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FINLAND IN FIGURES 2018 ISSN 2242−8496 (pdf) ISBN 978−952−244−604−6 (pdf) ISSN 0357−0371 (print) ISBN 978−952−244−603−9 (print) Product number 3056 (print) Contents and Sources Finland Today...... 2 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Population Register Centre; vrk.fi Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery ...... 3 Source: Natural Resources Institute Finland; luke.fi Construction...... 5 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Culture and the Media ...... 6 Sources: Ministry of Education and Culture; minedu.fi, Finnish Film Foundation; ses.fi, National Board of Antiquities; nba.fi, Theatre Info Finland; tinfo.fi, Kantar TNS Oy; tns-gallup.fi, The National Library of Finland; nationallibrary.fi Education...... 7 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Elections ...... 8 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Energy ...... 10 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Finnish Energy; energia.fi Enterprises ...... 11 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Environment and Natural Resources ...... 12 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, National Land Survey of Finland; maanmittauslaitos.fi, Finnish Environment Institute; syke.fi, Finnish Meteorological Institute; fmi.fi, Ministry of the Environment; ym.fi, Metsähallitus; metsa.fi Financing and Insurance ...... 15 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Bank of Finland; bof.fi Government Finance ...... 16 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; formin.fi, State Treasury; treasuryfinland.fi Health ...... 17 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, National Institute for Health and Welfare; thl.fi, Social Insurance Institution; kela.fi, Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea; fimea.fi Housing ...... 19 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Income and Consumption ...... 21 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Natural Resources Institute Finland; luke.fi, National Institute for Health and Welfare; thl.fi Justice ...... 23 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Contents and Sources Labour Market ...... 24 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Finnish Environment Institute; syke.fi Manufacturing ...... 27 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi National Accounts ...... 28 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Population ...... 31 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, National Land Survey of Finland; maanmittauslaitos.fi, Finnish Immigration Service; migri.fi Prices and Costs ...... 39 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Science, Technology and Information Society ...... 41 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi Social Protection ...... 42 Sources: National Institute for Health and Welfare; thl.fi, Social Insurance Institution; kela.fi, Financial Supervisory Authority; fiva.fi, Finnish Centre for Pensions; etk.fi Trade ...... 44 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Finnish Customs; tulli.fi Transport and Tourism ...... 46 Sources: Statistics Finland; stat.fi, Helsinki Region Transport; hsl.fi, VR Group Ltd; vrgroup.fi, Finnish Transport Agency; liikennevirasto.fi, Finavia Corporation; finavia.fi Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs ...... 48 Source: Statistics Finland; stat.fi International Comparison Data ...... 50 Sources: UN: Demographic Yearbook, UN: Population and Vital Statistics Report; unstats.un.org, Eurostat; ec.europa.eu/eurostat, CIA: The World Factbook; cia.gov, World Bank: World Development Indicators; worldbank.org, ILO: ILOSTAT Database; ilo.org/ilostat, OECD: Economic Outlook; oecd.org, IMF: World Economic Outlook; imf.org

Symbols * preliminary data . . data not available or too . category not applicable uncertain for presentation, - magnitude nil or subject to secrecy

FINLAND IN FIGURES ONLINE SERVICE stat.fi/finlandinfigures FINLAND TODAY

POPULATION PERSONS AGED 100 OR OVER 2017 2017

WOMEN MEN 723 131

MOST POPULAR FIRST NAME 2017 5 513 130 AINO LEO

AVERAGE SIZE AUTOMOBILE HELSINKI OF HOUSEHOLD- STOCK inhabitants DWELLING UNIT number 2017 persons/household- 2017 dwelling unit 2017

2.01 4 056 725 643 272

INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE MATRICULATION share of persons working, % 2017 EXAMINATIONS 2016 4 Agriculture and forestry 22 Industry and construction 74 Services and administration 30 531

Sources: Statistics Finland, Population Register Centre Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 3 Agricultural and horticultural enterprises

Production sector 2010 2016 2017 Average age of farmers 2017 Plant production 37 086 33 187 33 014 Cereals production 20 927 17 493 16 304 52 Other plant production 13 092 13 360 14 397 54 Greenhouse production 1 371 878 835 53 Outdoor production 1 696 1 456 1 478 53 Livestock production 19 829 14 357 13 406 Milk production 10 205 7 276 6 704 49 Beef production 3 080 2 931 2 935 49 Suckler cow production and cattle fattening 1 270 572 555 50 Pig farming 1 355 689 602 48 Poultry farming 375 438 362 48 Sheep, goat and horse farming and other grazing livestock 3 544 2 451 2 248 50 Mixed production 2 568 2 163 2 134 50 Total 59 483 49 707 48 554 53 Utilised agricultural area, ha/farm 39 46 47

Livestock

1950 1990 2000 2010 2016 2017 Thousand Cattle 1 782 1 360 1 057 926 909 893 Dairy cows 1 111 490 364 289 282 275 Pigs 446 1 381 1 296 1 367 1 235 1 129 Poultry . . . . 12 570 9 587 13 445 12 705 Laying hens 3 381 4 845 3 110 3 394 3 599 3 650 Broilers . . 2 993 7 918 4 616 8 272 7 734 Sheep 1 220 103 100 126 157 155

