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A Acoustic Waves, 97–100 Adams–Williamson Equation, 119–124, 126, 127, 219 Adiabatic Conditions/Processes, 85, 160 Advecti

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A Acoustic Waves, 97–100 Adams–Williamson Equation, 119–124, 126, 127, 219 Adiabatic Conditions/Processes, 85, 160 Advecti Index A Astronomical Almanac, 43, 66, 231, 238 Acoustic waves, 97–100 Astronomical formulae, 6, 66, 231 Adams–Williamson equation, 119–124, 126, Balmer limit, 74 127, 219 Astronomical unit, 6, 66, 232, 258 Adiabatic conditions/processes, 85, 160 Atmospheric refraction, 20, 257 Advection, 153, 193, 277–279 of temperature, 192 Aerobee rockets, 87, 88 B Albedo Berlage, H.P., 5 bolometric, 145, 161, 164 Bickerton, A.W., 5 Bond, 231 Binary Maker software, 40 geometric, 231, 238, 283 Biosphere, 314 mean, 165 Birkeland, K.O.B., 5 visual, 231 Blagg-Richardson formulation, 7, 37 Alfve´n, H.O.G., 5 Blanchard bone, 1 ALH 84001 (Antarctic meteorite), 310, 311 Bolometric correction (solar), 78 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, 2 Boltzmann’s constant, 75, 315 Andromeda galaxy (M31), 101 Boundary, core-mantle, 117, 118, 129, 130, Angular momentum, 3, 5, 6, 36, 49, 57, 65, 68, 134, 160, 161, 194–196, 216, 219, 108, 223–228 239, 309 Anticline, 286 Bound-free emission, 73 Apollonius of Perga, 2 Brahe, T., 2–4, 282 Ares, 281 Breccia, 202, 208 Argument of perihelion, 29, 38, 43 Brunt-Va¨isa¨la¨ frequency, 100 Aristarchus of Samos, 2 Buddha, 233 Arrhenius, S.A., 5 Buffon, G.-L.L., 3 Aryabhata, 2 Bulk sound velocity, 195 Asteroids (minor planets) Buoyancy, 90, 97, 152, 193, 270, 271, Ceres, 65, 106, 143 273, 274 Eris, 6 Buoyant frequency, 100 Greek and Trojan, 41 Icarus, 238 Kirkwood gaps, 54 C “rubble pile”, 137 Cameron, A.G.W., 5, 225 trans-Neptunian objects, 138 Capella, M., 2 Vesta, 255 Cell, diamond-anvil, 127, 133, 134, 195 E.F. Milone and W.J.F. Wilson, Solar System Astrophysics: Background Science 323 and the Inner Solar System, Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8848-4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 324 Index Chamberlain, T.C., 5 silicate tetrahedron, 177 Chelyabinsk airburst, 140 tetrahedral holes, 176, 177 Chladni, E.F.F., 3, 4 table salt, 184, 187 Circle Crystallization great, 14, 15, 20, 22, 24, 31, 32, 98, equilibrium, 132, 220 221, 296 fractional, 132, 220 small, 14, 15, 98, 179 Curie point, 127 Coefficient absorption, 79, 80 kinematic viscosity, 152 D thermal de Laplace, P.-S., 52 conduction, 157 Density(ies) expansion, 152, 160 compressed, 108, 127, 238, 282 Communications satellite(s), 48 uncompressed, 108, 190, 191, Convection 252, 253 adiabatic, 160, 253 Descartes, R., 3 chemical, 253 Devonian Period, 52 core Differentiation, 65, 126, 135, 148, 194, 223, Earth, 129 249, 254, 276 Venus, 258 Digital Orrery, 49 mantle Discontinuity Earth, 129, 196, 244 Mohorovicˇic´, 190 Venus, 244, 261 seismic solar, 85 Earth, 114–119, 190 Coordinate system Moon, 213 altazimuth, 20–22 D00 layer, 155, 194–196 ecliptic, 21–22 Dwarf planets, 6, 7, 49, 65, 106, 233, 234 equatorial, 22–24 Dyce, R., 236 horizon, 20, 21 Dynamical migrations, 9 terrestrial, 20, 21 Coordinate transformations ecliptic to equatorial, 22, 42 E equatorial to ecliptic, 22 Earth equatorial to horizon (altazimuth), 21 asthenosphere, 127 horizon (altazimuth) to