Index

A Astronomical Almanac, 43, 66, 231, 238 Acoustic waves, 97–100 Astronomical formulae, 6, 66, 231 –Williamson equation, 119–124, 126, limit, 74 127, 219 Astronomical unit, 6, 66, 232, 258 Adiabatic conditions/processes, 85, 160 Atmospheric refraction, 20, 257 Advection, 153, 193, 277–279 of temperature, 192 Aerobee , 87, 88 B Albedo , H.P., 5 bolometric, 145, 161, 164 Bickerton, A.W., 5 , 231 Binary Maker software, 40 geometric, 231, 238, 283 Biosphere, 314 mean, 165 , K.O.B., 5 visual, 231 -Richardson formulation, 7, 37 Alfve´n, H.O.G., 5 bone, 1 ALH 84001 (Antarctic meteorite), 310, 311 Bolometric correction (solar), 78 of Clazomenae, 2 ’s constant, 75, 315 Andromeda galaxy (M31), 101 Boundary, core-mantle, 117, 118, 129, 130, Angular momentum, 3, 5, 6, 36, 49, 57, 65, 68, 134, 160, 161, 194–196, 216, 219, 108, 223–228 239, 309 Anticline, 286 Bound-free emission, 73 of Perga, 2 Brahe, T., 2–4, 282 , 281 Breccia, 202, 208 Argument of perihelion, 29, 38, 43 Brunt-Va¨isa¨la¨ frequency, 100 of Samos, 2 Buddha, 233 , S.A., 5 , G.-L.L., 3 , 2 Bulk sound velocity, 195 (minor ) Buoyancy, 90, 97, 152, 193, 270, 271, Ceres, 65, 106, 143 273, 274 , 6 Buoyant frequency, 100 Greek and Trojan, 41 , 238 Kirkwood gaps, 54 C “rubble pile”, 137 Cameron, A.G.W., 5, 225 trans-Neptunian objects, 138 Capella, M., 2 Vesta, 255 Cell, diamond-anvil, 127, 133, 134, 195

E.F. Milone and W.J.F. Wilson, Solar System Astrophysics: Background Science 323 and the Inner Solar System, Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8848-4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 324 Index

Chamberlain, T.C., 5 silicate tetrahedron, 177 Chelyabinsk airburst, 140 tetrahedral holes, 176, 177 Chladni, E.F.F., 3, 4 table salt, 184, 187 Circle Crystallization great, 14, 15, 20, 22, 24, 31, 32, 98, equilibrium, 132, 220 221, 296 fractional, 132, 220 small, 14, 15, 98, 179 point, 127 Coefficient absorption, 79, 80 kinematic viscosity, 152 D thermal de Laplace, P.-S., 52 conduction, 157 Density(ies) expansion, 152, 160 compressed, 108, 127, 238, 282 Communications (s), 48 uncompressed, 108, 190, 191, Convection 252, 253 adiabatic, 160, 253 Descartes, R., 3 chemical, 253 Devonian Period, 52 core Differentiation, 65, 126, 135, 148, 194, 223, , 129 249, 254, 276 , 258 Digital Orrery, 49 mantle Discontinuity Earth, 129, 196, 244 Mohorovicˇic´, 190 Venus, 244, 261 seismic solar, 85 Earth, 114–119, 190 Coordinate system , 213 altazimuth, 20–22 D00 layer, 155, 194–196 ecliptic, 21–22 Dwarf planets, 6, 7, 49, 65, 106, 233, 234 equatorial, 22–24 Dyce, R., 236 horizon, 20, 21 Dynamical migrations, 9 terrestrial, 20, 21 Coordinate transformations ecliptic to equatorial, 22, 42 E equatorial to ecliptic, 22 Earth equatorial to horizon (altazimuth), 21 asthenosphere, 127 horizon (altazimuth) to equatorial, atmosphere, 20, 77, 87, 166 23, 31 central temperature, 159, 258 rectilinear (x, y) to , 29 Challenger Deep, 241 Copernicus, N., 2, 3, 233 core Crust, Earth, 126, 132, 151, 156, 184 inner, 125, 128, 131–136 composition, 171, 178–179, 248 outer, 115, 117, 125, 128, 160 Crystal(s) core-mantle interface, 117, 118, 161 density, 175 crust, composition, 171, 178–179, 248 magnesiowu¨stite, 186 densities, 108, 124, 223 perovskite, 185, 186 D00 layer, 194–196 phase, 178, 183–190 dynamic range, 241 post-perovskite, 187 geotherm(s), 133, 145, 160, 161 structure heat flux, 145, 146, 150, 156, 158, 166 cubic close packing, 174, 175 Himalayas, 241, 261 face-centered packing, 171, 174, 175, impact craters, 240, 263 185, 186 interior, 100, 125–136, 145, 148, 151, 169, hexagonal close packing, 173 196, 216 interstitial holes, 175–177 , 70, 231, 314 octahedral holes, 176–177 lithosphere, 127, 146, 272, 273 Index 325

