN recommends that Elders identify willow, spruce and birch. Medicinal plant traditional medicines and the environments important muskegs on the project RoW prior harvesting sites were identified near Carrot that sustain these medicines, such as to construction. Creek (approximately 60 to 62 km muskegs. Have Elders identify any medicines on the southwest of KP 179)and Wabamun Lake Potential for Project to disturb traditional RoW prior to construction. Following (approximately 35 to 49 km south of the medicines and muskeg. identification of medicines, Elders should be RoW, between KP 94 and KP 99). The involved in planning how to protect the Carrot Creek site has been previously medicines during project construction and contaminated by an oil spill. operations. PFN Elders have physical evidence of the PFN requests compensation if medicinal negative effects past pipelines have had on plants are affected by the Project. wetlands, as well as plant harvesting areas (medicine and berries).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) Traditional food plants used to include: potatoes, ‘Indian rice’, dried berries and wild carrots. Berries harvested include blueberries, saskatoon berries, raspberries and strawberries. Many traditional plants and roots are no longer found because of agricultural fields and domestic crops, and because respectful harvesting protocols are not being used. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. PFN expressed concerns about the Potential contamination of berries near the Do not use herbicides or pesticides on condition of traditional foods, noting that a RoW. RoW. recent study found methyl-mercury from Monitor the presence of contaminants on emissions on saskatoon berries. berries that grow near the RoW.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife PFN Elders report that there are fewer PFN is concerned about the project effects PFN recommends that Elders identify moose and elk than there were in the past. on muskeg environments. Wildlife is important muskegs on the project RoW prior dependent on muskegs. to construction. PFN recommends that Northern Gateway undertake a comparative wildlife population study, using current (pre-project disturbance) population numbers for moose, deer and bear and population numbers for the same species in five and ten years time to determine project effects on wildlife in PFN Traditional Territory

There has been a decline in ungulate health including moose, elk and deer. This includes contaminated livers and chronic wasting disease in moose. A moose taken in the Swan Hills/Whitecourt area was “green inside.” Sick moose were also found west of the Brazeau Dam, as well as in the Pembina River area. Moose from these areas were also “very skinny.” Moose with pus in their livers have been observed in the past five to seven years. Some moose have hard livers with white spots/cysts, worms and lumps. The taste of the meat of some moose has changed, it is described as tasteless. Some sick moose smelled bad when butchered. The increase in unhealthy moose has occurred within the last twenty years.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d)

Wildlife (cont’d) This sickness is partly attributed to the contamination of mineral licks from pollutants, an increase in pesticide use and poor water quality. PFN Elders are concerned with the effects chemicals have on health, as well as on the environment, plants, wildlife and humans RoWs for highways and pipelines require PFN has concerns about the effects of the PFN recommends minimal impact to and that trees be cleared, thereby destroying Project on wildlife. effects on wildlife habitat including trees, animal habitat. springs, wallows and muskegs. Grizzly bears and burrowing owls are Do not use herbicides or pesticides on sensitive to development and they could be RoW. forced to relocate because of the Project, or be otherwise affected by the Project. Hunted animals were once respected, and used for food. Now animal carcasses are wasted for trophies. Furbearers in PFN Traditional Territory include: muskrat, rabbit, beaver, porcupine, squirrel, short tail weasel, mink, grizzly bear, coyote and wolves. They have decreased overall; this is linked to pollution and other industrial effects on the land.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Birds have decreased as well, including large birds such as eagles and swans. The number of partridges has also declined. Waterfowl were once abundant on Wabamun Lake, but since the opening of two power plants near the lake ducks no longer migrate south. A lake north of PFN cabin site on Important beaver and muskrat habitat may Avoid the lake north of Chickadee Creek Chickadee Creek is an important area for be affected by the Project. cabin. Cabin site is between KP 214 and beaver and muskrat. KP 215. Archaeological Several gravesites were identified during Potential for Project to disturb burials. PFN recommends that the Blue Ridge site Resources the ATK study: be fenced with a 2,023 m2 (half an acre) Burial site near Blue Ridge, containing buffer. Elders to locate the site for the fence graves of 12 Stoney people. The graves and conduct prayers. (Located off the RoW postdate the establishment of the mission at between KP 174 and KP 178). Lac St. Anne in 1889. PFN recommends that access to Chip Lake There is a burial and ceremonial site at Chip be restricted. Lake, approximately 45 to 58 km south of PFN recommends that Alexis Nakota Sioux the RoW, between KP 177 and KP 184. Nation be consulted regarding the burial site A burial site near Carson and Pegasus northwest of Blue Ridge. (Located off the lakes is important to Alexis Nakota Sioux RoW between KP 187 and KP 195). Nation.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological Burials could be located throughout PFN Resources (cont’d) Traditional Territory because in the past people were buried where they passed away. The practice of burying the deceased and marking the graves with crosses was a Roman Catholic tradition. Prior to early 1900s people were not buried; rather, graves were raised on stilts. A former PFN trapline and cabin is located Project may affect cabin remains. PFN recommends that the cabin remains be 2 near Chickadee Creek. At present, only the avoided. PFN recommends a 2,023 m (half frame of the cabin remains, due to a fire. an acre) buffer around the site. Cabin The remains of the cabin are situated next remains are between KP 214 and KP 215. to an existing pipeline RoW. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge.

Human Health When PFN members lived on traditional foods and medicine, people were healthy and active until their later years; hospitals were not needed. Many PFN members now suffer from diabetes, high blood pressure and chronic diseases that did not occur in the past, and many children have asthma.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d)

Aboriginal PFN trapping has been severely curtailed Traditional by government regulations. Community Knowledge members hunted and trapped around the town of Winfield and Buck Lake, and continue to trap in the Swan Hills, Buffalo Lake, Lodgepole and Cynthia areas. Community members also have traplines around Sand Hill Creek, Brazeau Dam, North Saskatchewan River, Pembina River, Brazeau River and Chickadee Creek. Some travelled as far as Jasper, Whitecourt and Grande Cache on family hunting and trapping trips. A trapline and cabin formerly owned and This area is located close to the project PFN recommends that the cabin remains be used by PFN community members is RoW. avoided. PFN recommends a 2,023 m2 (half located northwest of Whitecourt, near an acre) buffer around the site. Cabin Chickadee Creek. The cabin was last used remains are between KP 214 and KP 215. by PFN members in 1964, when the trapline Trapline area is between KP 213 and was transferred to a non-Aboriginal trapper. KP 237. Only the frame of the cabin now remains, PFN recommends that the Project avoid the due to a fire. The remains of the cabin are lake north of Chickadee Creek because it is situated next to an existing pipeline RoW. important beaver and muskrat habitat. A lake north of the cabin is an important beaver and muskrat habitat.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d)

Aboriginal A number of places within PFN Traditional Traditional Territory have Cree or Stoney names and Knowledge denote long-standing use of the area by (cont’d) PFN. Places were given names based on incidents or events that occurred at that place. Maps and new place names make it difficult for PFN members to find places used in the past.

Numerous trails and travel routes connect the Nation with other communities and sites. During the fur trade era, PFN members would travel between Jasper House, Fort Assiniboine and Rocky Mountain House and as far east as Bruderheim and Elk Island Park. These trails connected the people of PFN with relatives, friends and trading partners in other communities, e.g., Rabbit Trail connects St. Albert, , Lac St. Anne and Wabamun.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d)

Aboriginal Members of PFN once relied solely on Traditional traditional food sources for sustenance. Knowledge Among plants used, potatoes, ‘Indian rice’, (cont’d) dried berries and wild carrots are consumed. Many people from the community continue to hunt, trap, fish and pick berries. Meat staples for the PFN community are moose, deer, elk, buffalo, partridge and rabbit. Beaver, muskrat, weasel, marten and coyote are trapped. Moose, eagle, ermine (weasel), bear and wolf are used for ceremonial purposes as well.

Certain protocols that must be followed when gathering medicines, such as tobacco offerings and asking permission. Not everyone can harvest medicines. Some PFN Elders attribute scarceness of medicines to harvesting without following proper protocol.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Government regulations prevent people PFN is concerned that that traditional Host a cultural camp to educate youth in the Traditional from camping, and many Elders are knowledge is being lost. community. Knowledge disheartened that they can no longer (cont’d) practice traditional ways. Youth are not receiving traditional cultural education as used to happen in the past. It is critical for PFN to document Elders’ knowledge because the current younger generation is not interested but later generations will need the knowledge of the Elders. Socio-Economic PFN Elders are interested in employment Hold a meeting in the community to and training opportunities for community communicate employment and training members opportunities. PFN Elders are concerned with how Deliver announcements door-to-door in the possible safety training meetings or community for upcoming meetings, training employment forums might be announced in or employment opportunities. the community. Provide a safety orientation and training PFN Elders expressed interest in a safety presentation to the community. orientation and training presentation from Northern Gateway. Cumulative Effects PFN is experiencing cumulative effects from Project could further add to the adverse Continue to work with PFN Aboriginal development within the community’s effects observed, particularly on moose. consultation contacts and Elders on all Traditional Territory, and wonder how these projects. will affect future generations.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Project and Engineering Process Access PFN Elders are concerned that project- Provide more information on access and Management related construction activities will restrict construction plans within PFN Traditional access to TU areas for community Territory. members. Design PFN Elders are uncomfortable with the Reroute Project north of PFN Traditional location of the Project. Territory. Ask PFN Elders to conduct the proper ceremonies to respect the medicines and burials if re-routing is not possible. Construction Trees cleared during project construction. Keep tree clearing to a minimal. Potential for garbage to be left behind by Clean up all garbage and debris. crews during all phases of the Project. Conservation and Other reclaimed sites in the area have been Potential for Project to reclaim with Involve community members in planning Reclamation planted with the wrong type of plants. inappropriate vegetation. and implementing the reclamation process. PFN recommends photo documentation (before and after) to evaluate reclamation process.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Accidents and Possibility for the Project to have an Work with PFN to develop a formal, Malfunctions accidental release. structured communication plan in case of an PFN Elders are concerned about the accidental release. possibility of pig [scraper trap facility] bursts PFN recommends that the community be a and the associated damage to the full and active participant in any accidental environment. release response and clean up, and that Elders perform ceremonies in the event of an accidental release. Possibility of leakages and spills along the Provide information regarding the Project’s pipeline and the adverse effects they could Emergency Response Plan and opportunity have on important traditional medicine for the community to give input into this collection areas. plan.

Safety of the Project in the event of a natural disaster (e.g., earthquake).

Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and PFN expressed appreciation for being PFN is concerned that Northern Gateway See also Consultation section. Socio-economic involved in the ATK study as well as will not address recommendations, or Assessment agreements signed between the Nation and respond respectfully to PFN issues and Northern Gateway. concerns. PFN Elders explained the difficulty in having to highlight certain areas as important, when all areas are important.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-13 Paul (Paul First Nation) (PFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by PFN by PFN Regulatory and ESA Process (cont’d) Consultation PFN recommends Aboriginal Elders from various groups be involved with the Northern Gateway Board of Directors on a regular basis to guide policies and decisions that affect Aboriginal peoples. Monitoring and See Noise section. Involve PFN in a monitoring program to Follow-up assess noise effects on animals. Programs

NOTE: PFN has in-depth knowledge and use in PFN Traditional Territory (see Figures 7-1 and 7-2 from PFN’s community report); traditional use sites and/or potential ecological areas of concern within approximately 60 km of the Project RoW are as illustrated in Figures 7-1 and 7-2 from PFN’s community report.