Grain harvest

Mil. kg 2 500 Barley Oats 2 000 Wheat Rye 1 500

1 000

500

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Forest statistics

Land class 2014–2016 Volume of the 2014–2016 growing stock Mil . ha % Mil . m3 % Forestry land 26.2 86 Pine 1 238 50 Forest land 20.3 67 Spruce 736 30 Poor productive forest land 2.4 8 Birch 411 17 Unproductive land 3.2 11 Other deciduous Forest roads, depots, etc. 0.2 1 trees 80 3 Other land 4.2 14 Growing Land area, total 30.4 100 stock, total 2 465 100

Increment and drain of the growing stock

Mil. m3 120

100 Increment (smoothed) 80

60 1)

40 Drain 20

0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 -16 1) Change caused by areas ceded during the wars

Result from the private forest economy Real value, /ha 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 -17* Construction 5 Completed buildings and dwellings

2000 2010 2016 2017 All buildings, mil . m3 38.48 34.66 32.40 34.16 Residential buildings 13.44 10.71 10.60 11.56 Commercial and office buildings 6.28 5.83 5.92 6.29 Industrial buildings and warehouses 7.88 7.27 7.80 8.33 Other buildings 10.88 10.86 8.08 7.99 All dwellings, number 35 218 25 152 30 265 35 639 Detached houses 12 208 10 583 7 100 7 387 Attached houses 5 876 2 799 3 579 3 454 Blocks of flats 16 717 11 116 18 940 24 089 Other than residential buildings 417 654 646 709

Completed dwellings

40 000 Number

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Volume index of newbuilding

2010 = 100 140 Other than residential buildings All buildings 120 Residential buildings

100

40 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 6 Culture and the Media Public libraries 1)

1990 2000 2010 2016 2017 Libraries, number 1 151 936 843 744 737 Mobile libraries, number 232 201 154 137 134 Materials, million 37.2 40.9 39.7 35.6 35.2 Loans, million 85.7 102.2 96.2 87.4 85.2 Borrowers, million 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 Library visits, million 49.3 64.0 52.6 49.0 50.1 1) Excl. Åland Cinemas, museums and theatres

2000 2010 2015 2016 Cinema halls 343 289 311 312 Seats, thousand 60 50 48 47 Premieres 176 186 202 207 Visits per inhabitant 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6 Museums 1) 155 158 150 154 Exhibitions 1 289 1 134 1 089 1 024 Admissions, million 4.9 4.9 5.6 6.7 Theatres 2) 60 59 59 59 Performances 13 837 12 833 12 511 12 075 Tickets sold, million 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 1) Museums with full-time personnel, excl. Åland 2) Theatres receiving statutory State subsidy, incl. the Finnish National Theatre and the Finnish National Opera Shares of use by media, 2016

Age 15–24 25–44 45–59 60–69 Total min per day % Print media, total 48 45 62 95 61 13 Magazines 6 7 11 17 10 2 Newspapers 1) 12 12 24 44 22 5 Free papers 6 7 7 8 7 2 Books 24 19 20 26 22 5 Electronic media, total 395 416 386 365 394 87 Television 61 101 140 144 114 25 Radio 34 71 92 113 80 18 Internet 2) 300 244 154 108 200 44 Total 443 461 448 460 455 100 1) Incl. subscribed and paid for newspapers 2) Incl. all Internet use

LITERATURE PUBLISHED IN FINLAND 9 884 2016 books Education 7 Population by level of education, 2016 Total % Females % Population aged 15 or over 4 609 119 100 2 353 862 100 Population with educational qualification, total 3 287 272 71.3 1 702 742 72.3 Upper secondary education 1 852 669 40.2 883 194 37.5 Post-secondary non-tertiary education 32 199 0.7 14 820 0.6 Lowest level tertiary education 441 758 9.6 271 636 11.5 Lower tertiary level 500 520 10.9 281 100 11.9 Higher tertiary level 416 084 9.0 232 607 9.9 Doctorate level 44 042 1.0 19 385 0.8 Only basic education 1 321 847 28.7 651 120 27.7

Students and qualifications attained, 2016

Sector of education Students 1) Qualifications attained Basic comprehensive school education, compulsory education school 550 236 58 028 Basic education of adults 2 984 592 Upper secondary general school education 103 550 30 986 Vocational education 327 734 74 700 University of applied sciences education 140 792 25 713 University education 154 736 31 881 Total 1 280 032 221 900 1) Students in education leading to qualifications. The data for vocational education relate to a calendar year. The data for other educational sectors describe the situation on 20 September. Employment of graduates one year after graduation, 2016

Employed persons 1) of graduates, %

Doctor’s degree

University of applied sciences degree Higher university degree (Master) Upper secondary vocational qualiﬁcation Lower university degree (Bachelor) Females Matriculation examination Males 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1) lncl. employed students 8 Elections Parliamentary elections 2015