low velocity zone, 273 analogue, 19 magnetic field, 127, 128, 131 four-parts, 19 , 217, 231 Fossa(e), 287, 288, 305 mantle, 108, 127, 147, 187, 190, 191, 211, Free-free emission, 73 223, 226, 309 Frequency Marianas trench, 241 Brunt-Va¨isa¨la¨, 100 moment of inertia, 124–125, 151 buoyant, 100 Mt. Everest, 241 Planck function, 74 preliminary reference model, 137 visual radiation, 73 radiated power, 145 seafloor spreading, 127, 272 secular cooling, 148, 149, 279 G seismic waves, 100 , G., 197 shadow zone, 115, 117 Gauss, K.F., 42, 218 subduction, 127, 272, 273, 275 Geochemical cycle, 171 superplumes, 194 Geo-synchronous satellite(s), 61 temperature gradient, interior, Giant molecular clouds, 9 155–157, 159 Gradient, temperature, 146, 155–157, 159, tidal heating, 150, 151 160, 253 Ellipse Gravitational potential, 108–114, 137, 212, 282 area, 25, 30, 46 energy, 150, 253, 278 definition, 13, 25, 26 Gravity waves, 97, 99 eccentricity, 27, 30, 38 Greenhouse gases, 165, 299 equation, 27, 28, 30, 59 Gutenberg-Richter earthquake magnitude, 119 hyperbola, 30 parabola, 30 properties, 25–31 H Elongation, 141, 233, 237, 256 Hayashi, C., 5 Emission Heat bound-free, 73 accretional, 147, 219, 275, 279 free-free, 73 advection, 153, 192, 193, 277–279 Energy equation (for orbits), 36, 37 from differentiation, 148 Equilibrium, thermal, 157, 279, 315 gravitational, 148, 150 Eris, 6 latent, 150, 157, 189, 192, 193 of Cnidus, 2 lithospheric conduction, 277–278 Eutectic plate tectonics, 269, 277–279 mix(es), 131, 132 primordial, 146–148, 157 phase diagrams, 132, 133 radiogenic, 128, 147, 149, 150, 279 transfer, 278 conductive, 153, 156–157 F convective, 152–153, 156 Faults and folds radiative, 66, 76–78, 145, 232 anticline, 286 transport, 153, 154, 159, 278, 279, 308 fossa(e), 287 Helioseismology, 68, 70, 95–100 graben, 244, 266, 267, 286, 287 Hellenic and Hellenistic times, 1 monocline, 286 , 256 normal fault, 244, 286 H– ion(s), 85 strike-slip fault, 286 Hipparchus, 2, 226 syncline, 286 Holes thrust fault, 222, 245, 286 coronal, 89 Filar micrometry, 106 interstitial, 175–177 Forced , 251–253 octahedral, 176–177 Formula(e) tetrahedral, 176, 177 326 Index

Horus, 233 third, 39, 44, 52, 61, 66, 282 “Hot Jupiters”, 9, 164 limb-darkening, 83, 84 Hoyle, F., 5 ’s, 34 Hydrostatic equilibrium, 114, 121, 143 gravitational, 33–35, 50, 61 laws of motion, 33, 61 first, 33 I second, 34, 35 Impact(s) third, 34, 36 energy per unit mass, 137, 139 sine, 13–15, 19, 22, 23, 31, 141 heating, 128, 147 Snell’s, 116 Inanna, 256 Stefan-Boltzmann, 75, 77 Inertia, moment of, 68, 124–125, 150, thermodynamics, 162 151, 212, 228, 244, 252, 253, first law, 278 308, 309 Titius-, 6–8, 65 Ishtar, 256, 265, 267, 268 Blagg-Richardson formulation, 10 Wien’s, 75 Legendre polynomials, 112, J 142–143, 231 , J.H., 5 associated, 109 Jeffreys, H., 5 Leverrier, Urbain, 234 Jupiter, 6, 9, 39–41, 53, 54, 65, 105, 138, 143, Life forms 164, 227, 233, 277, 281 autotrophs, 313 Jupiter-Saturn