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C.14 Skin Tyee First Nation

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Atmospheric Seasonal weather patterns are changing. Environment - There is less snow in winter resulting in Climate lower water levels in the summer. Mountain pine beetles are spreading because climate is not cold enough in the winter to kill them off. Soil Disturbing the ground is ‘wrong’ in STFN The Project will disturb the natural state of Replace soils and plants to match what was culture. “To an Indian …even one scoop is the soil, which can never be put back the there as much as possible. defacing the ground…. Even if you try to put way it was before. the soil back the way it was, it is never the same and is no longer natural habitat (STFN3).” Noise Bears are scared away by banging pots and The blasting and construction noise pans; other animals are disturbed by noise associated with creating tunnels for the as well. Project will force animals such as bears and mountain goats to move away from the area. Hydrology Water levels in the rivers, creeks and lakes are lower in summer due to less snow pack.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Hydrology (cont’d) Roads change how water moves on the land Drainage patterns will change and runoff will Use existing roads as much as possible. and how it is absorbed and that changes be increased by the construction of roads for Reclaim any access or roads that are not vegetation. Logging roads have changed the the Project. needed long-term; replant with trees. way that water flows with water running down roads or in the ditches. Water Quality Commonly used and sensitive areas include: Project will affect larger bodies of water, Hire STFN members to monitor streams and Trout Creek, Parrot Creek, Owen Creek, such as the Morice River. conduct clean-up (trees and debris). Skins Lake, Morice River, Lamprey Creek, STFN also emphasized the importance of Streams that need to be cleaned are Trout Nadina Lake and Owen Lake. small creeks and streams present in their Creek, Parrott Creek and Lund Creek. territory. Silt and soil from logging cut-blocks and Waste material created by tunnelling for the Secure tunnel waste so that it does not enter increase in logging roads and construction is Project will have adverse effect if it enters any watercourse. negatively affecting water quality. creeks and rivers. Cattle farming is also affecting water quality. See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Forestry sprays, fire retardant and pesticides Habitat. are also harming stream and lake water quality. This decline in water quality is affecting fish and wildlife health and populations.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Freshwater Fish Fish are important to the culture and Potential project effects on the Morice River Maintain the present proposed location of and Aquatic sustenance of STFN. STFN members use and its tributaries are the areas of greatest the pipeline on a bench up and away from Habitat the Morice River and its tributaries for concern with regard to fish. STFN is Morice River. fishing. concerned about impacts to fish other than Protect spawning grounds of all fish commercially important species and the including non-commercial species such as habitat that they rely upon, specifically a pacific lamprey eel. pacific lamprey fish spawning area Provide a watercourse crossing technical extending between 1 and 9 km south of the forum to STFN. RoW, between KP 1018 and KP 1024 Other areas of note are: • Parrott Creek, which extends 25 km south of the RoW, between KP 965 to KP 994 • Cedric Creek, intersected by the RoW, between KP 1025 to KP 1030 Morice River, intersected by RoW between KP 1035 and KP 1038. Total area extends 10 km south of RoW between KP 1035 to KP 1045. Accidental spills and leaks will adversely affect the Morice and other rivers, creeks and streams, and, in turn, fish and fish habitat. Project construction will affect STFN access to the Morice for fishing purposes.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Freshwater Fish STFN emphasized the importance of small Project may have an effect on small creeks Protect spawning grounds of all fish and Aquatic creeks and streams present in their territory. and streams in STFN’s traditional territory; including non-commercial species such as Habitat (cont’d) One Elder stated, "If we don't look after that, these are critical fish habitat. pacific lamprey eel. we'll run out of fish (STFN3).” Logging activities – use of fire retardants Hire STFN members to monitor streams and and pesticides, increased erosion and input conduct clean-up (trees and debris). of wood (sap) debris and oil get into Streams that need to be cleaned are Trout watercourses – are contaminating regional Creek, Parrott Creek, and Lund Creek. water bodies. Cattle are also affecting water quality. Regional fish populations and sizes have Provide a watercourse crossing technical decreased, and spawning patterns have forum to STFN. changed (attributed to fish, particularly salmon, not liking the smell of sap dust from logging activity). Silt draining from logging clear-cuts is smothering fish eggs. Also, the removal of trees from the banks of rivers and streams removes shade that spawning fish require. Observed decrease in size and population in rainbow trout, and in sucker populations.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Vegetation STFN members use a wide variety of plants The Project will affect plants that are used Healthy cottonwood that are removed by the for traditional purposes. by STFN members for food, medicine or Project that are 1.5 m or larger in See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. other purposes. circumference (0.4775 m diameter at breast The Project RoW intercepts: height [dbh]) should be provided to STFN for cultural purposes. • a medicinal plant gathering area at the lowland area to the west of Buck Creek from KP 987 to KP 995 ; and intercepts several berry picking areas at: • the confluence of Lamprey Creek and the Morice River at KP 1019; • Buck Creek from KP 983 to KP 989 and runs from 15 km north to 30 km south of the RoW, from KP 973 to KP 992; • Maxan Lake area from KP 943 to KP 962, and ranges in total from KP 939 to KP 965, 6 km south to 18 km north of RoW;

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Vegetation The RoW is also adjacent to plant gathering (cont’d) areas including: • the south side of Morice River to the west of Cedric Creek, extending from the RoW to 5 km south, between KP 1028 and KP 1030; and • on bluffs south side of Morice River, extending from the RoW to 4 km south, between KP 1032 and KP 1037 The RoW intercepts, is adjacent to, or within proximity of several multi-use areas with culturally important plants: • Morice River area is intersected by the RoW between KP 1002 and KP 1005, and extends 10 km north and 12 km south, between KP 1002 and KP 1039. • Ootsa Lake to Morice River corridor, is intersected by RoW between KP 999 and KP 1006. Runs southeast to 50 km south of KP 944.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Buck Lake area is intersected by the RoW between KP 985 and KP 989. Extends 10 km north and 10 km south between KP 961 and KP 989. • Skins Lake area, near the old village site, is 48 km south of the RoW, between KP 937 and KP 944 Francois/Decker Lakes area, is intersected by RoW between KP 927 and KP 929. Extends 22 km south of the RoW, between KP 922 and KP 930; Plants that have been sprayed with pesticide Project will employ chemicals to maintain the Manage plants on the RoW without the use or fire retardant are not safe for use as RoW, affecting STFN’s ability to use of chemical sprays. medicines or food. traditionally harvested plants. Dust from passing vehicles on gravel roads Project may increase dust, or change water Use existing roads as much as possible and coats plants and makes them unusable. drainage and run-off. deactivate those that are not necessary for Roads change how water moves on the land the life of the Project. and how it is absorbed and that changes Use calcium or other non-toxic methods to vegetation. control dust on gravel roads. Berries and some other plants can only be The removal of mature plants along the Replant the RoW with the same species of harvested from mature plants. RoW will reduce the number of productive plants that were removed. plant species.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Vegetation Once huckleberries and soapberries are The removal of mature plants along the Replant the RoW with the same species of (cont’d) removed they are not able to grow back in RoW will reduce the variety of plant species. plants that were removed; natural the same location because “greedy plants regeneration may not ensure that currently- like alder, willow cottonwood and other used traditional species are replenished. deciduous trees come in” (through natural regeneration) and “use up 10 times the amount of water than pine and other less thirsty plants” (STFN4). This means that some plants have a hard time competing. Mountain pine beetle is ‘everywhere’; widespread presence attributed to climate change. Observed changes in type and location of plant species. Attribute changes to increased agriculture (ranching), logging, increase in roads and hydro-dam. Wildlife STFN use a multitude of wildlife species for There are STFN hunting areas on or near Avoid hunting camps with a 75 m. buffer traditional food and cultural purposes. the RoW. The RoW transects a hunting area See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. from KP 959 to KP 963. A multi-use area that is important for hunting is adjacent to the RoW from KP 1002 to KP 1039. STFN have noted a decrease in the Removal of forest cover by the Project will abundance of owls, grouse and rabbit. contribute to declining wildlife.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Wildlife (cont’d) Deer, moose, elk and caribou in the region The RoW will act like a road and will affect migrate along a north-south axis and the the migration corridor as animals seek out RoW runs east-west. easy travel routes. Three migration routes were provided by STFN participants: • One that is intersected by the RoW at KP 1039. The route extends 30 km north of RoW at KP 972 and extends southwest to 35 km south of KP 1076 • One that is intersected at KP 971. The route extends 27 km north of KP 948 and southwest to 40 km south of KP 1041 • One that extends from 143 km south of KP 976, and runs northwest to 41 km south of KP 1101. Animals may enter the project tunnel, posing Install a net or some form of fencing that will a risk to themselves or the pipeline. keep all animals out of the tunnels at all times.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Wildlife (cont’d) Increased prevalence of elk; moving in from other areas. Woodland caribou population has decreased dramatically since the 1920s; seem to be recovering. Moose are getting more difficult to find, suggesting the population is decreasing. A ’big snow’ 4 or 5 years ago likely had an adverse effect on moose population. The distribution of grizzly bears changing A wildlife area was identified by STFN (increasing population in the Grassy Plains participants around Grassy Plains, 24 km area) and attributed to logging. Black bear south of the RoW, between KP 930 and populations are decreasing because of KP 943. poaching for bear gall-bladders. There is a ‘disturbing’ decrease in the number of frogs; as indicated by a decrease in observed frog songs. Water quality is affecting waterfowl and aquatic furbearer health and populations. Observed decrease in ducks, geese, swan, muskrat, beaver, are all cited as ‘getting disease’. Duck eggs are thin because of water contamination, and eggs break before they hatch.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Wildlife (cont’d) Mountain pine beetle is affecting overall ecological health. Wildlife habitat is being destroyed; wildlife cannot find shelter where trees are thin and so seek shelter elsewhere. Fire retardant and pesticide sprays used by forestry affects water quality, and subsequently affects animal health ‘right up the chain.’ Human Health Fire retardants and pesticides used by forestry affects water quality, and subsequently, human health. STFN members have experienced an increase in heart conditions, cancer and diabetes. Diabetes is attributed to a change from the traditional diet. Currently, STFN members living in Provide a truck or van for each reserve so Southside have limited emergency that it can be used as an emergency vehicle, transportation. Transportation becomes or to take Elders to appointments, or out into increasingly difficult through the winter when the bush to gather food and prepare for the ferry schedules are reduced and roads and winter. One vehicle needs to be a 4X4 with a driveways get snowed upon. snow plough blade attachment.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Human Health Elders expressed a desire to teach the Project could provide support to STFN Provide annual financial support ($20,000) (cont’d) younger generation cultural values and culture camps. for STFN one-week culture camp. traditions; to transfer STFN skills, knowledge, language, culture and pride to the young people. Some youth leave the community, only to come back in a pine box. Many people, especially some Elders, cannot afford to make the trip out to the land to conduct culture camps. Archaeological There is a possibility that there are unknown Potential for Project to affect archaeological Participants recommend keeping an eye out Resources (or forgotten) archaeological sites along the sites. for notched spruce trees or rolled-up moss in Morice River and its tributaries. There are trees. If discovered, notify STFN likely some around the lake shores as well. immediately. Some of these sites will be marked with signs that some STFN Elders would recognize. A 30 to 40 km stretch between Parrott and An archaeologist and STFN representative Maxan lakes and Hope Road (southeast of should check this area for archaeological Maxan lake) to Buck Flat Road further west sites. was not visited during the field reconnaissance by archaeology KP 946 and KP 986 (not mapped).