Party Number % Change in votes Seats of votes cast 2015–2011 2015 2011 % points KESK 626 218 21.1 5.3 49 35 KOK 540 212 18.2 -2.2 37 44 PS 524 054 17.7 -1.4 38 39 SDP 490 102 16.5 -2.6 34 42 Green League 253 102 8.5 1.3 15 10 LEFT 211 702 7.1 -1.0 12 14 RKP 144 802 4.9 0.6 9 9 KD 105 134 3.5 -0.5 5 6 Other parties 56 402 1.9 0.3 - - Others 16 731 0.6 0.2 1 1 Total 2 968 459 100 200 200 Women 1 264 405 42.6 0.8 83 85 Voting turnout 1) 70.1% (66.9% incl. Finns resident abroad) Explanations: KESK = Centre Party of Finland, KOK = National Coalition Party, PS = Finns Party, SDP = Finnish Social Democratic Party, LEFT = Left Alliance, RKP = Swedish People’s Party in Finland, KD = Christian Democrats in Finland 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland Voting turnout 1) in parliamentary elections, 1908–2015

% of persons entitled to vote 100

Men 20 Women Election year 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 -15

1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland Elections 9 European Parliament elections 2014 Party Number % Change in votes Number of of votes cast 2014–2009 Euro-MPs % points elected KOK 390 376 22.6 -0.6 3 KESK 339 895 19.7 0.6 3 PS 222 457 12.9 3.1 2 SDP 212 781 12.3 -5.2 2 Green League 161 263 9.3 -3.1 1 LEFT 161 074 9.3 3.4 1 RKP 116 747 6.8 0.7 1 KD 90 586 5.2 1.1 - Others 33 115 1.9 0.1 - Total 1 728 294 100 - 13 Women 840 903 48.7 2.2 7 Voting turnout 1) 41.0 0.7 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland See page 8 for explanations. Municipal elections 2017 Party Number of votes % Party Number of votes % KOK 531 599 20.7 RKP 125 518 4.9 SDP 498 252 19.4 KD 105 551 4.1 KESK 450 529 17.5 Other parties 32 035 1.2 Green League 320 235 12.5 Others 53 126 2.1 PS 227 297 8.8 Total 2 570 768 100 LEFT 226 626 8.8 Voting turnout 58.9% See page 8 for explanations. Presidential election 2018 1st round on 28 January 2018 Candidate Number % Candidate Number % of votes of votes Sauli Niinistö 1 875 342 62.6 Tuula Haatainen 97 294 3.2 Pekka Haavisto 371 254 12.4 Merja Kyllönen 89 977 3.0 Laura Huhtasaari 207 337 6.9 Nils Torvalds 44 776 1.5 Paavo Väyrynen 185 305 6.2 Total 2 993 668 100 Matti Vanhanen 122 383 4.1 Voting turnout 1) 69.9%, (66.8% incl. Finns resident abroad) Sauli Niinistö was elected President of the Republic in the first round of the elections. 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland

VOTING TURNOUT 1) IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2018 FOR WOMEN 72.9% FOR MEN 66.8% 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland 10 Energy Total energy consumption

PJ (petajoule) 1 600 Other energy 1) 1 400 Peat Nuclear energy 1 200 Renewable energy 1 000 Fossil fuels

800

600

400

200

0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17* 1) Incl. reaction heat from industrial processes, hydrogen and net imports of electricity Supply and total consumption of electricity, 2017*

Supply GWh % Total consumption GWh % Nuclear power 21 575 25.2 Industry and construction 40 603 47.5 Hydro power 14 642 17.1 Households and Wind power 4 802 5.6 agriculture 23 940 28.0 Solar power 27 0.03 Services and public Net imports 20 426 23.9 consumption 18 392 21.5 Other heating Transmission and power 24 028 28.1 distribution losses 2 565 3.0 Total 85 499 100 Total 85 499 100

Household energy consumption, 2016

By use GWh % By energy source GWh % Space heating 45 692 68.2 Electricity 22 514 33.6 Heating of domestic water 9 961 14.9 District heat 19 594 29.2 Other electrical equipment 5 844 8.7 Wood 15 123 22.6 Heating of saunas 3 049 4.6 Heat pump 5 441 8.1 Lighting 1 770 2.6 Other 1) 4 325 6.5 Cooking 681 1.0 Total 66 997 100 Total 66 997 100 1) Peat, coal, natural gas, light and heavy fuel oil Enterprises 11 Enterprises, 2016

Industry Enterprises Personnel Turnover % Thousand % € million % Agriculture, forestry and fishing 73 227 20.5 52 3.6 2 240 0.6 Manufacturing 20 264 5.7 289 20.3 121 792 31.4 Construction 40 891 11.5 158 11.0 32 786 8.5 Wholesale and retail trade 1) 42 661 12.0 238 16.7 115 589 29.8 Transportation and storage 20 538 5.8 121 8.4 22 550 5.8 Accommodation and food service activities 12 042 3.4 58 4.1 6 474 1.7 Information and communication 10 156 2.8 82 5.7 19 855 5.1 Financial and insurance activities 7 844 2.2 42 2.9 - - Real estate activities 27 420 7.7 20 1.4 9 156 2.4 Professional, scientific and technical activities 35 840 10.0 100 7.0 14 364 3.7 Administrative and support service activities 13 976 3.9 128 9.0 11 198 2.9 Human health and social work activities 18 423 5.2 71 5.0 6 660 1.7 Other industries 33 508 9.4 70 4.9 24 663 6.4 All industries 356 790 100 1 428 100 387 328 100 Size of personnel 0– 4 318 375 89.2 252 17.6 44 831 11.6 5– 19 29 125 8.2 258 18.1 52 248 13.5 20– 99 7 743 2.2 300 21.0 80 222 20.7 100–499 1 273 0.4 256 17.9 84 965 21.9 500– 274 0.1 362 25.4 125 062 32.3 Total 356 790 100 1 428 100 387 328 100 1) Incl. repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Enterprise openings and closures by industry, 2016