long-period inequality, 53 chemolithotrophs, 313 chemoorganotrophs, 313 chemotrophs, 313 K extremophiles, 313 Kant, I., 3, 4 heterotrophs, 313 , J., 2, 3, 258, 284 phototrophs, 313 Kepler’s equation, 39, 43–48, 60 Light curves, 84 Kepler’s laws, 33, 38 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 259 first, 29, 38 LONGSTOP, 49 second, 36 , Percival, 259, 281 third, 39, 44, 52, 61, 66, 282 Lyttleton, R.A., 5 Kirkwood gaps, 54 Belt, 138 Kuiper, G., 5 M Macroturbulence, 69 Magnetograms, 70 L Magnitude Lagrangian points, 40, 41 absolute, 78, 101 Laplace, P.-S. de, 3, 4, 52 bolometric, 78, 101 Latent heat, 150, 157, 189, 192, 193 visual, 78, 101, 231 Law(s) analogue formula, 19 Alba Patera, 285 angular momentum conservation, 226 albedo, 283 cosine, 13–19, 22, 23, 25, 31 ALH 84001, 310, 311 exponential growth, 126 , 283 Faraday’s, 218 Apsus Valley, 290 Fourier’s, 157 Ares, 281 four-parts formula, 19 , 289 Kepler’s, 38 Argyre impact basin, 295, 296 first, 29, 38 , 284 second, 36 , 284 Index 327

Aureum , 287, 289 Maja Vallis, 289 “blueberries”, blueberry concretions, mass, 306, 308, 309, 314, 315 301, 302 meanders, 289, 290, 293 Borealis basin, 295, 297 Fossae, 305 brightness, 281 Melas , 287 canali, 281 , 301, 302, 308 “canals”, 106, 281 Metabolic processes canyons and channels, 286, 287, 304 aerobic, 313 Fossae, 288 anaerobic, 313 chaotic terrain, 287, 289 endolithic, 314 , 304 methanogenic, 314 Chryse impact basin, 295, 300 Newton crater, 307 Chryse Plain, 295, 300 Nix Olympica, 285 Claritas Rupes, 288 Noachis Terra, 283 climate change, 291, 299–306 north celestial pole (NCP), 282 , 287 North Pole impact basin, 295, 297 craters, 200, 281, 283, 284, 287, olivine, 301 301–303, 306 , 241, 283, 285, 305 dendritic channels, 289, 299 , 284 dunes, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 303 physical and orbital properties, 62 dynamic range, 241 polar cap(s), 293 eccentricity, 282 quadrupole moment, 282 , 289 rotation, 282 Crater, 301, 302 Sabis Vallis, 290 etched plains, 289 sandstone, 301 festoons, 301 , 41, 114 flattening, 282 spiders, 293, 294 crater, 303 surface features, 106, 283–296 geologic epochs, 283 , 288 , 283, 313 tear-drop shaped islands, 289, 290, 300 , 283, 289, 291, 296, 298, 313 Crater, 305 , 283, 285, 296, 298, 299, 301, bulge (Ridge), 284–286, 310, 311 296, 297, 310 Pre-Noachian, 283 , 284 global dichotomy, 285, 296–298 , 287 gravitational acceleration, 309 , 286, 287, 289, 297 “ wave”, 281, 282 volcanoes, 284–285 heat outflow, 145–166 water, 281, 289, 291, 294, 299ff heat transport, 308 Martianus Capella, 2 Tholus, 284 butterfly diagram, 90, 91 Hellas impact basin, 241, 283 Maunder, E.W., 90 hematite, 301, 303 Maunder minimum, 94 , 283, 298 Megaregolith, 202, 215 , 287 impact basins/craters, 283, 295–296, 298 albedo, 238, 250 Isidis impact basin, 295 apsidal motion, 235 , 287 Rupes, 245 jarosite, 301 blue plains, 240 layered terrain, 287 brightness, 233, 235, 238 life, possible, 310–314 Caloris Basin, 236, 240, linneae, 291 242–244, 247 lobate ejecta, 304, 305 color, 238, 240, 241, 244, 249 Lunae Planum, 289 contraction, 222, 244, 245, 247 magnetite, 310 core, 239, 245, 248, 251–254 328 Index