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Socio-economics Many community members are too poor to Determine an appropriate amount of afford vehicles, and cannot make use of the compensation for STFN members with land as much as they used to as a result. Chief, Council and Elders, and administer to Transportation becomes increasingly difficult band members on a monthly basis. through the winter when ferry schedules are Provide a truck or van for each reserve so reduced and roads and driveways get that it can be used as an emergency vehicle, snowed upon. or to take Elders to appointments, or out into the bush to gather food and prepare for the winter. One vehicle needs to be a 4X4 with a snow plough blade attachment. Trapping is no longer a viable livelihood due Provide a truck or van for each reserve so to the disappearance of furbearers. There is that it can be used as an emergency vehicle, no longer income to support travel to or to take Elders to appointments, or out into traditional and sacred areas. the bush to gather food and prepare for the winter. One vehicle needs to be a 4X4 with a snow plough blade attachment. Unemployment and under-employment are Project may provide employment Northern Gateway to provide direct awards critical issues for STFN. opportunities throughout the various phases (employment) through the band office with There are some opportunities for of the project. first refusal to STFN on work within the employment, but it is hard to reconcile the STFN Traditional Territory. Potential areas trade-off between a job and development of employment of interest to SFTN members (environment). may be: monitoring pipeline work, brushing RoW, deactivation/ reclaiming unused roads.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal The human relationship to the land and The Project will change the ground forever. Replace soils and plants to match what was Traditional animals also is governed by spiritual beliefs. there as much as possible. Knowledge When the land is disturbed, it is never the same and it affects the wildlife that depend on the land. “To an Indian—even one scoop is defacing the ground.... Even if you try to put the soil back the way it was, it is never the same and is no longer natural habitat (STFN3).” The Project crosses over 300 km of STFN’s The Project intersects, or is close to a Traditional Territory (between KP 800 and number of STFN multi-use areas including: KP 1125). • Morice River area is intersected by the RoW between KP 1002 and KP 1005. In total it extends 10 km north of KP 1002 and 12 km south of KP 1039. • Area along Lamprey Creek to the confluence with Morice River, extending 1 to 9 km south of the RoW, between KP 1018 and KP 1024 • Area from Ootsa Lake to Morice River corridor is intersected by RoW between KP 999 and KP 1006. It runs southeast to 50 km south of KP 944.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional • Parrott Lakes and Creek area 8 km Knowledge south of RoW, between KP 985 and (cont’d) KP 989 • Francois/Decker Lakes area is intersected by RoW between KP 927 and KP 929. Extends 22 km south between KP 922 and KP 930; • Buck Lake area is intersected by the RoW between KP 985 and KP 989. Extends 10 km north and 10 km south of the RoW, between KP 961 and KP 989 • Skins Lake area, near the old village site, is 48 km south of the RoW, between KP 937 and KP 944 The Morice River area is considered significant for harvesting, and contains a sacred area as well. Sixteen traditional travel routes were identified in proximity to the RoW (one further one is on the south side of Ootsa Lake); many of the travel routes have also become roads. Five travel routes will be crossed by the RoW : • A travel route between Morice Lake and Morice River, linking McBride Lake and Collins Lake resource and camp areas. The RoW crosses at KP1018.5 and the travel route runs between KP 1018 andKP 1046;

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional • A summer trail that links Ootsa Lake Knowledge and Houston town. The RoW intercepts (cont’d) the trail at KP 1002. In total, the trail runs between KP 988 and KP 1002 from 20 km north of the RoW to 8 km south. • An old wagon road linking Francois Lake and the town of Houston. This road is intercepted by the RoW at KP 987.In total, the road runs between KP 977.5 and KP 987 on the south side of the RoW (from 27 km south to the interception point) and between KP 987 and KP 987.5 on the north side (to a distance of 13 km from the RoW). • A branch of one of the trails linking Francois Lake and Houston town, which breaks from the main trail just south of Goosly Lake and links a hunting area near Foxy Creek, as well as a berry-picking area terminating near Crow Creek. This branch trail is intercepted by the RoW at KP 965. In total, the trail extends from 7 km south to 7 km north of the RoW, between KP 961 and KP 971. • An old wagon road that links Ootsa Lake and Houston is intersected at KP 1002.5, and extends southeast to 50 km south of KP 944

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal Other travel routes in proximity to the Project Traditional are: Knowledge • A travel route linking Parrott Lakes and (cont’d) the point where Morice River begins running north and south. This route starts 8.5 km south of KP 987 and extends northwest to 500 m south of KP 1002; • One of branches of a trail linking Francois Lake and Houston and runs between KP 970 and KP 988, between 5 to 19 km north of the RoW; • A travel route linking Francois Lake and Goosly Lake is 6 km south of KP 967 and extends to 23 km south of KP 955; • A summer (wagon) and winter (sleigh) route connecting the community at Skins Lake and the one at Grassy Plains extends between 30 and 49 km south of the RoW, between KP 936 and KP 940; • An access trail up China Nose Mountain and into an important plant gathering area extends between 16 and 18 km north of the RoW, between KP 956 and KP 971;

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional • An access trail from the community of Knowledge Rose Lake into a berry-picking area (cont’d) and IR 11 Maxan Lake extends between 14 and 18 km north of KP 945; • An access trail from Palling Station into a berry-picking area, IR11a Maxan Creek, IR11b Foxy Creek and IR 12a Maxan Lake extends between 7 and 12.5 km north of the RoW, between KP 937 and KP 948; • An old horse trail that is now a main road along the north shore of Francois Lake. The north end of the route terminates just south of the RoW at KP 928 and extends 21 km south of RoW; • An old trail that is now a road and accesses hunting and berry-picking areas extends between 19 and 28 km south of the RoW, between KP 928 and KP 977

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional A water route that takes in all of Nadina Knowledge Lake, where STFN members gather logs, (cont’d) extends between 29 and 34 km south of the RoW, between KP 1009 and KP 1020; A water route that was used for driving logs from Nadina Lake to Francois Lake along Nadina River extends between 24 and 29 km south of the RoW, between KP 978 and KP 1008 Traditional foods play a critical role in STFN life; it is important to maintain the integrity of those food sources, be they plant or animal. Commonly used food plants include: The Project will affect plants that are used Large, healthy cottonwood trees soapberry, huckleberry, blueberry, by STFN members for food, medicine or (circumference 1.5 m or greater; .4775 dbh) raspberry, strawberry, gooseberry, high other purposes. are used for building canoes. Any trees like bush cranberry, wild rice, wild onion, cow this should be provided to STFN. parsnip, black tree lichen, rosehips. Plants used for medicine include: birch, Labrador tea, juniper, kinnikinnick, chokecherries, devil’s club, spruce gum/pitch, pine, bulrushes, Sitka alder, red alder or mountain alder, yarrow, bearberry or black twinberry, tamarack, fireweed, strawberry, spruce, moss and Indian hellebore. Plants used for other cultural purposes include: cottonwood, red willow, spruce, poplar, birch, moss.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal There are a number of plant-gathering sites The project RoW intercepts: Traditional that will be intercepted by or are adjacent to • a medicinal plant gathering area at the Knowledge the project RoW. These sites are important lowland area to the west of Buck Creek (cont’d) for medicinal purposes and/or berry picking. between KP 987 and KP 995 and intercepts several berry-picking areas at: • the confluence of Lamprey Creek and the Morice River at KP 1019 • Buck Creek, between KP 983 and KP 989. In total the area extends 15 km north and 30 km south of the RoW, between KP 973 and KP 992. • Maxan Lake area, between KP 943 and KP 962. The total area and anges from KP 939-965, 6 km south to 18 km north of RoW. The RoW is also adjacent to plant gathering areas including: • the south side of Morice River to the west side of Cedric Creek, extending south from the RoW 5 km, between KP 1028 and KP 1030 • south side of Morice River on the bluffs, extending south from the RoW 4 km, between KP 1032 and KP 1037.

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal The RoW intercepts, is adjacent to or within Traditional proximity of several multi-use areas with Knowledge culturally important plants: (cont’d) • Morice River is intercepted between KP 1002 and KP 1005. The total area extends 10 km north of KP1002 to 12 km south of KP1039. • Ootsa Lake to Morice River Corridor is intersected by RoW between KP 999 and KP 1006. The total area extends southeast to 50 km south of KP 944. • Buck Lake is intersected by the RoW between KP 985 and KP 989. The total area extends 10 km north to 10 km south of the RoW, between KP 961 and KP 989, • Skins Lake near the old village site extends between 48 and 52 km south of the RoW, between KP 937 and KP 944 • Francois/Decker Lakes area is intersected by RoW between KP 927 and KP 929. The total area extends 22 km south of the RoW, between KP 922 and KP 930

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Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal Commonly used or important species A number of hunting areas were identified Avoid STFN hunting camps with a 75 m Traditional include: elk, woodland caribou, moose, on or near the RoW: buffer Knowledge whitetail and mule deer, black and grizzly • a medicinal plant gathering area at the (cont’d) bear, beaver, muskrat, otter, fox, lynx, lowland area to the west of Buck Creek martin, wolf, fisher, coyote and squirrel, as between KP 987 and KP 995 well as, loon, mallard ducks, Canadian and intercepts several berry-picking areas geese, swan, muskrat, beaver and frogs. at: • the confluence of Lamprey Creek and the Morice River at KP 1019 • Buck Creek, between KP 983 and KP 989. In total the area extends 15 km north and 30 km south of the RoW, between KP 973 and KP 992. • Maxan Lake area, between KP 943 and KP 962. The total area and anges from KP 939-965, 6 km south to 18 km north of RoW. The RoW is also adjacent to plant gathering areas including: • the south side of Morice River to the west side of Cedric Creek, extending south from the RoW 5 km, between KP 1028 and KP 1030 • south side of Morice River on the bluffs, extending south from the RoW 4 km, between KP 1032 and KP 1037.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal The RoW intercepts, is adjacent to or within Traditional proximity of several multi-use areas with Knowledge culturally important plants: (cont’d) • Morice River is intercepted between KP 1002 and KP 1005. The total area extends 10 km north of KP1002 to 12 km south of KP1039. • Ootsa Lake to Morice River Corridor is intersected by RoW between KP 999 and KP 1006. The total area extends southeast to 50 km south of KP 944. • Buck Lake is intersected by the RoW between KP 985 and KP 989. The total area extends 10 km north to 10 km south of the RoW, between KP 961 and KP 989, • Skins Lake near the old village site extends between 48 and 52 km south of the RoW, between KP 937 and KP 944 • Francois/Decker Lakes area is intersected by RoW between KP 927 and KP 929. The total area extends 22 km south of the RoW, between KP 922 and KP 930.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal There are hunting camps throughout STFN Project construction will destroy seasonal Avoid STFN campsites with a minimum 75 Traditional territory, many of which are seasonal or hunting camps. m. buffer. Knowledge temporary in nature. Hunting camps can Campsites are located at: Watch for hanging traps, pots, pans, mugs (cont’d) usually be identified by a laterally mounted • The outlet of Morice Lake and hanging logs; anything that indicates log (used for hanging game), pots, pans, approximately 10 km south of the RoW use. mugs, traps other items. These areas are at KP 1043 centered on areas of intense (multi-use) use; • particularly near important waterways. Collins Lake, located 9.5 km south of KP 1028 • Lamprey Creek, a fishing campsite, 1 km north of KP 1018 • Morice River, 2 km north of RoW, between KP 1003 and KP 1005 • Morice River, about 500 m north of KP 1003 • Houston, 20 km north of KP 989; • north end of Owen Lake, 11 km south of KP 995 • Owen Lake, 18 km south of KP 992 • south of the west end of Francois Lake, approximately 32 km south of KP 976 • East end of Tchesinkut Lake, 22 km south of KP 907