Number Professional, scientiﬁc and technical activities Wholesale and retail trade Construction Other service activities Administrative and support service activities Information and communication Accommodation and food service activities Real estate activities Manufacturing Enterprise openings Arts, entertainment and Enterprise closures recreation Other industries 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 12 Environment and Natural Resources Geographical data Finland’s area, km2, 1 January 2018 Highest point, m Area 338 452 Halti 1 324 Land area 303 919 Longest river, km Fresh water 34 533 Kemijoki 500 Sea water 52 456 Largest lakes, km2 Total 390 908 Saimaa 1 393 Boundaries, km Päijänne 1 082 Sweden 614 Inarijärvi 1 082 Norway 736 Oulujärvi 912 Russia 1 340 Pielinen 895 Limit of territorial waters 1 250 Largest islands, km2 Total 3 940 Sea Greatest length, km Mainland Åland 689 Hanko – Utsjoki 1 157 Kemiönsaari 545 Greatest width, km Inland waters Närpiö – Ilomantsi 542 Soisalo 1 540 Lakes with an area of 500 m2 or more total about 168 000, of which around 57 000 with an area of over one hectare. Islands with an area of 100 m2 or more total about 187 000. Protected and wilderness areas on 1 January 2018

Number Area, ha Water, % Protected areas 11 365 2 349 821 17.8 National parks 40 1 001 810 18.0 Strict nature reserves 19 154 157 1.9 Mire reserves 167 470 584 2.6 Herb-rich forest reserves 46 1 058 1.0 Old-growth forest reserves 88 9 686 2.9 Other state-owned protected areas 283 347 468 10.2 Protected areas on private land 10 662 329 325 53.3 Protected areas on Åland 60 35 733 92.2 Wilderness reserves 12 1 489 121 7.5 In addition, the Act on the Protection of Rapids protects a total of 53 individual rapids, river portions or catchment areas against power station construction. Corresponding acts have been passed on the protection of the Ounasjoki and Kyrönjoki rivers.

FINLAND’S TEMPERATURES 2017 HIGHEST UTSJOKI KEVO +27.6˚C LOWEST MUONIO KIRKONKYLÄ –41.7˚C Environment and Natural Resources 13 National parks and strict nature reserves on 1 January 2018

Kevo Malla

Lemmenjoki

Pallas-Yllästunturi Urho Kekkonen National Park National park Sompio < 10 km2 Värriö 2 10–99 km Maltio 100–500 km2 Pyhä-Luosto > 500 km2 Sukerijärvi Oulanka Pisavaara Riisitunturi Runkaus

Syöte Hossa Strict nature reserve Bothnian Bay < 10 km2 Olvassuo 10–99 km2 Rokua Paljakka 100–500 km2 Pelso > 500 km2 Ulvinsalo Tiilikkajärvi Hiidenportti Salamajärvi Patvinsuo Salamanperä Koli Koivusuo

Pyhä-Häkki Southern Konnevesi Petkeljärvi Kauhaneva-Pohjankangas Lauhanvuori Helvetinjärvi Kolovesi Linnansaari Häädetkeidas Leivonmäki Seitseminen Isojärvi Puurijärvi-Isosuo Sinivuori Päijänne Bothnian Vesijako Repovesi Sea Vaskijärvi Torronsuo Kurjenrahka Valkmusa Liesjärvi Karkali Teijo Gulf of Finland Sipoonkorpi Archipelago Nuuksio Ekenäs Archipelago

Mean daily temperature Number of days with (centigrade) precipitation 1) Helsinki Sodankylä Helsinki Sodankylä (Lapland) (Lapland) 1981– 2017 1981– 2017 1981– 2017 1981– 2017 2010 2010 2010 2010 January -3.9 -1.9 -13.5 -10.2 12 6 9 9 February -4.7 -2.0 -12.7 -10.1 8 6 8 6 March -1.3 1.2 -7.5 -5.6 8 9 8 9 April 3.9 2.8 -1.3 -2.5 7 11 6 5 May 10.2 9.5 5.3 2.6 7 5 9 4 June 14.6 13.7 11.6 10.3 8 11 10 13 July 17.8 16.0 14.5 15.1 8 9 11 10 August 16.3 16.2 11.7 11.9 10 11 10 11 September 11.5 12.1 6.2 7.2 10 9 9 7 October 6.6 5.8 0.1 0.4 10 16 9 9 November 1.6 4.1 -7.1 -5.5 12 20 10 13 December -2.0 1.8 -11.7 -10.1 11 20 8 12 °F = 9/5°C + 32 1) Precipitation ≥ 1,0 mm Air emissions