Mercury (cont.) β-phase (olivine), 190, 191 core convection, 244 bytownite, 204 density, 233 Clapeyron slope, 188, 189, 195 core, 251, 252, 254 clinopyroxene, 181, 198, 199, 205, 208 mantle, 239, 251–253 corundum, 184, 185, 191, 192 , 246 diopside, 181, 184, 186 dorsae, 245 enstatite, 181, 184, 190, 204, 248, 252, dynamic range, 241 255, 256 eccentricity, 231, 234, 237 fayalite, 177, 181, 189, 238 elongations, 141, 233 feldspar, 170, 180, 182, 183, 198, 204, 205 forced librations, 251–253 orthoclase, 180, 300 gravitational acceleration, 241 plagioclase, 180, 198, 199, 204, 205, ice, 249–251 208–210, 220, 221, 248, 255, 308 inclination, 231, 234 ferrosilite, 181, 184, 204 internal structure, 251–254 forsterite, 177, 181, 189, 190, 208 , 253 gabbroic anorthosite, 199 magnetic field, 235 γ-phase (olivine), 190 magnetosphere, 253, 254 garnet (silicate), 181, 182, 184–185, 187, mass, 254 190, 191, 217, 309 mean solar day, 231, 232, 236 hematite, 301, 308 as morning/evening star, 256 ilmenite (FeTiO3), 185, 204, 209, 221 Northern lowlands, 243–244, 251 ilmenite (silicate), 185, 187, 189–192 oblateness, 232, 234, 237 iron (core), 122 orbit, 234–235 iron oxide (FeO), 129, 134, 186, 209, 210, origin, 254–256 248, 254, 255, 308 permanently shaded regions (PSR), 250 iron sulfide (FeS), 107, 131, 133, 134, physical and orbital properties, 232–252 218, 253 red plains, 240 jarosite, 301 refractory elements, 248 KREEP basalts, 208 rupes, 245–247 labradorite, 204 scarp, 245–247, 250 magnesiowu¨stite, 186 solar visibility, 233–234 magnetite, 310 Pole, 242, 244, 249, 250 majorite, 184 spin-orbit coupling, 235–236 norite, 199, 208 surface composition, 248, 251 olivine, 107, 122, 124, 131, 153, 155, 177, terrain, 243–245, 249, 250 178, 181–183, 186, 189–191, 198, Tyagaraya crater, 249 199, 203–205 visibility, 106, 233–234 phase transitions, 191 volatile elements, 248–249, 251, 255 orange glass, 206 wrinkle ridges, 246 orthopyroxene, 181, 198, 199, 220, 310 Meteorite(s) pegmatite, 182 enstatite, 248, 251, 255 periclase, 183, 186, 190, 191 Martian (SNC), 140, 307, 308, 310, 311 perovskite (silicate), 154, 177, 181, 183, ALH 84001, 310, 311 185–186, 309 Minerals plagioclase, 180, 198, 199, 204, 205, α-phase (olivine), 189 208–210, 220, 221, 248, 255 aluminous garnet, 184 post-perovskite, 177, 181, 186–188, amphibole, 182 190, 194–196 andesine, 204 pyrope, 184 anorthite, 180, 204 pyroxene, 107 anorthositic gabbro, 199 clinopyroxene, 181, 198, 199, 205, 208 anorthositic plagioclase feldspar, 198, orthopyroxene, 181, 198, 199, 220, 310 199, 204, 308 phase diagram, 132, 191–192 Index 329

quartz, 169, 170, 179, 180, 182, 183, 300 asthenosphere, 127 serpentinite, 182 breccias, 202, 208 silica, 170, 179, 180, 183 compositional variation, 199 silicates, 179–181, 254 core, 213, 215–219, 224, 225 spinel (silicate), 124, 178, 182, 183, craters, 210, 228 190, 191 crystallization sequence, 220–222 stishovite, 177, 179, 180, 186, 190 dynamical history, 8, 197, 222–227 urKREEP, 221 dynamic range, 241 wu¨stite, 186 eccentricity, 222 Minerals, density, 107, 115, 122, 124, 183, 190 flattening, 282 Minor planets. See Asteroids formation hypothesis, 225 Mission(s) fractionation, 221, 224 , 199 gravitational acceleration, g, 216 Chandraya’an, 199 highlands, 200–209, 220, 221, 248, , 201 275, 308 Curiosity, 303, 308, 314 impact basins, 200, 205, 206, 208, 209, 214 InSight, 115, 308 inclination, 38, 39, 57, 231, 234, 256, 282 LCROSS, 210, 211 initial fractionation, 221, 224 Luna, 199 KREEP basalt, 208 Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter, 206, 207, lithosphere, 222 210 lowlands, 228 , 232, 259, 260–265, 269, 271, magma ocean, 204, 212, 217, 220–222, 277, 281 224, 308 10, 299 mantle, 215–221 , 298, 305, 306 Mare Crisium, 200, 201, 214 , 285, 297, 298, 305, Mare Fecunditatis, 200 307–309 Mare Imbrium, 200, 208, 209, 242, 295 Mars , 284, 287–290, 295, 300, Mare Ingenii, 206, 207 304, 309 Mare Nectaris, 200 Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter, 292–294, Mare Serenitatis, 200 304, 306, 309 Mare Tranquilitatis, 200, 207 MESSENGER, 105, 235, 238, 239, 241, maria, 106, 200, 201, 205–206, 208, 209, 242, 245–250, 252, 255 275, 296 Opportunity, 301, 302, 308 mean distance, 281, 282 , 88, 89 megaregolith, 202 , 308, 313 minerals, 198, 199, 203–204, 212, Vega, 275, 276, 279 220, 221 , 114, 262, 275–277, 279 nodal regression, 222 , 232, 280 Procellarum, 200, 202, 208, 209 Viking, 114, 115, 296, 298, 308, 311–313 origin, 223, 228 Modulus perigee advance, 222 bulk, 121, 195 crater, 201 elastic, 121 regolith, 198, 202, 205, 207, 208, 211, 215 shear, 121 rotation, 218 Young’s, 121 seismic results, 199, 213–215, 219 Mohorovicˇic´ discontinuity (Moho), 190, soil, 199 215, 251 South Pole- Basin, 206, 209, Moment of inertia, 68, 124, 125, 150, 151, 212, 214, 242 228, 244, 252, 253, 309 terrae (highlands), 203–205 Monocline, 286 Thompson crater, 206 Moon/lunar Tycho crater, 201 60-km discontinuity, 120 urKREEP, 221 accretion, 223 water, 210–213, 224, 227, 251 albedo map, 201 Moulton, F. R., 5, 40–43, 48 angular size variation, 222 Mysterium Cosmographicum, 3 330 Index

N P n-body analyses, 39, 49, 238, 258 Paleolithic period, 1 Neolithic (New Stone Age), 1, 222 Paleomagnetism, 131, 212 , 6, 7, 9, 41, 53, 54, 65, 227, 233 Pettingill, G., 236 Neutrino oscillations, 70 Phase Newton, Isaac, 3 angle (for observing planets), 140, 141 Newton’s laws. See under Laws function, 106 Nicholas of Cusa, 3 Phase diagram Numerical integration, 122, 123, 126 olivine, 189–190 pyroxene, 187–189 Phase transition(s) O olivine component, 189–190 Obliquity of the ecliptic, 22, 31, 32 pyroxene component, 184–189 Oort Cloud, 138 , 2 Optical depth, 79–82, 86, 94, 95 Phosphorus (Lucifer), 256 Orbit-orbit couplings and resonances, 53 Planck constant, 75 Orbits/orbital Planck function (Planckian), 74–77, 80, anomaly 81, 101 eccentric, 39, 41, 45, 57, 60 Planetary mean, 39, 41, 42, 45 angular momentum, 3, 5, 6, 36, 49, 57, 65, true, 39, 41, 45, 47, 55 68, 108, 223–228 argument bulk properties, 105–108 of latitude, 42, 58, 59 cores, 51, 248 of perihelion, 29, 38, 43 crusts, 126, 214–215 elements densities, 8, 90, 106–108, 125, 127, 191, argument of perihelion (pericenter), 38 214, 251, 252, 276 eccentricity, 38 dynamic ranges, 241 epoch, 38, 41 elongation, 141, 233, 237, 256 inclination, 38, 39, 42, 55, 57, 231, 234 impact craters, 240, 241, 262–264, 299 longitude of ascending node, 39, 57 interiors, 106 period, 39 internal heat, 145–153, 165, 166 semi-major axis, 25–27, 37, 38, 51, 52, magnetic fields, 106, 127, 128, 131, 212, 55, 66, 231, 234, 282, 315 217, 218, 258, 309, 313 energy equation, 36, 37, 43 moment(s) of inertia, 124–125, 150, 151, longitude 252, 309 mean, 42 oblateness, 231, 232, 234, 278, 282 of perihelion, 39, 42, 54 potential, 108–114, 148, 150, 197, 263, true, 42 278, 282, 297, 308, 309 obliquity of the ecliptic, 