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal Three other camping areas were mentioned Traditional during interviews but were not mapped, Knowledge including sites on Parrott Creek, Owen (cont’d) Creek and Gosnel Creek. Camping was specifically mentioned inr elation to the the following multi-use areas: • Morice River, intersected by the RoW between KP 1002 and 1005. The total area extends 10 km north of KP 1002 to 12 km south of KP 1039. • along Lamprey Creek to the confluence with the Morice River, between 1 and 9 km south of the RoW, between KP 1018 and KP 1024 • part of Ootsa Lake to Morice River Corridor, intersected by RoW between KP 999 and KP 1006. Total area extends southeast to 50 km south of KP 944 The project RoW is adjacent to a multi-use area where hunting is carried out between KP 1002 and KP 1039.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal Cabins were identified through the course of Traditional the study and some are old homesteads. Knowledge Many of the cabins where aunts and (cont’d) grandparents lived are now gone. Cabins identified through the course of the study are: • Jimmy Johnny Skin’s cabin at Owen Lake, 14 km south of KP 994; • 2 cabins on Parrott Lake, one 11 km south of KP 986 and the other 10 km south of KP 984.5 Jimmy Johnny Skin’s cabin on one of the Parrott Lakes, located between 11.5 and 15 km south of the RoW, between KP 977 and KP 984 There are a number of fishing, fish spawning Important areas for fish include the length of Northern Gateway to provide a water course or fish habitat locations of importance to the the Morice and all of its tributaries and all crossings technical forum STFN that will be intercepted by or are other fish bearing streams and lakes that are adjacent to the project RoW. either crossed or adjacent to the project RoW.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal Fishing is an important cultural sustenance Project construction will affect STFN access Protect spawning grounds of all fish Traditional activity. Commonly used species include: to the Morice for fishing purposes: including non-commercial species such as Knowledge pink, coho, chinook and sockeye salmon; Fishing areas that will be intersected by, pacific lamprey eel. (cont’d) rainbow, bull, lake, steelhead and cutthroat adjacent to, or in proximity of the RoW are: trout; whitefish, char, Dolly Varden, kokanee • Morice River is intersected by the RoW (landlocked sockeye), pacific lamprey eels between KP 1035 and KP 1038 and and suckers (red long-nosed and white). extends 10 km south of RoW at KP 1044 • Confluence of Lamprey Creek and Morice River, intercepted by RoW between KP 1018 and KP 1019 • Goosly Lake, extends 3.5 to 6 km south of the RoW, between KP 966 and KP 971 • Morice River, as it runs north-south is known for steelhead, located 6.5 km north of RoW, between KP 1001.5 and KP 1003, • Cedric Creek 6.5-11 km south of KP 1025-1032 and also on Cedric Creek,intercepts between KP 1025 to KP 1028 and extends 8.5 km south of RoW

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional • Morice Lake is located between 11 and Knowledge 18 km south of the RoW, between (cont’d) KP 1045 and KP 1062; • Parrott Creek, extends 25 km from the RoW, between KP 965 and KP 994 • Noralee (unincorporated area) on Van Lear Creek and Francois Lake, extends between 22 and 29 km south of the RoW, between KP 971 and KP 978; • close to Ootsa Lake near Lund Lake, area extends between 33 and 41 km south of the RoW, between KP 967 and KP 976 • Takysie Lake, extends between 38 and 42 km south of the RoW, between KP 929 and KP 936 • Skins Lake, extends between 49 and 52 km south of the RoW, between KP 938 and KP 943 Fishing was also described as occurring in all the multi-use areas: • Morice River, intersected by the RoW, between KP 1002 and KP 1005. The total area extends 10 km north of KP 1002 to 12 km south of KP 1039.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional • Along Lamprey Creek to the Knowledge confluence with the Morice River, area (cont’d) extends between 1 and 9 km south of RoW, between KP 1018 and KP 1024 • Ootsa Lake to Morice River Corridor, intersected by RoW between KP 999 and KP 1006. Total area extends southeast to 50 km south of KP 944. • Parrott Lakes and Creek extends between 8 and 12 km south of RoW, between KP 985 and KP 989, • Francois/Decker Lakes area, intersected by RoW between KP 927 and KP 929. Extends south 22 km from RoW, between KP 922 and KP 930. • Buck Lake, intersected by RoW between KP 985 and KP 989. Total area extends 10 km north and 10 km south of RoW, between KP 961 and KP 989 • Skins Lake, near the old village site, extends between 48 and 52 km south of RoW, between KP 937 and KP 944

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal There are spiritual and burial sites within Project will potentially affect sacred sites; Participants recommend keeping an eye out Traditional STFN territory. Elders say these sites are however, no specific sites were identified by for notched spruce trees or rolled-up moss in Knowledge marked by spruce trees with notches in participants during the course of the study trees. If discovered, notify STFN (cont’d) them, or a roll of dried moss hanging in a other than the following burial sites: Skin immediately. tree. Lake Mountain Cemetary, 49 km south of KP 942; and Tatla West IR, 28 km south of KP 975 Ceremonial sites are integral to STFN culture. The ceremonial site Tl’beey yis is an important mountain near Skins Lake that STFN people climb to “drum and sing.” It is located between 47 and 50 km south of the RoW, between KP 932 and KP 937 Trapping occurred in the multi- use areas There is a possibility that crews working on Collect, record the location, and return any near the RoW: the Project may encounter traps hanging in old traps found hanging in trees or stashed A trapping area between Ootsa and old trees (for storage). in the bush to the band office so that they Francois lake, located in an area between The Project intersects a number of STFN can be returned to the families of old-time 28 and 44 km south of the RoW, between multi-use areas including: KP 985 to KP 989; trappers. KP 951 and KP 964 was identified by STFN KP 927 to KP 929; KP 999 to KP 1006; participants. KP 1002 to KP 1005; KP 1002 to KP 1039; Trapping was also specifically mentioned in KP 1015 to KP 1039. assocatiation with the following multi-use sites: • along Lamprey Creek to the confluence with the Morice River, extends between 1 and 9 km south of the RoW, between KP 1018 and KP 1024

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional • Parrott Lakes and Creek, extends Knowledge between 8 and 12 km south of RoW, (cont’d) between KP 985 and KP 989.

In the past “you didn’t have to pack food for travel within the territory because you could get food all along the way (STFN12)”. Food was more abundant and easy to get. Now, the amount of traditional foods varies because access and availability have generally decreased. Once the pipeline is in place, access to The Project will increase access for non- Determine an appropriate amount of traditional hunting areas may be increased STFN harvesting, placing greater pressure compensation for STFN members with for both predatory animals and non-STFN on the limited traditional resources. Chief, Council and Elders, and administer to hunters, thereby increasing competition for a band members on a monthly basis. limited resource. Elders expressed a desire to teach the Project could provide support to STFN Provide annual financial support of $20,000 younger generation about cultural values culture camps. for STFN one-week/year culture camps. and traditions; to transfer STFN skills, A cultural training camp has been held in the knowledge, language, culture and pride to camping area at Collins Lake located 9.5 km the young people. Some youth leave the south of the RoW at KP 1028, as well as on community, only to come back in a pine box. Ootsa Lake (unmapped) Many people, especially some Elders, cannot afford to make the trip out to the land to conduct culture camps.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Aboriginal Elders are interested in passing cultural The Project will need to remove cottonwood Large, healthy cottonwood trees Traditional knowledge and skills along to the younger trees during the construction phase of the (circumference 1.5 m or greater; .4775 dbh) Knowledge generation. Canoe building is one of the project and STFN use cottonwood trees for are used for building canoes. Any trees like (cont’d) skills that some of the elders possess. building canoes. this should be provided to STFN. Decrease in wildlife is forcing people to Provide a truck or van for each reserve so travel farther to be successful in their that it can be used as an emergency vehicle, hunting. Hunting is what ‘fills the freezers’ in or to take Elders to appointments, or out into the community. the bush to gather food and prepare for the winter. One vehicle needs to be a 4X4 with a snow plough blade attachment. Cumulative Effects Cumulative effects are forcing STFN Project proponent could provide Provide a truck or van for each reserve that members to travel farther and farther away opportunities to facilitate access to could be used to take Elders to out into the to find traditional foods. traditional pursuits. bush to gather food and prepare for the winter. STFN members are no longer able to make Removal of forest cover by the Project will Determine an appropriate amount of a living hunting and trapping as a result of further contribute to declining wildlife. compensation for STFN members with decreased wildlife and furbearer populations Chief, Council and Elders, and administer to (attributed to industrial and forestry-related band members on a monthly basis. development).