1990 2000 2010 2015 2016 Greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 eq., mil. tonnes 71.3 70.1 75.5 55.4 58.8 Carbon dioxide 1), mil. tonnes 52.6 52.8 59.2 40.0 43.2 Sulphur (as SO2), thousand tonnes 250 81 67 42 40 Nitrogen oxides, thousand tonnes 299 229 178 130 129 1) Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels and peat Municipal waste by treatment method

Million tonnes 3.5 Landﬁlling 3.0 Material recovery Energy recovery 1) 2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 1) Incl. waste incineration in incineration plants Financing and Insurance 15 Financial assets of households

€ billion 350 Deposits Quoted shares 300 Unquoted shares and Mutual fund shares other equity Other 250 Insurance technical reserves 200

150

100

0 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Households’ withdrawals of new housing loans 1)

€ billion % 30 12 New housing loans, € billion 25 Average interest rate, % 10

20 8

15 6

10 4

5 2

0 0 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 1) New housing loans withdrawn from Finnish financial institutions Loans granted to households 1) on 31 December

Housing loans Consumer credit Other loans Total € billion € billion € billion € billion 2013 88.3 13.1 15.2 116.6 2014 89.8 13.5 15.5 118.8 2015 92.0 14.1 15.9 122.0 2016 94.1 14.6 16.3 124.9 2017* 96.1 15.3 16.7 128.1 1) Loans granted by Finnish financial institutions 16 Government Finance General government deficit/surplus and debt

% relative to GDP 80

60 Debt (EDP) 40

0 Deﬁcit/Surplus (EDP) -20 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17* Structure of taxation 1)

2014 2015 2016* 2017* At current prices, € million Income taxes 31 479 32 371 32 934 34 404 Social security contributions 26 011 26 639 27 628 27 019 Taxes on property 2 719 3 017 3 066 3 459 Taxes on goods and services 29 572 29 729 31 223 31 813 Other taxes 246 246 262 235 Total 90 027 92 002 95 113 96 930 Tax rate, % relative to GDP 43.8 43.9 44.1 43.4 1) Incl. general government and the institutions of the EU Public development cooperation

Net disbursements Bilateral Multilateral Total % of gross cooperation cooperation national income € million € million € million 2013 618.0 463.1 1 081.1 0.53 2014 706.7 525.3 1 232.0 0.59 2015 629.1 532.0 1 161.1 0.55 2016 581.5 376.7 958.2 0.44 2017* 528.2 406.5 934.7 0.41

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT €19 370 /inhabitant IN APRIL 2018 Health 17 Health and medical care 2000 2010 2015 2016 Physicians 15 905 20 306 21 980 . . Persons per physician 325 264 249 . . Dentists 4 794 4 699 5 000 . . Hospitals 389 271 253 256 Pharmacies 595 618 615 613 Prescriptions, thousand 37 934 50 364 55 791 58 812 Prescriptions per inhabitant 7.3 9.4 10.2 10.7

Health care expenditure 1)

€ billion, at 2015 prices 25

0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 -15 1) Excl. investment expenditure Primary health care and specialised health care

2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 Thousand Health centres Outpatient visits 1) 25 131 27 191 24 093 24 488 25 087 General practitioner visits 10 350 7 129 6 830 6 620 6 634 Others 14 780 18 796 17 263 17 868 18 453 Specialised health care Outpatient visits 2) 5 693 7 858 9 352 9 770 . . Day-surgery inpatient stays 137 190 200 198 . . Inpatient stays 962 827 795 786 . .

1) Excl. dental care 2) Incl. visits to public specialised health care 18 Health Consumption of alcoholic beverages 1) Litres per person aged 15 or older 14

10 Total consumption

8 Documented consumption 6

2 UndocumentedTilastoim consumptionaton kulutus 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17 1) Consumption of alcoholic beverages, 100% alcohol Percentage of persons aged 20 to 64 who smoke daily % 35 Males 30

15 Females

0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016-17

Causes of death, 2016 Deaths % Males % Females % Diseases of the circulatory system 19 665 36 9 758 36 9 907 37 Neoplasms 12 854 24 6 824 25 6 030 22 Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease 9 175 17 2 960 11 6 215 23 Accidents (excl. accidental poisoning by alcohol) 2 243 4 1 403 5 840 3 Diseases of the respiratory system 2 133 4 1 274 5 859 3 Alcohol related diseases and accidental poisoning by alcohol 1 730 3 1 333 5 397 1 Diseases of the digestive system 1 217 2 554 2 663 2 Suicides 787 1 615 2 172 1 Other causes of death 4 160 8 2 226 8 1 934 7 Deaths total 53 964 100 26 947 100 27 017 100 Housing 19 Buildings and free-time residences