equatorial, atmosphere, 20, 77, 87, 166 23, 31 central temperature, 159, 258 rectilinear (x, y) to polar, 29 Challenger Deep, 241 Copernicus, N., 2, 3, 233 core Crust, Earth, 126, 132, 151, 156, 184 inner, 125, 128, 131–136 composition, 171, 178–179, 248 outer, 115, 117, 125, 128, 160 Crystal(s) core-mantle interface, 117, 118, 161 density, 175 crust, composition, 171, 178–179, 248 magnesiowu¨stite, 186 densities, 108, 124, 223 perovskite, 185, 186 D00 layer, 194–196 phase, 178, 183–190 dynamic range, 241 post-perovskite, 187 geotherm(s), 133, 145, 160, 161 structure heat flux, 145, 146, 150, 156, 158, 166 cubic close packing, 174, 175 Himalayas, 241, 261 face-centered packing, 171, 174, 175, impact craters, 240, 263 185, 186 interior, 100, 125–136, 145, 148, 151, 169, hexagonal close packing, 173 196, 216 interstitial holes, 175–177 ionosphere, 70, 231, 314 octahedral holes, 176–177 lithosphere, 127, 146, 272, 273 Index 325 low velocity zone, 273 analogue, 19 magnetic field, 127, 128, 131 four-parts, 19 magnetosphere, 217, 231 Fossa(e), 287, 288, 305 mantle, 108, 127, 147, 187, 190, 191, 211, Free-free emission, 73 223, 226, 309 Frequency Marianas trench, 241 Brunt-Va¨isa¨la¨, 100 moment of inertia, 124–125, 151 buoyant, 100 Mt. Everest, 241 Planck function, 74 preliminary reference model, 137 visual radiation, 73 radiated power, 145 seafloor spreading, 127, 272 secular cooling, 148, 149, 279 G seismic waves, 100 Galileo, G., 197 shadow zone, 115, 117 Gauss, K.F., 42, 218 subduction, 127, 272, 273, 275 Geochemical cycle, 171 superplumes, 194 Geo-synchronous satellite(s), 61 temperature gradient, interior, Giant molecular clouds, 9 155–157, 159 Gradient, temperature, 146, 155–157, 159, tidal heating, 150, 151 160, 253 Ellipse Gravitational potential, 108–114, 137, 212, 282 area, 25, 30, 46 energy, 150, 253, 278 definition, 13, 25, 26 Gravity waves, 97, 99 eccentricity, 27, 30, 38 Greenhouse gases, 165, 299 equation, 27, 28, 30, 59 Gutenberg-Richter earthquake magnitude, 119 hyperbola, 30 parabola, 30 properties, 25–31 H Elongation, 141, 233, 237, 256 Hayashi, C., 5 Emission Heat bound-free, 73 accretional, 147, 219, 275, 279 free-free, 73 advection, 153, 192, 193, 277–279 Energy equation (for orbits), 36, 37 from differentiation, 148 Equilibrium, thermal, 157, 279, 315 gravitational, 148, 150 Eris, 6 latent, 150, 157, 189, 192, 193 Eudoxus of Cnidus, 2 lithospheric conduction, 277–278 Eutectic plate tectonics, 269, 277–279 mix(es), 131, 132 primordial, 146–148, 157 phase diagrams, 132, 133 radiogenic, 128, 147, 149, 150, 279 transfer, 278 conductive, 153, 156–157 F convective, 152–153, 156 Faults and folds radiative, 66, 76–78, 145, 232 anticline, 286 transport, 153, 154, 159, 278, 279, 308 fossa(e), 287 Helioseismology, 68, 70, 95–100 graben, 244, 266, 267, 286, 287 Hellenic and Hellenistic times, 1 monocline, 286 Hesperus, 256 normal fault, 244, 286 H– ion(s), 85 strike-slip fault, 286 Hipparchus, 2, 226 syncline, 286 Holes thrust fault, 222, 245, 286 coronal, 89 Filar micrometry, 106 interstitial, 175–177 Forced librations, 251–253 octahedral, 176–177 Formula(e) tetrahedral, 176, 177 326 Index Horus, 233 third, 39, 44, 52, 61, 66, 282 “Hot Jupiters”, 9, 164 limb-darkening, 83, 84 Hoyle, F., 5 Newton’s, 34 Hydrostatic equilibrium, 114, 121, 143 gravitational, 33–35, 50, 61 laws of motion, 33, 61 first, 