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Project and Engineering Process Access STFN reports an increase in roads, Potential for Project to further affect trails Respect traditional trails and protect with Management especially logging roads, within their and STFN travel. buffer during construction. territory. As a result, STFN members are finding it increasingly difficult to navigate their traditional territory. Once the pipeline is in place, access to The Project will increase access and Determine an appropriate amount of traditional hunting areas may be increased increase pressure on already limited compensation for STFN members with for both predatory animals and non-STFN resources. Chief, Council and Elders, and administer to hunters, thereby increasing competition for a band members on a monthly basis. limited resource. Accidents and STFN is concerned about accidental spills Potential for accidental spills or leaks from Maintain the present proposed location of Malfunctions and leaks that will adversely affect the the Project, and the effects of such spills on the pipeline on a bench up and away from Morice and other rivers, creeks and streams, animals, plants, water, air and the health of Morice River. and, in turn, fish and fish habitat. future generations of STFN members. Construction Construction of the Project “will change the Replace soils and plants to match what was ground forever”. “Even if you try to put the there as much as possible. soil back the way it was, it is never the same and is no longer natural habitat (STFN4).” Building roads has a lasting effect because Use existing roads as much as possible for roads change hydrology and change construction. vegetation, sometimes making travel through the territory confusing.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction Tunnel construction will affect wildlife like (cont’d) mountain goat and grizzly bear. The noise from tunnelling will scare bears and mountain goats from their areas “I have scared bears away by banging pots and pans, blasting is so much louder and will scare animals away (STFN7).” Deer, moose, elk and caribou migrate along STFN Elders predict that RoW (construction Construction must be sensitive to animal a north-south axis and the RoW runs east- as well as operations) will adversely affect migrations, especially those that need to west. those migrations. cross the RoW. Avoid construction during spring and fall migrations. Removing trees from the edge of the rivers and creeks when building watercourse crossings will decrease the amount of shade available for fish as they spawn. “Fish like shady places to rest (STFN3).” The watercourse crossing at KP 1038 was specifically mentioned by STFN. During construction, if healthy cottonwood trees are cut down and are 1.5 m or larger in circumference, they should be provided to STFN.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-14 Skin Tyee First Nation (STFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by STFN by STFN Regulatory and ESA Process Consultation STFN appreciates consultation efforts for the Project. “At least they are talking to us (STFN14).” ESA Process STFN members have a strong tie to their STFN recommendations and information will Report back to the STFN community and Traditional Territory and have commented not be considered or used once the report is ATK participants on how the concerns raised on their stewardship responsibilities. written and submitted. Elders asked for and recommendations provided will be assurance that the ESA study will be used to addressed. make the Project better.

NOTE: STFN has in-depth knowledge and use in STFN Traditional Territory (see Figures 7-1, 7-2 and 7-3 from STFN’s community report); traditional use sites and/or potential ecological areas of concern within approximately 60 km of the Project RoW are as illustrated in Figures 7-1, 7-2 and 7-3 from STFN’s community report.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.15 Swan River First Nation

Table C-15 Swan River First Nation (SRFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by SRFN by SRFN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Air pollution from the Swan Hills WTC is Environment - Air particularly prevalent in because the Quality community is downwind. Surface Water Potential adverse effects on waterways Avoid waterways when possible. during construction First Nations monitors to observe construction of water crossings. Directional drill large rivers and creeks. Water Quality Water quality in Slave Lake and other water Effects on water from spills will adversely Adequate measures need to be taken to bodies around Kinuso is declining because affect SRFN’s ability to exercise treaty prevent spills. of boating, forestry and the Swan Hills WTC. rights. See also Construction and Accidents and Malfunctions. Freshwater Fish Fish health is deteriorating as a result of and Aquatic water contamination and fish populations Habitat have declined over the past 50 years. Vegetation Berries are an important traditional food for Herbicides should not be used in RoW SRFN members. Berries have been affected maintenance. by oil and gas, forestry, agriculture, the Swan Hills WTC, herbicide spraying along power lines and highways, and fire suppression.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-15 Swan River First Nation (SRFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by SRFN by SRFN Assessment Disciplines Vegetation Many SRFN members use traditional Potential destruction of rare medicinal plants Avoid areas identified as containing rare (cont’d) medicines; fears of contamination are during construction of the RoW. medicinal plants by SRFN traditional forcing them to go further to collect Rare medicinal plant locations were knowledge holders. Where avoidance is not medicines. identified from KP 234 to KP 239 and possible, support SRFN in harvesting these KP 274 to KP 279 along the RoW. areas prior to construction. Medicinal plant locations were identified from KP 234.5 to KP 239.5, KP 230 to KP 235, and KP 210.5 to KP 215.5 along the RoW. Medicinal plant species at these locations are available to the vegetation discipline upon request. Wildlife Animals harvested have had lumps and General habitat destruction from SRFN members to monitor the construction deformities; this sickness in the animals is construction of the pipeline. of the RoW. caused by contamination from the Swan Hills WTC. Potential effects on beavers encountered Trap and relocate beavers prior to project along the proposed RoW. construction. There has been a decrease in migratory birds in Slave Lake area. Archaeological Provide a presentation of the archaeological Resources baseline results to SRFN members.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-15 Swan River First Nation (SRFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by SRFN by SRFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics SRFN recommends that First Nations persons have access to employment and training associated with the Project; proponent should commit to employing a certain percentage of SRFN members. Pipeline shares should be made available to First Nations people. Provide funding for housing, an Elders’ lodge, and apartment for single people, and a new school with a gym. Human Health Contamination from the Swan Hills WTC is viewed as causing important adverse effects on the environment and human health. Tests undertaken in 1997 revealed high PCB levels in some SRFN members.

SRFN members report an increase in cancer rates.

A rise in asthma is also attributed to increased pollution in the area.

Fears of traditional food contamination have led to drastic reduction in traditional food security and decreased consumption of traditional foods, which is linked to declining health. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-15 Swan River First Nation (SRFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by SRFN by SRFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Human Health Simply being out on the land perceived as (cont’d) risky to one’s health Aboriginal SRFN members use the Whitecourt area for RoW will serve to further reduce areas in Compensation for environmental destruction Traditional harvesting traditional resources. SRFN traditional territories; areas in which associated with the construction of the Knowledge traditional activities can be performed will be pipeline. further limited.

Fears regarding the contamination and security of traditional foods have led to: SRFN members traveling further away from traditional areas for collecting medicines; medicines have to be collected from clean areas. Decreased consumption of traditional foods. A decrease in overall health and well-being. An increase in the consumption of store- bought foods. Cumulative Effects Level of environmental contamination from Future proponents may blame Funding for independent SRFN or Treaty 8 the Swan Hills WTC. Facility is believed to environmental contamination on the Swan study to water, air, and traditional food be responsible for PCBs and other chemical Hills WTC and not accept responsibility for quality. contamination. contributing to declining environmental Information should be used as baseline conditions. against which future levels are evaluated to help determine contamination sources and accountability. Keep Northern Gateway a Canadian-owned company.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-15 Swan River First Nation (SRFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by SRFN by SRFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Cumulative Effects Construction of the Project will lead to (cont’d) increased oil sands production in the Lesser Slave Lake area.

Project and Engineering Process Access Inability to access RoW after construction. Ensure that SRFN members continue to Management have continued access to the RoW post- construction. Potential for project to restrict access to Roads used to access hunting areas should hunting areas. not be cut off; no road block or gates installed. Conservation and How area will be reclaimed after RoW Reclaim with native vegetation. Reclamation construction. Contract SRFN for reclamation work. Construction Potential adverse effects on waterways Avoid waterways when possible. during construction. Directional drill large rivers and creeks. First Nations monitors to observe construction of water crossings. Provide more details on water crossings.

SRFN Traditional Knowledge Holders are Would like timber taken off RoW salvaged concerned about wastage of traditional for use by SRFN members. resources during construction of the RoW.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-15 Swan River First Nation (SRFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by SRFN by SRFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d)

Construction Potential for Project to diverge from existing Construct RoW between Fox Creek and (cont’d) RoWs into undisturbed areas. Whitecourt parallel the existing Alliance RoW.

Potential effects from the construction of Relocate proposed camp to a previously work camp (near Whitecourt) in an disturbed area. undisturbed area.

Contract SRFN for reclamation and maintenance of the RoW. Encourage Northern Gateway to invest in green technology. Accidents and Effects on water from spills will adversely Adequate measures need to be taken to Malfunctions affect SRFN’s ability to exercise treaty prevent spills. rights. Notify SRFN immediately if there is a spill or accidental discharge. Disclose emergency planning to SRFN. Ensure that monetary compensation measures for SRFN members are in place in the event that a spill occurs.

Concerns over likelihood of a spill/accidental In the event of an accident, proper clean up discharge; measures in place to prevent procedures must be initiated immediately. this.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-15 Swan River First Nation (SRFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by SRFN by SRFN

Regulatory and ESA Process

Environmental and ATK studies are not meaningful if issues are Involve First Nations in biophysical baseline Socio-economic not taken into account in decision-making, studies. Assessment and there is no follow-up with communities. Present biophysical baseline (wildlife, vegetation and water) and archaeological assessment results to SRFN members and Elders. Conduct further field studies with SRFN Traditional Knowledge Holders once the RoW is finalized and staked (between KP 200 to KP 250). Develop a strategy to overcome the disconnection between engineering in the city and work in the field to ensure that areas identified in ATK studies are appropriately mitigated. Continue relationship with SRFN after the approval process (i.e., come back to community to explain how SRFN issues, concerns, and recommendations results were considered SRFN Study coordinator inquired about funding for third-party review of assessment.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-15 Swan River First Nation (SRFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by SRFN by SRFN Regulatory and ESA Process Consultation Project has the potential to affect SRFN Provide monetary compensation for effects treaty rights. on the environment and treaty rights. Provide SRFN members with access to employment and training. Pipeline shares should be made available to First Nations.

Hold open house with higher-level representatives from Northern Gateway with knowledge of project engineering (e.g., water crossings sand spill prevention) present. Provide confirmation that the SRFN ATK study was reviewed by Northern Gateway and the government. Monitoring and Potential effects of chemicals used in Monitoring required to confirm no herbicides Follow-up maintenance of RoW after construction. are used. Programs Hire SRFN members to keep vegetation down and to provide security.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

C.16 Tl’azt’en Nation

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Community members described the current Potential project effects on air quality from TN recommends that an emergency action Environment - Air environment as clean due to the fact that pipeline break. plan be implemented in the event of a line Quality there is little or no industry in the area. breakage or spill. Community members should be given emergency planning workshops and receive training on how to respond to a spill and/or a line break. A primary concern for the Tl’azt’en is air Carbon capture in the TN traditional territory TN requests that every measure possible be quality, cumulative pollution and its effect on has become an important issue. taken to protect air quality and people and wildlife. The community indicated that RoW recommended that shrubs be planted along Regional air quality is generally clean and construction and the use of heavy equipment the RoW to limit carbon loss. healthy. However, there is some pollution to install and maintain the pipeline will from local logging industries and heavy-duty contribute to exhaust emissions. equipment. Noise Participants described current noise levels Noise is expected to be less of a concern for TN recommends that noise levels are kept as quiet and peaceful, and indicated this is a the Tl’azt’en living in Tachie than for trappers as low as possible to provide minimal good atmosphere not only for wildlife, but and hunters that harvest in the area of the disturbance to animals and wildlife also for trappers and hunters. project RoW. harvesters. Two predicted noise effects from the Project Notification to both the Tl’azt’en Nation and include: noise scaring animals away; and the Keyoh Holders is requested before work animals becoming desensitized to noise. commences in Keyoh areas.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality Waterways are described as being of great Several of the watercourses in TN’s Recommended that elevated crossings be significance to the people of TN. Currently, traditional territory will be crossed by the placed at the Sutherland River and Pitka waters are clean and provide a good RoW. These include the Sutherland River Creek crossings. This is preferred to the environment for fishing and hunting. Pure that crosses at KP 856 and Pitka Creek, underwater option to avoid future possibility and uncontaminated water sources are which crosses at KP 825. of contamination and disturbance to the critical to the health and well-being of The construction and installation of the waterways. traditional users and therefore to Tl’azt’en pipeline has the potential to affect water Make every effort possible to avoid culture. quality through erosion and sedimentation contamination and disturbance to identified See also Freshwater Fish and Aquatic which may ultimately contaminate rivers, waterways. Habitat. lakes, other wetlands and tributaries. This may also damage aquatic life. Other waterways described as being of great significance to the people of TN with concern expressed in relation to potential contamination from a pipeline rupture or leak include: • Henrietta Creek, 1.5 to 5.5 km north of KP 879 to KP 890 • Helen Creek 1 to 2 km north of KP 881 to KP 883 • Taltapin Lake 2 to 8 km north of KP 890 to KP 905 • Hanson Lake 3 km south of KP 878 to KP 884