1980 1990 2000 2010 2016 2017 Thousand Residential buildings 840 1 005 1 111 1 235 1 290 1 294 Detached houses 773 908 993 1 102 1 150 1 152 Attached houses 23 53 66 76 81 81 Blocks of flats 44 45 52 57 60 61 Other buildings 92 158 189 211 222 229 Free-time residences 252 368 451 489 503 507 Saunas 1) 548 932 1 212 1 502 1 631 1 651 1) Only saunas in flats. The total number of saunas was estimated to be over two million at the end of 2017. Household-dwelling units 1), 2017

Size of household- All Detached Attached Blocks Other dwelling unit buildings houses houses of flats buildings 1 person 1 162 308 242 376 162 763 730 195 26 974 2 persons 880 794 415 064 117 566 336 699 11 465 3 persons 281 143 153 169 41 688 82 998 3 288 4 persons 231 604 152 521 32 049 45 076 1 958 5 persons 85 445 62 590 8 634 13 408 813 6+ persons 38 783 29 204 2 681 6 208 690 Total 2 680 077 1 054 924 365 381 1 214 584 45 188 1) A household-dwelling unit consists of all persons occupying the same dwelling on a permanent basis Dwellings

1990 2000 2010 2016 2017 Total number of dwellings, thousand 2 210 2 512 2 808 2 968 3 003 Owner-occupied dwelling, % 66.8 58.1 59.2 57.3 . . Rented dwelling 1), % 24.7 30.8 29.3 2) 31.2 . . Right of occupancy dwelling, % . . 1.0 1.3 1.5 . . Other form of tenure or unknown, % 8.4 10.1 10.3 10.0 . . Floor area per dwelling, m2 74.4 76.5 79.5 79.9 79.8 Floor area per person, m2 31.4 35.3 39.1 40.3 40.5 Overcrowding 3), % 30.4 23.7 17.9 17.4 . . 1) Incl. official residences and employer-provided dwellings 2) Incl. empty dwellings in buildings inferred as rental buildings 3) More than one person per room, excl. kitchen

AVERAGE AGE OF FIRST TIME HOMEBUYERS 28.5 2016 years 20 Housing Prices of dwellings in blocks of flats 1)

Old dwellings New dwellings Helsinki region Rest of Finland Helsinki region Rest of Finland Unencumbered average price, €/m2 2013 3 458 1 580 4 974 3 215 2014 3 478 1 578 5 102 3 373 2015 3 515 1 587 5 122 3 403 2016 3 584 1 579 4 980 3 520 2017 3 718 1 588 5 071 3 536 1) Data on old dwellings based on the Tax Administration’s data, data on new dwellings based on the largest real estate agents and building contractors Dwellings in old blocks of flats: real price indices

1983 = 100 220

200 Helsinki region 180 160 Rest of Finland 140 120 100 80 60 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Prices of real estate

Detached houses Plots for detached houses Average price Real price index Average price Real price index €/m2 2015 = 100 €/m2 2015 = 100 2015 1 541 100.0 18.6 100.0 2016 1 549 99.8 21.2 97.8 2017 1 560 97.7 22.7 96.9

Average rents of rented dwellings

Government-subsidised Non-subsidised All rented dwellings dwellings dwellings €/m2/month €/m2/month €/m2/month 2013 10.64 12.43 11.61 2014 10.96 12.84 11.98 2015 11.21 13.30 12.34 2016 11.38 13.65 12.61 2017 11.53 13.88 12.80 Income and Consumption 21 Income and taxation of private individuals, 2016

Income bracket, € Income Income Income Taxes, Taxes recipients subject to total state taxation 1) Thousand % € million % € million % – 4 999 443 9.5 788 0.6 23 0.1 5 000– 9 999 457 9.8 3 757 2.8 249 0.8 10 000–14 999 575 12.3 7 212 5.3 549 1.8 15 000–19 999 519 11.1 9 037 6.7 1 166 3.8 20 000–24 999 467 10.0 10 493 7.7 1 711 5.6 25 000–29 999 460 9.8 12 656 9.3 2 220 7.3 30 000–34 999 427 9.1 13 843 10.2 2 656 8.7 35 000–39 999 336 7.2 12 546 9.2 2 656 8.7 40 000–49 999 425 9.1 18 881 13.9 4 471 14.7 50 000–59 999 225 4.8 12 271 9.0 3 265 10.7 60 000–79 999 197 4.2 13 423 9.9 3 941 13.0 80 000–99 999 72 1.5 6 397 4.7 2 077 6.8 100 000– 81 1.7 14 434 10.6 5 397 17.8 Total 4 685 100 135 739 100 30 382 100 1) Incl. other income subject to taxation Average taxable income, 2016

Income subject to Earned income Capital income state taxation €/income recipient €/income recipient €/income recipient Total 28 974 27 087 1 887 Males 33 403 30 703 2 700 Females 24 764 23 649 1 115

At-risk-of-poverty

At-risk-of-poverty At-risk-of- At-risk-of- Children in threshold poverty, poverty rate at-risk-of- Disposable monetary persons poverty income in 2016 money households €/consumption unit 1) Thousand % of population Thousand 2010 14 340 728 13.7 128 2011 14 400 704 13.2 120 2012 14 370 635 11.9 102 2013 14 430 690 12.8 117 2014 14 320 674 12.5 106 2015 14 280 634 11.7 100 2016 14 430 623 11.5 109 1) One adult in the household is one consumption unit. Other persons in the household aged at least 14 each are 0.5 consumption units and children aged 0 to 13 each are 0.3 consumption units. 22 Income and Consumption Household expenditure

