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Diccionario Biográfico De Matemáticos

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Diccionario Biográfico De Matemáticos DICCIONARIO BIOGRÁFICO DE MATEMÁTICOS Ubaldo Usunáriz Balanzategui Pablo Usunáriz Sala 1 2 ÍNDICE Páginas Preámbulo 5 Diccionario 7 Tabla cronológica 647 Algunos de los problemas y conjeturas 729 expuestos en el cuerpo del diccionario Bibliografía consultada 741 3 4 PREÁMBULO Este Diccionario Biográfico de Matemáticos incluye más de 2040 reseñas de matemáticos, entre las que hay unas 280 de españoles y 36 de mujeres (Agnesi, Blum, Byron, Friedman, Hipatia, Robinson, Scott, etc.), de las que 11 son españolas (Casamayor, Sánchez Naranjo, Sanz-Solé, etc.). Se ha obtenido la mayor parte de las informaciones por medio de los libros recogidos en el apéndice “Bibliografía consultada”; otra parte, de determinadas obras matemáticas de los autores reseñados (estas obras no están incluidas en el citado apéndice, lo están en las correspondientes reseñas de sus autores). Las obras más consultadas han sido las de Boyer, Cajori, Kline, Martinón, Peralta, Rey Pastor y Babini, Wieleitner, las Enciclopedias Espasa, Británica, Larousse, Universalis y Wikipedia. Entre las reseñas incluidas, destacan las siguientes, en orden alfabético: Al-Khuwairizmi, Apolonio, Arquímedes, Jacob y Johann Bernoulli, Brouwer, Cantor, Cauchy, Cayley, Descartes, Diofanto, Euclides, Euler, Fermat, Fourier, Galileo, Gauss, Hilbert, Lagrange, Laplace, Leibniz, Monge, Newton, Pappus, Pascal, Pitágoras, Poincaré, Ptolomeo, Riemann, Weierstrass, etc. Entre los matemáticos españoles destacan las de Echegaray, Etayo, Puig Adam, Rey Pastor, Reyes Prósper, Terradas (de quien Einstein dijo: “Es uno de los seis primeros cerebros mundiales de su tiempo y uno de los pocos que pueden comprender hoy en día la teoría de la relatividad”), Torre Argaiz, Torres Quevedo, los Torroja, Tosca, etc. Se han incluido varias referencias de matemáticos nacidos en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Entre ellos descuellan nombres como Perelmán o Wiles. Pero para la mayor parte de ellos sería conveniente un mayor distanciamiento en el tiempo para poder dar una opinión más objetiva sobre su obra. Las reseñas no son exhaustivas. Si a algún lector le interesa profundizar en la obra de un determinado matemático, puede utilizar con provecho la bibliografía incluida, o también las obras recogidas en su reseña. En cada reseña se ha seguido la secuencia: nombre, fechas de nacimiento y muerte, profesión, nacionalidad, breve bosquejo de su vida y exposición de su obra. En algunos casos, pocos, no se ha podido encontrar el nombre completo. Cuando sólo existe el año de nacimiento, se indica con la abreviatura “n.”, y si sólo se conoce el año de la muerte, con la abreviatura “m.”. Si las fechas de nacimiento y muerte son sólo aproximadas, se utiliza la abreviatura “h.” –hacia–, abreviatura que también se utiliza cuando sólo se conoce que vivió en una determinada época. Esta utilización es, entonces, similar a la abreviatura clásica “fl.” –floreció–. En algunos casos no se ha podido incluir el lugar de nacimiento del personaje o su nacionalidad. No todos los personajes son matemáticos en sentido estricto, aunque todos ellos han realizado importantes trabajos de índole matemática. Los hay astrónomos como, por ejemplo, Brahe, Copérnico, Laplace; físicos como Dirac, Einstein, Palacios; ingenieros como La Cierva, Shannon, Stoker, Torres Quevedo (muchos matemáticos, considerados primordialmente como tales, se formaron como ingenieros, como Abel Transon, Bombelli, Cauchy, Poincaré); geólogos, cristalógrafos y mineralogistas como Barlow, Buerger, Fedorov; médicos y fisiólogos como Budan, Cardano, Helmholtz, Recorde; naturalistas y biólogos como Bertalanfly, Buffon, Candolle; anatomistas y biomecánicos como Dempster, Seluyanov; economistas como Black, Scholes; estadísticos como Akaike, Fisher; meteorólogos y climatólogos como Budyko, Richardson; filósofos como Platón, Aristóteles, Kant; religiosos y teólogos como Berkeley, Santo Tomás; historiadores como Cajori, Eneström; lingüistas como Chomsky, Grassmann; psicólogos y pedagogos como Brousseau, Fishbeim, Piaget; lógicos como Boole, Robinson; abogados y juristas como Averroes, Fantet, Schweikart; escritores como Aristófanes, Torres de Villarroel, Voltaire; arquitectos como Le Corbusier, Moneo, Utzon; pintores como Durero, Escher, Leonardo da Vinci (pintor, arquitecto, científico, ingeniero, escritor, lingüista, botánico, zoólogo, anatomista, geólogo, músico, escultor, inventor, ¿qué es lo que 5 no fue?); compositores y musicólogos como Gugler, Rameau; políticos como Alfonso X, los Banu Musa, los Médicis; militares y marinos como Alcalá Galiano, Carnot, Ibáñez, Jonquières, Poncelet, Ulloa; autodidactos como Fermat, Simpson; con oficios diversos como Alcega (sastre), Argand (contable), Bosse (grabador), Bürgi (relojero), Dase (calculista), Jamnitzer (orfebre), Richter (instrumentista), etc. También hay personajes de ficción como Sancho Panza (siendo gobernador de la ínsula Barataria, se le planteó a Sancho una paradoja que podría haber sido formulada por Lewis Carroll; para resolverla, Sancho aplicó su sentido de la bondad) y Timeo (Timeo de Locri, interlocutor principal de Platón en el diálogo Timeo). Se ha incluido en un apéndice una extensa “Tabla Cronológica”, donde en columnas contiguas están todos los matemáticos del Diccionario, las principales obras matemáticas (lo que puede representar un esbozo de la historia de la evolución da las matemáticas) y los principales acontecimientos históricos que sirven para situar la época en que aquéllos vivieron y éstas se publicaron. Cada matemático se sitúa en el año de su nacimiento, exacto o aproximado; si no se dispone de este dato, en el año de su muerte, exacto o aproximado; si no se dispone de ninguna de estas fechas, en el año aproximado de su florecimiento. Si sólo se dispone de un periodo de tiempo más o menos concreto, el personaje se clasifica en el año más representativo de dicho periodo: por ejemplo, en el año 250 si se sabe que vivió en el siglo III, o en el año -300 si se sabe que vivió hacia los siglos III y IV a.C. En el apéndice “Algunos de los problemas y conjeturas expuestos en el cuerpo del Diccionario”, se ha resumido la situación actual de algunos de dichos problemas y conjeturas. También se han incluido los problemas que Hilbert planteó en 1900, los expuestos por Smale en 1997, y los llamados “problemas del milenio” (2000). No se estudian con detalle, sólo se indica someramente de qué tratan. Esta segunda edición del Diccionario Biográfico de Matemáticos tiene por objeto su puesta a disposición de la Escuela de Ingenieros de Minas de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Laredo. Verano 2012 6 DICCIONARIO 7 8 A Abbati, Pietro (1768-1842). Matemático italiano. Nació en Módena, donde estudió y enseñó en su Universidad. Comunicó (1802) por carta a Ruffini la demostración del teorema consistente en que el orden de un subgrupo divide el orden del grupo (resultado también obtenido por Lagrange), ampliando a las ecuaciones de grado superior a cinco la imposibilidad de su resolución, en el caso general, mediante radicaciones sucesivas partiendo de sus coeficientes. Abd Al-Hamid Ibn-Turk (h. 830). Matemático árabe, probablemente de origen turco. Vivió y trabajó en Bagdad a principios del siglo IX. Escribió Sobre las necesidades lógicas en las ecuaciones mixtas. Este manuscrito debía formar parte de un libro sobre álgebra, muy parecido al de Al-Khuwarizmi y publicado aproximadamente en la misma época, o quizá antes. Las Necesidades lógicas presentan una estructura y una demostración geométrica similar al Álgebra de Al-Khuwarizmi, siendo en un aspecto más completa ya que demuestra por medio de figuras geométricas que una ecuación cuadrática no tiene solución cuando su discriminante es negativo. Las analogías entre ambas obras parecen indicar que el desarrollo del álgebra no era un fenómeno reciente cuando se escribieron. Abdank-Abakanowicz, Bruno (1852-1900). Ingeniero e inventor polaco. Nació en Vilkmergé (hoy Lituania, entonces Rusia, por lo que a veces se le considera lituano y otras ruso). Estudió en la Universidad Técnica de Riga. Fue profesor en la Universidad Politécnica de Lvov (hoy, Lviv, Ucrania). Construyó y comercializó su intégrafo (1878), aparato que dibujaba la curva integral recorriendo una de sus puntas la gráfica de la función integrando Escribió la obra Intégrafos: la curva integral y sus aplicaciones. Estudio sobre un nuevo sistema de integradores mecánicos (1886). En ella estudió la curva cuadratriz que lleva su nombre. Publicó también diversas obras de divulgación científica. Abdel Aziz, Y. J. (h. 1971). En relación al análisis matemático del gesto deportivo mediante fotogrametría tridimensional, desarrolló (1971), junto con Karara, algoritmos por los que es posible realizar una transformación lineal directa de las coordenadas espaciales de los puntos que definen los sólidos rígidos del sistema en estudio, permitiendo obtener las coordenadas planas que representan las posiciones adoptadas por el deportista, así como las del sistema de referencia. Abel, Niels Henrik (1802-1829). Matemático noruego. Nació en Findö, cerca de Stavanger, hijo del pastor protestante de dicha localidad, en el seno de una familia muy numerosa. Estudió en Cristianía (actual Oslo). A los dieciséis años su maestro, Berndt Michael Holboe (1795-1850), reconoció el genio de Abel, le aconsejó leer los libros de los matemáticos más eminentes, incluido Investigaciones de aritmética de Gauss, y predijo que se convertiría en el mejor matemático de todo el mundo. En sus lecturas, Abel se dio cuenta de que Euler sólo había demostrado
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