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Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Water Quality (cont’d) (cont’d) • Marie Lake 3.5 km north of KP 840 to KP 843 • Helen Lake 1 km north of KP 876 to KP 881 One unnamed creek, situated 200 m north of KP 864 was also recorded specifically to be protected as an important waterway. TN is concerned that the waterways will be contaminated to the point where restoration is not possible. Freshwater Fish TN identified fish species that are currently Pipeline installation and construction has a Construct aerial watercourse crossings. and Aquatic situated within and near the RoW. These ‘high risk’ of altering fish migration patterns Habitat include: char, rainbow trout, kokanee and behaviour. salmon, sturgeon, whitefish, steelhead trout and ling cod. Fish are sensitive and easily stressed. See also Water Quality.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Fish stocks have dropped in the last few Potential contamination caused by the Construct aerial watercourse crossings. and Aquatic years and as a result there has been less Project, both during and after construction, Make every effort possible to avoid Habitat (cont’d) harvesting. Fish is considered an important could kill large numbers of fish and contamination and disturbance to lakes and resource to the Nation. Salmon stocks are in contaminate many other watersheds. rivers, and associated tributaries and trouble, and contamination would be another Numerous watercourses in TN’s traditional wetlands. stressor. It is important to the Nation that fish territory contain healthy fish stocks. These and their habitat remain in its current include: condition. • Sutherland River (KP 856) • Pitka Creek (KP 825) • Taltapin Lake situated 2 to 8 km north of KP 890 to KP 905 • Hanson Lake 3 km south of KP 878 to KP 884 • Marie Lake 3.5 km north of KP 840 to KP 843 • Helen Lake 1 km north of KP 876 to KP 881

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation TN indicated the RoW is currently rich in Project has potential to affect TN plant Relocate traditionally harvested plants from medicinal and food plants. They further harvesting through removal of vegetation affected sites to other locations with similar indicated that the Tl’azt’en use almost all during construction. environments. Vegetation that is moved and plants for food and/or medicinal use. Several important plant harvesting areas replanted should be rooted in similar climatic were identified. However, it was emphasized and physical conditions to the original site. that plants are abundant and collected Where possible, avoid traditional plant almost everywhere in the region and harvesting sites. (Plants may not survive disturbance to all vegetation is a concern. relocation.) Eight harvesting locations were identified Where possible, avoid disturbance to all and are situated: other vegetation. • 7 km north of KP 843 TN requests that at least one community • 3.5 km north of KP 864 representative participate in future • 10 km north of KP 844 vegetation fieldwork studies related to the • 250 m north of KP 864 Project. • 4 km north of KP 850 • three harvesting sites situated approximately 200 m north of KP 864

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife The following furbearing animals in the Project noise and disturbance will change Keep noise levels and changes to habitat to proposed project area are harvested by the animal habitats for an indefinite period in and a minimum. Tl’azt’en peoples: martin, fisher, otter, around the RoW. Animal populations will be See also Noise and Access Management. porcupine, rabbit, weasel, wolverine, mink, further reduced. This will have an effect on beaver, squirrel, lynx, deer, moose, elk and Tl’azt’en trapping and hunting. bear. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Large game numbers are currently declining. Archaeological TN is unaware of any previous Project may disturb or destroy unidentified The Nation indicated they are interested in Resources archaeological studies in the proposed archaeological sites. receiving archaeological information related project area. The Nation would like to be to the Project, and want to be updated on updated on such research in the project this research to ensure archaeological sites area. are not affected or destroyed. Archaeology sites are significant and Avoidance is recommended. Crews working important to the Tl’azt’en people. on the Project should immediately report archaeological findings to TN and work should be halted until potential sites can be assessed.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Archaeological TN indicated there are many trails, CMTs Project may disturb TN heritage and cultural TN wants the CMT, historic trails, cultural Resources (culturally modified trees) and landmarks in areas. sites, and traditional use areas recorded and (cont’d) the project area that are very significant to Specifically, eight CMTs were identified and preserved within the pipeline corridor. their culture and history. flagged in the field for identification and TN has flagged eight CMTs and Eight CMTs were recorded and flagged and avoidance at the following locations: recommends avoidance. TN requests the are described as important to TN. • 8.5 km north of KP 842 Nation be informed should avoidance of See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. • 250 m north of KP 864 these sites not be possible. • 4 km north of KP 864 • three CMTs situated approximately 4 km north of KP 852 • two CMTs situated approximately 4 km north of KP 850 One cabin site situated approximately 3.5 km north of KP 853 is to be protected from disturbance associated with construction of the Project. Socio-economics TN has identified the proposed Project as an The Project has potential to increase Provide employment opportunities to opportunity for employment. Employment is employment amongst TN members. Tl’azt’en. an important issue for the community; jobs Provide training opportunities for Tl’azt’en for need to be created for a large number of the duration of the Project. people. Train and hire Tl’azt’en employees and contractors for pipeline maintenance and monitoring once construction is complete.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Human Health Plants and medicines contribute to the health Project will remove plants and medicine that Relocate traditional harvested plant species; of the community and the area. are collected by Tl’azt’en, and that help keep do not destroy them. them healthy. See also Vegetation. Aboriginal Traditional governance is the foundation The Project will affect TN’s ability to utilize TN Keyoh Holders should be compensated Traditional upon which Tl’azt’en people have lived for the land in the way that they have for losses. Knowledge thousands of years. The well being of the successfully done for thousands of years. Regular updates for proposed work at each people were looked after by the stewards of There will less land in Keyohs in which to phase should be provided prior to the land; Keyoh Holders had self governance hunt and trap; disturbance from Project will construction. through the Bathlats system. Keyoh force harvested species to move away for an A map depicting all the changes to the area stewards manage the lands and determine indefinite period. needs to be provided to Keyoh Holders upon how they are to be used. Each Keyoh project completion. provides plenty of food and resources to the families that steward them. Keyohs are used Do not disturb cabin site. year-round and the whole area is utilized. See also Access Management. RoW crosses TN Keyohs in the same area as five registered traplines: • TR0725T002 crossed between KP 854 and KP 862 • TR0713T015 crossed between KP 843 and KP 854 • TR0713T018 crossed between KP 862 and KP 865

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal (cont’d) Traditional • TR0713T016 crossed between KP 865 Knowledge and KP 877 (cont’d) • TR0725T003 situated 2 to 25 km north of the RoW at KP 833 to KP 863 A cabin site situated approximately 3.5 km north of KP 853 is to be protected from disturbance associated with construction of the Project. The passing on of TN oral history and Project planning may not take TN knowledge Use TN traditional knowledge in the ESA knowledge is an important part of the seriously. and for the Project. Tl’azt’en culture and heritage. Keyoh Holders See also Environmental and Socio-economic are considered experts in their own Keyoh Assessment. areas. TN has many trails and traditional use areas One trail, situated approximately 3 km north Survey the trails and restore land to original throughout the project area. For generations, of KP 863 was identified for protected. landscape after construction. Should trails be the Tl’azt’en have utilized the land for Creation of project RoW may cause certain permanently affected by the proposed RoW, trapping, hunting and communication routes. areas to become unusable to TN harvesters. the original trails and locations should be A decrease in harvesting areas will result in recorded for TN traditional knowledge reduced food supplies for TN families. history.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Harvesters will be forced to move outside of Notification to both the TN, trapline holders Traditional their territory to look for game. This loss will and the Keyoh Holders is requested before Knowledge also affect a tradition of sharing and trading work commences in Keyoh areas. (cont’d) food supplies with surrounding families. Also, the new RoW will open up TN hunting and gathering areas to other people, which will infringe on the Keyoh Holders ability to acquire enough food. The Tl’azt’en currently use the following The RoW crosses many important Relocate traditionally harvested plants from plants in and around the RoW: vegetation sites. Project construction may affected sites to other locations with similar Labrador tea, soapberries, raspberries, damage or destroy irreplaceable sites in environments. Vegetation that is moved and juniper, kinnikinnick, strawberry, these areas. replanted should be rooted in similar climatic huckleberries, cranberries, blueberries and Several important plant harvesting areas and physical conditions to the original site. wild rose, alder, red willow, devil’s club and were identified. However, it was emphasized Where possible, avoid traditional plant balsam fir. that plants are abundant and collected harvesting sites. (Plants may not survive almost everywhere in the region and relocation.) disturbance to all vegetation is a concern. Where possible, avoid disturbance to all Eight identified harvesting locations include: other vegetation. • 7 km north of KP 843 TN requests that at least one community • 3.5 km north of KP 864 representative participate in future • 10 km north of KP 844 vegetation fieldwork studies related to the • 250 m north of KP 864 Project. • 4 km north of KP 850 • three harvesting sites approximately 200 m north of KP 864