22, 31 pressures, 105, 127, 129, 130, 133, osculating, 41, 49, 54, 55, 234, 256, 282 134, 253 perturbation(s), 39–41, 48, 49, 54–62, 106, quadrature, 141 126, 222, 226, 234, 238, 270 surface temperatures, 145, 258, 259, 272, acceleration, 51, 55, 62 273, 275 variations, 54, 55 systems vis-viva equation, 43 GJ 876, 52 Origen, 2 HD 10180, 7, 8 Orogenesis, 127 Kepler 11, 7 Oscillations Kepler 20, 7 5-minute, 96, 97 Kepler 33, 7 f-mode, 97 Planets g-mode, 97, 100 dwarf, 6, 7, 49, 65, 106, 233, 234 p-mode, 97, 100 exterior (superior), 71, 140, 143, 281 r-mode, 97 extra-solar, 25, 36, 164 Index 331

giant, 39, 41, 105, 145, 165 luminance, 73 interior (inferior), 234, 278 luminosity, 70–74 rocky/terrestrial, 105 luminous types of crust, 275 exitance, 73 Plate tectonics, 131, 261, 269, 272–274, flux, 73 277–279, 297 intensity, 73 , 6, 41, 49, 53, 54, 65, 106, 143, 233 power, 71, 73 resonance, 54, 106 opacity, 73, 79–81, 83, 85 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 310 optical depth, 79–82, 86, 94 Potential energy, 92, 108, 109, 148, 150, optically thick, 95 253, 278 optically thin, 95 Potential, gravitational, 108–114, 137, 150, oscillations, 70 212, 253, 278, 282 power, 71, 73 Precession, 54, 55, 111, 218, 226, 234, 282 radiance, 71, 73 Primordial heat, 146–148, 157 radiant , R.A., 5 exitance, 73 Proton-proton chain, 70 flux, 73 Protostellar disks, 9 intensity, 73 Ptolemaic terms, 141 power, 71, 73 Ptolemy, Claudius, 2 specific Pythagoras, 2, 26 flux, 74 intensity, 74, 75 spectral Q irradiance, 71–73 Quadrature(s), 37, 141–143, 211 lines, 69, 70, 73, 83, 85–87, 90, 91, 96 Quadrupole moment, 110, 282 surface brightness, 70–74, 78 transfer equation, 76 ultraviolet, 86 R X-ray, 86 Radiation Radioactive half-life, 149, 224 absorption Radiogenesis, 150 coefficient, 79, 80 Ratio of specific heats, 99 lines, 88–90, 95 Raulineya, 233 Balmer limit, 74 Rayleigh number, 152 -body, 66, 71, 74–77, 166 Refraction, 20, 114, 116, 118, 257 brightness, 70–74 Regolith, 198, 202, 205, 207, 208, 211, 215, emission 251, 311 bound-free, 73 Resonance coefficient, 80 orbit-orbit, 52–54 continuum, 93 spin-orbit, 52–54 free-free, 73 Reynold’s number, 153 lines, 90, 95 Ridges, 125, 127, 146, 224, 245, 246, 255, emissivity, 94 265–274, 276, 278, 280, 284, 285, emittance, 74, 75 297–299, 308 exitance, 73 Rigidity, 113–115, 117, 121, 195 flux, 71 ultraviolet, 87 illuminance, 73 Rocks intensity, 73 acidic, 183, 300 irradiance, 71–73 alkaline basalts, 276 Kirchhoff-Planck function, 74 andesite, 182, 183, 277, 308 line absorption and emission, 94–95 basalt, 115, 182, 183, 190, 198, 199, 203, local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), 205, 207, 208, 221, 238, 240, 255, 74, 75, 95 301, 314 332 Index

Rocks (cont.) Solar nebula, 126, 223, 248, 255, 256, 306 basalt, KREEP, 207–208 composition gradient, 253, 255 basic, 183 Solar system properties, 9, 66 breccia, 202, 208 , 89, 202, 211, 212, 227, 249, 258 dacite, 277 Solid angle, 71, 73, 75, 76 dunite,182, 183, 203, 208, 220 Source function, 75, 94 eclogite, 182, 183 Spectrum/spectra felsic, 183 Balmer jump, 73, 74 gabbro, 182, 183, 199 Balmer lines, 88 granite, 115, 151, 182, 183, 277, 280 Ca II H and K lines, 88 igneous, 169–171, 182–183 continuous, 85 lava, 169, 170 echelle, 87, 88 limestone, 170 forbidden lines, 90 mafic, 183 He λ30.4 line, 89 magma, 169, 