33 I second, 34, 35 Impact(s) third, 34, 36 energy per unit mass, 137, 139 sine, 13–15, 19, 22, 23, 31, 141 heating, 128, 147 Snell’s, 116 Inanna, 256 Stefan-Boltzmann, 75, 77 Inertia, moment of, 68, 124–125, 150, thermodynamics, 162 151, 212, 228, 244, 252, 253, first law, 278 308, 309 Titius-Bode, 6–8, 65 Ishtar, 256, 265, 267, 268 Blagg-Richardson formulation, 10 Wien’s, 75 Legendre polynomials, 112, J 142–143, 231 Jeans, J.H., 5 associated, 109 Jeffreys, H., 5 Leverrier, Urbain, 234 Jupiter, 6, 9, 39–41, 53, 54, 65, 105, 138, 143, Life forms 164, 227, 233, 277, 281 autotrophs, 313 Jupiter-Saturn long-period inequality, 53 chemolithotrophs, 313 chemoorganotrophs, 313 chemotrophs, 313 K extremophiles, 313 Kant, I., 3, 4 heterotrophs, 313 Kepler, J., 2, 3, 258, 284 phototrophs, 313 Kepler’s equation, 39, 43–48, 60 Light curves, 84 Kepler’s laws, 33, 38 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 259 first, 29, 38 LONGSTOP, 49 second, 36 Lowell, Percival, 259, 281 third, 39, 44, 52, 61, 66, 282 Lyttleton, R.A., 5 Kirkwood gaps, 54 Kuiper Belt, 138 Kuiper, G., 5 M Macroturbulence, 69 Magnetograms, 70 L Magnitude Lagrangian points, 40, 41 absolute, 78, 101 Laplace, P.-S. de, 3, 4, 52 bolometric, 78, 101 Latent heat, 150, 157, 189, 192, 193 visual, 78, 101, 231 Law(s) Mars analogue formula, 19 Alba Patera, 285 angular momentum conservation, 226 albedo, 283 cosine, 13–19, 22, 23, 25, 31 ALH 84001, 310, 311 exponential growth, 126 Amazonis Planitia, 283 Faraday’s, 218 Apsus Valley, 290 Fourier’s, 157 Ares, 281 four-parts formula, 19 Ares Vallis, 289 Kepler’s, 38 Argyre impact basin, 295, 296 first, 29, 38 Arsia Mons, 284 second, 36 Ascraeus Mons, 284 Index 327 Aureum Chaos, 287, 289 Maja Vallis, 289 “blueberries”, blueberry concretions, mass, 306, 308, 309, 314, 315 301, 302 meanders, 289, 290, 293 Borealis basin, 295, 297 Medusa Fossae, 305 brightness, 281 Melas Chasma, 287 canali, 281 Meridiani Planum, 301, 302, 308 “canals”, 106, 281 Metabolic processes canyons and channels, 286, 287, 304 aerobic, 313 Cerberus Fossae, 288 anaerobic, 313 chaotic terrain, 287, 289 endolithic, 314 Chasma Boreale, 304 methanogenic, 314 Chryse impact basin, 295, 300 Newton crater, 307 Chryse Plain, 295, 300 Nix Olympica, 285 Claritas Rupes, 288 Noachis Terra, 283 climate change, 291, 299–306 north celestial pole (NCP), 282 Coprates Chasma, 287 North Pole impact basin, 295, 297 craters, 200, 281, 283, 284, 287, olivine, 301 301–303, 306 Olympus Mons, 241, 283, 285, 305 dendritic channels, 289, 299 Pavonis Mons, 284 dunes, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 303 physical and orbital properties, 62 dynamic range, 241 polar cap(s), 293 eccentricity, 282 quadrupole moment, 282 Echus Chasma, 289 rotation, 282 Endurance Crater, 301, 302 Sabis Vallis, 290 etched plains, 289 sandstone, 301 festoons, 301 satellites, 41, 114 flattening, 282 spiders, 293, 294 Gale crater, 303 surface features, 106, 283–296 geologic epochs, 283 Syria Planum, 288 Amazonian, 283, 313 tear-drop shaped islands, 289, 290, 300 Hesperian, 283, 289, 291, 296, 298, 313 Terby Crater, 305 Noachian, 283, 285, 296, 298, 299, 301, Tharsis bulge (Ridge), 284–286, 310, 311 296, 297, 310 Pre-Noachian, 283 tholus, 284 global dichotomy, 285, 296–298 Tithonium Chasma, 287 gravitational acceleration,
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