1980 1990 2000 2010 2016* % Housing and energy 18.6 18.2 24.6 26.2 28.5 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 21.3 16.3 12.6 12.1 12.0 Transport 14.4 14.5 13.3 12.3 11.9 Recreation and culture 10.2 11.2 11.3 11.8 10.5 Hotels, cafés and restaurants 6.4 7.7 6.4 6.3 6.4 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house 6.1 5.4 4.9 5.3 4.9 Health 2.1 2.9 3.8 4.4 4.6 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco 6.3 6.6 5.8 5.0 4.4 Clothing and footwear 6.1 5.6 4.6 4.7 4.3 Communications 1.1 1.4 3.1 2.5 2.3 Education 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 Miscellaneous goods and services 7.2 9.8 9.2 8.9 9.8 Total consumption expenditure 100 100 100 100 100

Consumption of selected commodities per person

1980 1990 2000 2010 2016* Milk products kg 263.0 222.9 193.9 183.3 166.1 Butter kg 11.7 5.5 3.8 3.3 3.4 Margarine kg 7.9 7.6 7.7 . . . . Vegetable oils kg . . 3.3 4.9 5.2 . . Cheese kg 6.6 12.7 16.5 19.0 26.3 Eggs kg 11.7 11.1 10.1 9.8 11.9 Nuts kg 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.6 Wheat kg 44.7 43.5 45.9 46.4 44.7 Rye kg 20.8 17.4 15.3 16.1 15.5 Rice kg 3.6 4.6 5.6 5.2 5.8 Potatoes kg 59.8 60.3 61.6 . . . . Fresh vegetables kg 21.1 41.5 52.8 56.1 63.7 Fresh fruit kg 49.8 50.2 45.2 47.1 60.5 Meat kg 58.9 64.1 68.3 75.3 80.4 Fish kg . . 18.9 13.2 15.2 . . Coffee 1) kg 10.3 10.2 8.7 8.3 8.6 Sugar kg 36.8 34.7 32.0 31.8 29.1 Tobacco kg 1.2 1.0 0.6 2) 0.6 2) 3) 0.6 Beer l 57.3 83.3 78.4 82.8 76.6 Wine l ...... 12.2 11.5 Alcoholic beverages, 100 % l 6.3 7.7 7.0 8.1 3) 7.1 1) Sales of roasted coffee 2) Incl. untaxable consumption 3) Final data

AVERAGE HOUSING LOAN OF €97 215 HOUSEHOLD-DWELLING UNITS /household- WITH A HOUSING LOAN 2016 dwelling unit Justice 23 Development of selected offences 1)

2010 2016 2017 Offences and infractions total 935 609 823 449 861 921 Offences against the Criminal Code 505 357 466 857 438 373 Offences 2) 431 623 411 725 390 719 Theft, petty theft 148 213 131 432 125 431 Breaking into a residence 6 453 5 300 4 770 Breaking into business premises 4 091 3 329 3 034 Shoplifting 53 439 46 806 44 907 Robbery 1 508 1 673 1 640 Damage to property 49 160 35 170 33 466 Fraud, embezzlement 19 163 27 989 26 529 Means of payment frauds 4 458 15 124 6 678 Manslaughter, murder, killing 110 78 73 Attempted manslaughter, murder or killing 308 311 348 Assault 33 082 33 769 33 535 Sexual exploitation of a child 1 102 1 242 1 168 Rape 818 1 160 1 245 Drunken driving 21 130 17 308 17 685 Offences involving narcotics 19 724 25 082 27 777 Alcohol-related offences and infractions 4 053 2 876 1 811 Endangering of traffic safety, traffic infraction 503 986 411 724 471 202 1) Offences recorded by the police, Finnish Customs and the Finnish Border Guard 2) Excl. endangering of traffic safety, traffic infraction Bankruptcy petitions

Number 50 000

Personnel 40 000 Bankruptcies

30 000

20 000

10 000

0 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

OFFENCES AND INFRACTIONS SOLVED 644 493 2017 24 Labour Market Population aged 15 to 74 by activity

2000 2010 2016 2017 Population aged 15 to 74, thousand 3 901 4 043 4 109 4 114 Labour force 2 589 2 672 2 685 2 707 Employed 2 335 2 447 2 448 2 473 Unemployed 253 224 237 234 Inactive population 1 312 1 372 1 424 1 407 Labour force rate, % 66.4 66.1 65.3 65.8 Unemployment rate, % 9.8 8.4 8.8 8.6 Employed 1), thousand 2 335 2 447 2 448 2 473 Type of employment relationship, thousand Part-time work 286 358 399 408 Full-time work 2 047 2 087 2 048 2 063 Employer sector, thousand Private 1 692 1 774 1 783 1 794 Local government 486 510 528 533 Central government 151 153 129 141 Status in employment, thousand Self-employed persons and unpaid family workers 319 328 344 326 Employees 2 016 2 120 2 105 2 147 Annual hours actually worked per employee, hours/year Total 1 638 1 584 1 602 1 601 Private sector 1 673 1 614 1 626 1 625 Public sector 1 563 1 520 1 552 1 547 1) Incl. unknown Employment rate, persons aged 15 to 64 Share of employed persons of persons aged 15 to 64, % 80