170, 182, 204 Lyman α line, 88 marble, 170 metastable levels, 90 metamorphic, 169–171 Mg II h and k lines, 88 mudstone, 170 rocket ultraviolet, 87 pegmatite, 182 spectroheliogram, 69, 85, 87 peridotite, 182 Spherical plutonic, 170, 182, 183, 208 astronomy, 13–25, 109 pyrolite, 182 harmonic(s), 97–99, 109, 110, 282 quartz, 170, 179ff triangle(s), 14–24 rhyolite, 182, 183, 277 trigonometry, 13, 14, 20, 31 sandstone, 170, 301 Spin-orbit coupling(s) and resonances(s), sedimentary, 169–171, 303 50–54, 164, 235–237, 251 serpentinite, 182 Stars–individual tholeiitic basalts, 276, 308 α Canis Majoris (Sirius), 24 ultrabasic, 183 α Cygni (Deneb), 24, 282 ultramafic, 184, 220 α Lyrae (Vega), 72, 73 volcanic, 170, 182, 183, 265–266, 308 β Pictoris, 9 waves, 97 Stars–types , H.N., 5 eclipsing binaries, 84 pulsating, 96 variable, 95 S Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 71, 75 Safronov, V.S., 5 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 75, 77 Satellite(s) Subduction, 127, 153, 182, 272–275, 279 commensurabilities, 52–54 Subsurface ocean, 114 Galilean, 52, 106, 277 /solar Saturn, 6, 8, 41, 53, 54, 106, 107, 145, 227 active regions, 70, 85, 87–89, 92 Satyricon,2 bolometric correction, 78 Scarps, 245–247, 250, 296, 304 center-to-limb variation, 82–84 Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 235, 236, 259, 281, 285 chromosphere, 69, 78, 83–89 , O.I., 5 chromospheric network, 87 Secular cooling, 148–150, 279 convection zone, 79, 84–85 Seismology corona(e) solar, 70 E-corona, 89, 90 terrestrial, 125 F-corona, 89, 90 Sidereal time, 21, 22, 31 K-corona, 89, 90 Solar constant, 77, 78, 100, 145, 160 coronal mass ejections (CMEs), 92, 93 Solar heating, 160–166 facula(e), 85, 95 Solarization, 89 flare(s), 85, 89, 91–93, 101, 202 Index 333

granulation, 69, 79, 84–85 plate, 131, 261, 269, 272–274, limb-brightening, 83 277–279, 297 limb-darkening, 79, 84, 88 Telescopes coefficient, 75, 83 Arecibo 300-m Radio, 236, 249, 250 luminosity, 70–74, 78, 100, 145, 146, 160, Keck, 257 162, 299 McMath Solar, 86 macroturbulence, 69 Swedish 1-meter Solar, 87 magnetic Temperature dynamo, 90 effective, 67, 71, 72, 75, 78, 100, 160, fields, 5, 70, 85, 90, 91, 93, 106, 258 165, 232 reconnection, 91, 92 equilibrium mean intensity, 100 local, 67, 75, 163, 166 microturbulence, 69, 70 rapid rotator, 164, 282 neutrino(s), 70, 149, 150 slow rotator, 164, 166 oblateness, 67, 231, 232, 234, 237, 278, 282 gradient, 146, 155–157, 159, 160, 253 opacity, 73, 79–81, 83, 85, 87, 100 mean, 164, 165 oscillations, 70, 93, 96, 97, 99, 100, subsolar, 162, 232 128, 251 ter Haar, D., 5 photosphere, 69, 74, 78–87, 89–91, 97 Tesserae, 260, 266–268, 280 plages, 85, 87 Tetrahedron, 176, 177, 179–182, 184 prominences Thermal equilibrium, 157, 279, 315 eruptive, 92 Thermodynamics, first law of, 278 quiescent, 92 Tholus, 284 radio bursts, 92 Three-body problem, restricted, 40–41, 48 seismology, 70, 125 Tidal spectrum, 69, 73, 85–88, 95–97, 99, 198, braking, 51 210, 211, 306 bulges, 51, 150, 222 emission, 87 forces, 111, 112, 222 spicules, 87 friction spots, 67, 69, 70, 79, 85, 86, 90–94, 96, 101 effect on orbits, 213, 226 supergranulation, 70 effect on rotations, 50–51 superplumes, 194 Titius-Bode “law”, 6–8, 10, 65 surface brightness, 70–74, 78, 95, 96 Transits surges, 87 of Mercury, 319 temperature of Venus, 256–259 effective, 