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal It is part of Tl’azt’en culture to visit with Project effects on traditional TN oral and Implement aforementioned Traditional family on Keyohs and traplines. This permits physical teachings is difficult to predict and recommendations for trails, waterways, Knowledge language-learning of words used only when measure. Effects will ultimately depend on CMTs, vegetation, wildlife, and traditional (cont’d) out on the land, and the acquisition of changes to vegetation, hunting, camps, sites to ensure continuity of TN culture and traditional knowledge associated with these trails, waterways and CMTs affected by the language. words and activities (e.g., tools, shelter). Project. TN has identified this area as being Project crosses TN Keyohs in the same area Do not disturb TN traditional use areas. negotiated through the treaty process of the five traplines: Notification to both the TN, trapline holders between Yekooche First Nation and TN. • TR0725T002 (KP 854 to KP 862) and the Keyoh holders is requested before • TR0713T015 (KP 843 to KP 854) work commences in Keyoh areas. • TR0713T018 (KP 862 to KP 865) • TR0713T016 (KP 865 to KP 877 • TR0725T003, 2 to 25 km north of KP 833 to KP 863 Travelling hunters, trappers, berry pickers, Project may affect water quality and TN use See also Water Quality. and medicinal plant gatherers use the and culture. waterways for drinking water. Water is also used for medicinal teas because it is considered pure and uncontaminated. Water pollution would greatly affect the Tl’azt’en spiritual and physical worldview.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal TN heritage is rich in traditional practices, Physical changes to the land affect Project development maps need to illustrate Traditional knowledge and stories. Some of these are traditional stories and knowledge of the land. changes in land topography (both pre- and Knowledge preserved in the Nation’s archives. This may affect the Nation’s description of post-development). These will be stored in (cont’d) the land, and how their traditional stories are the archives to help preserve heritage stories interpreted. for future generations. Eight CMTs were recorded and flagged and Specifically, eight CMTs were identified and TN indicated they have flagged eight CMTs are described as important to protect for TN. flagged to be protected. They are at the and recommend avoidance. They requested following locations: 8.5 km north of KP 842; that they be informed should avoidance of 250 m north of KP 864; 4 km north of these sites not be possible. KP 864; three CMTs are situated approximately 4 km north of KP 852; and two CMTs are situated approximately 4 km north of KP 850.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Project and Engineering Process Access TN has many trails and traditional use areas One trail, situated approximately 3 km north Should trails be permanently affected by the Management throughout the project area. For generations, of KP 863 was identified for protection. proposed RoW, the original trail and location the Tl’azt’en have utilized the land for The project RoW may cause certain areas to should be recorded for TN traditional trapping, hunting and communication routes. become non-functional. knowledge history. See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. Project crosses TN Keyohs in the same area Notify both the TN, trapline holders, and the of the five traplines: Keyoh Holders before work commences in Keyoh areas. • TR0725T002 (KP 854 to KP 862) • TR0713T015 (KP 843 to KP 854) • TR0713T018 (KP 862 to KP 865) • TR0713T016 (KP 865 to KP 877 • TR0725T003, 2 to 25 km north of KP 833 KP 863. Additionally, new RoW access will open up hunting and gathering areas to other people, which will infringe on the Keyoh Holders’ harvesting. Construction Project has potential to leave debris behind, Do not leave any debris in the bush, and and will disturb the ground. return ground to its original state. Accidents and There are currently no health or safety Project has potential for leaks and/or breaks. Put a health and safety plan for potential Malfunctions issues in the area. pipeline leaks and breaks in place. It is important to provide a workshop and training to the community so that they can understand and react effectively in the case of an emergency.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-16 Tl’azt’en Nation (TN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by TN by TN Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and The passing on of TN oral history and Project planning may not take TN knowledge Use TN traditional knowledge in the ESA Socio-economic knowledge is an important part of the seriously. and for the Project. Assessment Tl’azt’en culture and heritage. Keyoh Holders See also Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge. are considered experts in their own Keyoh areas.

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C.17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation)

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines Atmospheric Potential effects of project air pollution, ESA needs to confirm the extent and Environment - Air including particulates. specifics of potential effects. Quality Noise Potential effects of noise from construction. ESA needs to confirm the extent and specifics of potential effects. Noise from project construction noise will Discuss strategies for mitigating construction radically alter existing soundscape in noise with YFN. community. Terrain The effects of the mountain pine beetle and Project could cause increased soil erosion in ESA needs to confirm the extent and clearcut logging are contributing to soil sloped areas, changes to drainage patterns specifics of potential effects. erosion. and greater slope instability. Water Quality Potential for project water crossings to ESA needs to confirm the extent and degrade water quality in streams crossed by specifics of potential effects. the pipeline. Clear-cutting is already causing soil erosion. Increased erosion and sediment (turbidity) in Discuss strategies for mitigating streams crossed by the pipeline. sedimentation of creeks with YFN.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish Fraser River salmon are found in Stuart Potential for project construction to cause ESA needs to confirm the extent and and Aquatic Lake and its tributaries. Maintenance of the damage to fish stocks and spawning areas. specifics of potential effects. Habitat salmon stocks along the entire route of this See also Water Quality. fishway is critical to YFN. All fisheries, and in particular salmon and their spawning rivers, are important to YFN. Health of entire territory is crucial to any individual fishery. Babine Lake is the site of a significant Potential effects that project construction will The YFN Fisheries Study (Yekooche First salmon fish trap, and terminus of Skeena have on fish in the creeks at water Nation 2006) recommends several projects River salmon run. crossings. and training activities for the future fisheries Cunningham Lake is home to char, development and maintenance: whitefish, kokanee, rainbow trout, and other • Build a fish fence on the Sutherland food and sports fish. River in order to help collect data about Sockeye salmon are found in the Sutherland this crucial sockeye salmon run. River. • A juvenile salmonid escapement project is proposed to determine the health of the salmon run on the Sutherland River. • Survey fish in major waterways.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Freshwater Fish (cont’d) and Aquatic • Install a permanent stream crossing on Habitat (cont’d) Hanson Creek. This crossing would protect a Babine Lake salmon run at the site of the YFN Fish Camp on Babine Lake. • Encourage post-secondary fish training. Encourage additional field camps with YFN participants. Dolly Varden is harvested from the upper This area is close to the proposed RoW and Discuss with YFN strategies for mitigating Sutherland River. may be affected (KP 860 to KP 867). sedimentation of creeks. Vegetation YFN is monitoring forest activity and forest RoW will be on further scar on the forests ESA needs to confirm the extent and health on traditional lands. and vegetation of YFN territory. specifics of potential effects. Effects of pipeline construction on plants, Update YFN on project plans to limit including edible and medicinal plants. construction damage to local forests. For YFN, holistic and sustainable forestry management includes: • forestry-related activities that do not involve tree harvesting (silviculture, forest rehabilitation, small-scale manufacturing) • new business opportunities and options from private sector • some harvesting, especially pine- beetle wood

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) The effects of mountain pine beetle, along Increased possibility of forest fire as a result Discuss mitigation strategies for mitigating with clearcut logging, are contributing to soil of construction, especially in pine-beetle threat of fire with YFN. erosion. damaged trees. YFN is sensitive to developments with large, obvious environmental footprints, due to existing experience with clear-cutting. Plant species used by YFN include: The Project has the potential to affect these Any effects on these species by the Project • Alder – Alnus species culturally important plant species. should be documented and this information • Alder, Red (Oregon Alder) – Alnus should be provided to YFN in advance of rubra disturbance. • Alder, Mountain – Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia • Alder, Green (Slide Alder) – Alnus crispa ssp. sinuate • Alder, Sitka – Alnus viridis ssp. sinuate • Algae, terrestrial green • Aspen, Trembling (Aspen Poplar, White Poplar)- Populus tremuloides • Balsam Poplar – Populus balsamifera L. ssp. balsamifera • Bilberry, Mountain (Black Mountain Huckleberry- Black Huckleberry, Twin- leaved Huckleberry) – Vaccinium species, Vaccinium membranaceum, Vaccinium parvifolium

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Birch, Paper (White Birch, Western Paper Birch, Canoe Birch)- Tula papyrifera • Black Currant, Northern (Wild Black Currant, Hudson Bay Currant, Toad Berry) – Ribes hudsonianum Richards, Ribes rubrum • Black Current, Trailing – Ribes laxiflorum • Blueberry Alaska – Vaccinium alaskaense Howell • Blueberry, Canada (Velvet-leaf Blueberry, Sour-top Blueberry) – Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. • Blueberry, Dwarf (Mountain Blueberry, Dwarf Mountain Blueberry, Low-bush Blueberry) – Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. • Blueberry, Oval-leaved – Vaccinium ovalifolium • Blueberry, High-bush – Vaccinium species • Cat-tail – Typha latifolia L. • Cedar – • Cherry, Bitter (Wild Cherry, Bird Cherry) – Prunus emarginata (Dougl. EHook.) Walpers

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Cherry, Choke (Western Chokecherry; Wild Cherry) – Prunus virginiana • Cherry, Pin (Wild Cherry, Wild Red Cherry, Bird Cherry) – Prunus pennsylvanica L.f. • Cinquefoil, Marsh – Potentilla palustris Scop.) • Clematis, Blue – Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) C.C. • Clover – Trifolium species • Columbine – Aquilegia formosa • Cherry, Pin (Wild Cherry, Wild Red Cherry, Bird Cherry) – Prunus pennsylvanica L.f. • Cinquefoil, Marsh – Potentilla palustris Scop.) • Clematis, Blue – Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) C.C. • Clover – Trifolium species • Columbine – Aquilegia formosa • Coltsfoot, Arrow-leaved – Petasites sagittatus (Banks) Gray • Cottonwood, Black – Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa • Cow Parsnip (Indian Rhubarb, Wild Rhubarb) – Heracleum lanatum Michx.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Cranberry Bog (Wild Cranberry, Moss Cranberry) – Vaccinium oxycoccus L. • Cranberry, High-bush (Squashberry) – Viburnum edule (Michx) Raf. • Cranberry, Low Bush Cranberry Mountain Cranberry, Rock Lingonberry) – Vaccinium vitis idaea L. • Crowberry – Empetrum nigrum L. • Dandelion, Common – Taraxacum officinale Weber • Devil’s Club (Devil’s Bush) – Oplopanax horridum [or horridus (Smith) Miq.?] • Dogwood, Dwarf (Bunchberry) – Cornus Canadensis L. • Dogwood, Red Osier (Red Willow, Western Dogwood) – Cornus stolonifera, Cornus sericea L. • Elderberry, Red – Sambucus racemosa L. • Fern, Brachen – Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn • Fern, Spiny Wood – Dryopteris expansa (K.B. Presl) • Fir, Douglas (Oregon fir) – Pseudotsuga menziesii

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Fir, Subalpine (Alpine Fir, Balsam, Balsam Fir, White Balsam Fir, Sweet Pine) – Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. • Fireweed Willow Herb, Blooming Sally) – Epilobium angustifolium • Fungus, Shelf – Fomes Laricis Jacq.) or Polyporus officinalis • Gooseberry, Wild (White-stemmed Gooseberry, Idaho Gooseberry, Inland Black Gooseberry, Northern Gooseberry) – Ribes species • Hawthorn, Black (Black Thornberry, Black Haw, Douglas Hawthorn) – Crataegus douglasii • Hemlock, Water – Cicuta douglasii (C.C.) • Indian Hellebore (Poison Weed) – Veratrum viride Ait. • Indian Hemp – Apocynum cannabinum • Spreading Dogbane – Apocynum androsaemifolium • Indian Paint Brush – Castilleja species • Juniper, Rocky Mountain (Rocky Mountain Red-cedar, Red-cedar) – Juniperus scopulorum

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Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Kinnikinnick (Bearberry), Red Bearberry – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. • Kinnikinnick, Small (Little Kinnikinnick, Twin-flower) – Linnaea borealis • Labrador Tea (Swamp Tea, Hudson’s Bay Tea, Muskeg Tea, Indian Tea) – Ledum groenlandicum Oeder • Ladyslipper, False – Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes • Lamb’s Quarters (Pigweed) – Chenopodium album • Lichen, Black Tree (Black Tree Moss, Edible Lichen, Indian Bread) – Bryoria fremontii Tuck. • Lichen, Wolf (Wolf Moss, Common Wolf Lichen) – Letharia vulpina • Lichen, Yellow Tree – Cetraria canadensis (Raes.) Raes. • Licorice Root or Sweet Vetch (Grizzly Bear Root) – Hedysarum alpinum L. • Lilly, Rice Root (Mission Bells, Indian Rice) – Fritillaria lanceolata Pursh, Fritallaria camschatcens (L.) Ker Gawl. • Lilly, Tiger (Beaver Stick) – Lilium columbianum Hanson

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Lilly, Yellow Avalanche – Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh • Maple, Rocky Mountain (Mountain Maple, Douglas Maple) – Acer glabrum • Maple, Dwarf – Acer glabrum var. douglasii • Mint, Canada – Mentha arvensis L. • Moss, Sphagnum (Indian Sponge, Baby Moss, Diaper Moss, Bog Moss) – Sphagnum species • Mountain Ash, Sitka – Sorbus sitchensis • Mushroom, Pine – Tricholoma magnivelare • Nettle, Stinging – Urtica gracilis or related species • Nettle, Western – Urtica lyalii Wats. • Onion, Nodding (Wild Onion) – Allium cernuum Roth • Oregon Grape (Barberry, Mahonia, Tall Oregon Grape, Tall Mahone) – Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. • Pea, Wild – Lathyrus species • Pine, Lodgepole (Jack Pine, Black Pine, Scrub Pine, Shore Pine, Red Pine) - Pinus contorta Dougl.

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Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Pine, Whitebark – Pinus albicaulis Engelm. • Pipsissewa (Western Prince’s Pine) – Chimaphila umbellate (L.) Bart. • Plantain – Plantago major • Raspberry, Low or Dwarf (Salmonberry) - Rubus species • Raspberry, Wild - Rubus idaeus L. • Reed Grass, Common – Phragmites australis • Rose, Wild (Bristly Rose, Baldhip Rose, Nootka Rose, Prairie Rose) - Rosa nutkana, Rosa acicularis • Rush, Scouring (Horsetail) – Equisetum hiemale/ hyemale) L., Equisetum pretense • Sage (Wild Sage) – Artemisia frigid • Sarsaparilla, Wild – Aralia nudicaulis • Saskatoon Berry (Service Berry, June Berry, Shadbush) – Amelanchier alnifolia • Soapberry (Soopolallie, Russet Buffalo-berry, Foamberry) – Shepherdia anadensis (L.) Nutt.

May 2010 Page C-345

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Solomon’s Seal (False Solomon’s Seal) – Smilacina amplexicaulis • False Solomon’s Seal (sugarberry) – Smilarcina racemosa (L.) Desf. • Star-Flowered – Smilarcina stellata (L.) Desf.Spring Beauty (Indian Potato, Mountain Potato) – Claytonia lanceolata Pursh • Spruce, Black - Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. • Spruce, Engelmann (Plain Spruce) – Picea engelmannii • Spruce, White (Plain Spruce) – Picea glauca (Moench) Voss • Strawberry Blite – Chenopodium capitatum • Strawberry, Wild – Fragaria vesca L., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne • Tamarack – Larix laricina • Thimbleberry – Rubus parviflorus • Tule (Hardstemmed Bulrush, Roundstem Bulrush, Bulrush, Rush) – Scirpus acutus • Twinberry, Black – Lonicera involucrate

Page C-346 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Vegetation (cont’d) (cont’d) • Water Parsnip (Swamp Parsnip, Wild Swamp Carrot, Wild Saccharin) – Sium suave Walt. • Willow Scouler’s Willow – Salix scouleriana Barratt • Wintergreen, One-sided – Pyrola secunda • Wintergreen, Pink (Beaver’s Ears; Large Wintergreen) – Pyrola asarifolia L. • Yarrow – Achillea millefolium L. Wildlife YFN people hunt moose, caribou, mountain Potential disturbance to animal migrations ESA needs to confirm the extent and sheep, mountain goat, hoary marmot, and habitations. specifics of potential effects. ground hog and hare for food. Project construction will affect movement of Ensure access to pipeline for animals. YFN members have harvested moose that animals, especially noise from construction Create, at minimum, regular points along the are visibly sick. This reflects poor and helicopter over flights. pipeline corridor where animals can cross stewardship of local lands by non-Native Important for animals to be able to cross and the RoW. peoples and is related to logging and other travel on pipeline corridor, once construction development projects. is complete. Moose is tremendously important to YFN diet and cultural activities. Importance of moose for sustenance, exercise and spiritual reasons cannot be overstated.

May 2010 Page C-347

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Wildlife (cont’d) Beaver, muskrat, black bear, marten fisher, wolverine, lynx, fox, wolf, coyote, ermine and mink are trapped for their fur. Porcupine is trapped for its quills. Non-Traditional Effects of increased public access to Land Use traditional areas. Archaeological Given wide use of their territory, YFN believe Expect that heritage and archaeological Resources that evidence of their use will be found. surveys will occur along the RoW. Effect of forestry activities on cultural Tree clearing has the potential to affect heritage. hunting camps, trails, archaeological sites and locations in which their history has occurred. Socio-economics Pipeline construction will affect YFN society A full social impact assessment is required to and culture; result of new technologies and confirm how damaging the pipeline might be job opportunities introduced to a hunting to YFN society and culture. society. Including: Discuss with YFN people strategies for Short-term employment followed by mitigating boom and bust cycle. unemployment. The effects of a short-term economic boom followed by a longer bust. Unequal distribution of benefits within the community

Page C-348 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Socio-economics Expect that forestry will represent significant For YFN, holistic and sustainable forestry (cont’d) post-treaty economic base. As part of management includes: ongoing treaty negotiations, YFN completed • forestry-related activities that do not a valuation of forest resources in their involve tree harvesting (silviculture, traditional territory (2006). forest rehabilitation, small-scale manufacturing) • new business opportunities and options from private sector • some harvesting, especially pine- beetle wood As a result of 2006 fisheries studies, some YFN members are trained in fish studies. Aboriginal YFN Elders stressed the importance of all Despite the fact that areas near the pipeline Prepare a plan or research project for Traditional areas of the territory to food and resource are not used frequently, Elders nevertheless assessing effects of the pipeline on Knowledge collection. expressed concerns that pipeline continuing practice of Aboriginal rights. One construction or the completed pipeline might area of research might ask: how will the right limit activities in the area. to hunt be affected by a fire? Does a fire during construction constitute an infringement of Aboriginal rights? Does it need to be compensated?

May 2010 Page C-349

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal YFN assert continuing Aboriginal rights to Pipeline construction must not violate YFN Ensure access to the pipeline corridor for Traditional hunting, fishing, and trapping in their Aboriginal rights as laid out in the hunters. Knowledge traditional territory. Agreement in Principle and in the future Identify seasonal effects of construction on (cont’d) treaty. This includes potential infringements food gathering activities. within the Statement of Intent lands and the treaty Settlement lands. Possible infringements, where YFN people lose their ability to practice Aboriginal rights, include: • damage to fisheries • damage to hunting territories • damage to plant-gathering areas YFN traditional governance includes Bahl’hat (potlatch) and Keyoh rules. Together these overlap and form a system of managing and sharing food, harvesting areas and other resources. The Yekooche people are organized into four clans: Lusilyoo (Frog), Lhtsumusyoo (Beaver), Grandtrung (Caribou) and Lohchiboo (Wolf).

Page C-350 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Two significant traditional use areas are Traditional discussed in YFNs report: Knowledge Ucausley, a former village site and important (cont’d) harvesting area located at the eastern end of Cunningham Lake. A fish camp at Babine Lake, critical both in the life cycle of the Skeena River salmon as well as for harvesting. A number of harvesting locations (fish, Fish harvesting area is close to the project wood, stone) were identified in the YFN RoW and may be affected by the Project report as being in proximity to the RoW: (KP 860 to KP 867). Dolly Varden trout are harvested from the Harvesting location Whool-tan (Marie Lake) upper Sutherland River using gaff fishing. is located near to the project RoW (KP 840 Harvesting areas at Whool-tan and to KP 843). Chuzkaih. Chuzkaih (Nanna Lake) is a harvesting locale situated near the project RoW (KP 837 to KP 840). See report figures for locations of other harvesting areas near the RoW. Trail system and lake transportation Creation of project RoW offers the possibility It is critical that foot trail access be corridors provide access to hunting grounds, of increased access to remote areas of maintained; create regular points where traplines and camps. Camping occurs as YFN’s traditional territory, while raising fears people can cross. specific campsites and villages along the that access might be restricted if YFN trails (see report figures for locations of members are not permitted to cross or travel camping areas); hunting, plant gathering and along pipeline RoW. trapping occur along the routes.

May 2010 Page C-351

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Assessment Disciplines (cont’d) Aboriginal Two highly significant heritage trails depart A significant hunting trail that crosses the Traditional from Yekooche Village. The first runs Sutherland River and continues south to Knowledge between Yekooche and Ucausely and has Orman Lake is intersected by the RoW (cont’d) been used for generations. The second trail (KP 862.5). runs between Yekooche and Babine Lake The Burns Lake trail is also crossed by the and is the traditional portage route between RoW (KP 921). the Fraser and Skeena River watersheds. Cumulative Effects In recent decades the influence of outsiders Other trails exist near the RoW. See report Develop a plan to measure the cumulative has been increasing, with logging and the figures for locations. effects of construction on the entire territory. creation of parks. Infestations of mountain pine beetle are contributing to these effects as well.

Project and Engineering Process Access Despite the fact that areas near the pipeline Potential for Project to create debris that Ensure access to the pipeline corridor for Management are not used frequently, Elders nevertheless impedes traditional trails; impede access hunters and animals. expressed concerns that pipeline construction of YFN to traditional areas that may be At a minimum, create regular points along the or the completed pipeline might limit their along or crossed by RoW. RoW where people and animals can cross; it activities in the area. is critical that foot trails continue to be available for use.

Page C-352 May 2010

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Construction Pipeline construction has following potential YFN expect that discussions and dialogue effects: will continue throughout the construction. • increased soil erosion in sloped areas Discuss with YFN strategies for mitigating • changes to drainage patterns construction noise and sedimentation of • slope instability creeks. • increased fire risks, especially in pine Update YFN on project plans to limit beetle infected trees construction damage to local forests. • disturbance to animal migrations and ESA needs to confirm the extent and habitations specifics of potential effects. • air pollution, including particulates (Potential construction effects and mitigation • construction noise also listed under specific assessment discipline sections.) • degraded water quality in streams crossed by pipeline • increased erosion and sediment (turbidity) in stream crossings • damage to fish stocks and spawning areas from sediment, turbidity and increased water temperatures • environmental damage due to pipeline breaks or malfunctions

May 2010 Page C-353

Sec. 52 Application Volume 5B: Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Appendix C: ATK Summary of Potential Project Effects and Mitigation Recommendations

Table C-17 Yekooche (Yekooche First Nation) (YFN) ATK Summary for Assessment Disciplines, Project Engineering, and Regulatory Process (cont’d)

Summary Mitigation Recommendations Proposed Category Baseline Conditions Effects Anticipated by YFN by YFN Project and Engineering Process (cont’d) Conservation and Draft a reclamation plan for post construction Reclamation clean up. Accidents and Potential environmental damage due to ESA needs to confirm the extent and Malfunctions pipeline breaks or malfunctions. specifics of potential effects. Update YFN project plans to mitigate pipeline accidents.

Regulatory and ESA Process Environmental and ESA needs to confirm the extent and Socio-economic specifics of potential effects. Assessment Consultation Decisions related to the Project are made Create a project liaison position within the outside the community. YFN community. This person should be entitled to an honoraria based on their time to fulfill the role. Update YFN people through the liaison about all construction plans prior to and during construction. Discuss with YFN strategies for mitigating: fire threats, construction noise, sedimentation of creeks, and boom and bust economics.

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