67, 71, 72, 75, 78, 100, 160, Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), 138 165, 232 Two-body problem, 33–38 mean, 164, 165 Tycho Brahe, 2, 3 minimum, 83, 86, 99, 163 reversal, 84 transition zone, 86 U ultraviolet radiation, 86 Units Wolff mixed-shell model, 100 flux, 70–76, 78, 96, 97, 100, 101, 145, Sunspot cycles, 67, 69, 85, 90–94 146, 150, 156, 158, 161–163, 166, Syncline, 286 218, 232, 279, 306 intensity, 71, 73–76, 78, 80, 82–84, 89, 92, 95, 96, 98, 100, 238, 239, 241 T irradiance, 71–73 Tectonics luminance (nit, ), 73 core, Earth, 117, 126–128, 147, 225, 250 luminosity, 70–74, 78, 100, 101, 145, 146, forces, 274 160, 162, 299 Mars, 286–287, 297 luminous intensity (candela), 73, 238 334 Index

Units (cont.) Fortuna , 265 magnitude, 33, 34, 36, 54, 57, 68, 72, 73, Freyja Montes, 267 78, 87, 97, 101, 107, 120, 231–233, gravitational acceleration, 259 256, 272, 273 heat budget, interior, 278–279 radiance, 71–73 heat loss, 277–278 rigidity, 113–115, 117, 121, 195 Heng-o Corona, 268 solid angle (steradian), 71, 73, 75, 76 highlands, 259, 265–266, 275 temperature, 152, 156–158 Imdr Regio, 265, 266, 280 /Uranian, 6, 9, 54, 106, 227 impact craters, 262–264 satellite and ring resonances, 54 , 265, 267, 268 , 265, 266, 268 , 260, 267 V landers, 275–277, 279 Velocity/Velocities Laufey Regio, 265, 266 bulk sound, 195 lava plains, 261, 262, 266, 267 escape, 137–139, 231, 232, 315 lineated plains, 267 P-wave, 115, 117, 119, 120, 127, 131, lithosphere, 265, 270–274, 134–136, 159, 190, 194, 195, 277–278 216, 219 low-velocity zone, 217 S-wave, 115, 117, 119, 120, 128, 134–136, mass, 258, 279 159, 190, 194, 195, 216, 219 , 241, 260, 261, Venus 267, 285 crater, 263 as morning/evening star, 256 Akna Montes, 267 mountain belts, 265, 267 , 265 Navka Planitia, 275, 276 Terra, 265, 268 orbital properties, 232, 256, 259 arachnoids, 270–271 , 265, 266 Corona, 268, 269 pancake domes, 262, 276 astronomical unit, 258 Parga Chasma, 264, 268 Atla Regio, 265, 266, 268 Regio, 265, 266, 276 Regio, 265, 266 physical properties, 106, 232 Bereghinia Planitia, 281 planitia(e), 267, 275, 276, 281 , 264, 265, 266, 268, 275 potential coefficient J2, 259 black drop effect, 257 Quetzalpetlatl Corona, 266 Boala Corona, 266 radar maps, 164 brightness, 256, 268 regiones, 264, 265, 268, 280 chemical composition, 275–276 resurfacing, 275, 279, 280 core, 258 ridge belts, 267 coronae (ovoids), 266–271, 279 rotation, 259, 278 cratering ages, 262–265 secular cooling, 279 crust, 275 Summerville crater, 264 crustal plateau, 265, 267 surface gravity, 231 Danu Montes, 267 tectonics, 261, 264, 267–274, density, 258, 263, 268, 270, 273, 277–280 275, 276 Tellus Regio, 265 Diana Chasma, 241 temperature, 258, 259, 262, Diapir(s), 270, 271 272–275, 279 Regio, 265, 266, 280 terrae, 265 dynamic range, 241 tesserae, 260, 266–268, 280 eccentricity, 231, 256 Themis Regio, 265, 266, 268, 280 Eistla Terra, 265, 266, 268 transits, 256–259 flow channel(s), 262 volcanic rises, 265–266, 268 Fortuna arachnoids, 271 Index 335

volcanoes, 259, 264, 266–270, 275, W 277, 281 Whipple, F., 5 wind-blown deposits, 263 Wien’s law, 75 Venus of Laussel, 1 Equinox, 20–22, 24, 32, 38, 57, 234 X Vis-viva equation, 43 X-ray fluorescence, 197–199, 276 Volcanism, 126, 239–243, 249, 266, 269–271, 279–281 von Weizsa¨cker, C. F., 5 Z Vulcan, 106, 234 Zodiacal light, 89