60 Males 55 Total Females 50 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 -17

Labour Market 25 Employed persons aged 15 to 74 by industry

2000 2010 2016 2017 Thousand persons Agriculture, forestry and fishing; mining and quarrying 146 115 101 99 Manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning and water supply; sewerage and waste management 473 388 356 355 Construction 147 172 178 187 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 277 298 290 282 Transportation and storage 152 156 141 139 Accommodation and food service activities 77 83 85 85 Information and communication 89 95 101 106 Financial, insurance and real estate activities 70 71 75 81 Professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities 184 250 271 283 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 115 117 111 115 Education 165 174 173 181 Human health and social work activities 326 379 409 404 Arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities 109 139 148 152 Industry unknown 6 12 8 5 Total 2 335 2 447 2 448 2 473

Employees aged 15 to 74 by type of employment relationship

Employees Permanent Permanent Fixed-term work total full-time work part-time work Males Females Males Females Males Females Thousand persons 2010 2 120 851 730 58 151 129 201 2011 2 143 851 734 67 155 135 202 2012 2 146 847 741 66 156 134 202 2013 2 127 846 734 61 155 129 201 2014 2 105 827 730 67 151 129 200 2015 2 090 817 733 71 149 127 194 2016 2 105 830 715 69 159 136 197 2017 2 147 855 716 68 164 141 204

NUMBER OF LABOUR DISPUTES 103 2017

AVERAGE NUMBER OF OPEN JOB VACANCIES 41 600 2017 26 Labour Market Unemployed, aged 15 to 74

Thousand persons 500 Total 400 Males Females

300

200

100

0 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 -17 Unemployment rate

Total Males Females Aged 15 to 24 Long-term Aged 15 to 74 unemployed 1) % % % % % of unemployed 2010 8.4 9.1 7.6 21.4 23.4 2011 7.8 8.4 7.1 20.1 22.4 2012 7.7 8.3 7.1 19.0 21.5 2013 8.2 8.8 7.5 19.9 21.0 2014 8.7 9.3 8.0 20.5 22.8 2015 9.4 9.9 8.8 22.4 24.9 2016 8.8 9.0 8.6 20.1 26.3 2017 8.6 8.9 8.4 20.1 24.7 1) Unemployed continuously for 12 months or longer Commuting

Persons working outside their Persons working in their municipality of residence municipality of residence Total % Total % 1990 510 138 21.9 1 822 144 78.1 2000 611 275 27.4 1 617 282 72.6 2010 752 242 32.3 1 573 437 67.7 2011 771 537 32.8 1 582 885 67.2 2012 770 300 32.9 1 569 604 67.1 2013 760 939 33.1 1 540 812 66.9 2014 756 617 33.3 1 517 459 66.7 2015 758 717 33.6 1 497 742 66.4

AVERAGE COMMUTING DISTANCE 14.1 km 2015 Manufacturing 27 Industrial statistics, 2016

Branch of industry Establish- Personnel Value added ments in production Thousand € million % Whole industry 27 164 315 32 908 100 Mining and quarrying 970 6 592 1.8 Manufacturing 22 851 288 27 319 83.0 Food products, bewerages 2 059 33 2 546 7.7 Wearing apparel, leather and related products 1 790 6 413 1.3 Forest industry 2 249 36 4 038 12.3 Printing and reproduction of recorded media 1 057 7 406 1.2 Coke and refined petroleum products 31 3 772 2.3 Chemicals and chemical products 398 12 1 889 5.7 Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations 40 4 1 294 3.9 Rubber and plastic products 626 11 1 016 3.1 Other non-metallic mineral products 970 12 1 026 3.1 Basic metals 180 12 1 361 4.1 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 4 718 36 2 406 7.3 Computer, electronic and optical products 630 20 2 559 7.8 Electrical equipment 484 15 1 389 4.2 Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 1 538 40 3 423 10.4 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 249 7 456 1.4 Other transport equipment 375 7 524 1.6 Furniture 915 6 321 1.0 Other manufacturing 1 358 4 219 0.7 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 3 184 18 1 262 3.8 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 1 481 11 3 585 10.9 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activites 1 862 10 1 411 4.3

Volume index of industrial output

2015 = 100 200

175

150

125

100

75 Metal industry 50 Chemical industry Electrical and electronics industry 25 Total industry 0 Forest industry 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017* 28 National Accounts Gross domestic product per capita

€/inhabitant, at reference year 2017 prices 50 000

45 000

40 000

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000

15 000 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17*

Annual change in the volume of gross domestic product

% 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016* -17*

Gross domestic product at market prices

At current prices At reference year 2017 Annual change prices in volume € billion €/inhabitant € billion €/inhabitant % 2010 187.1 34 885 213.6 39 820 3.0 2011 196.9 36 536 219.1 40 655 2.6 2012 199.8 36 903 215.9 39 885 -1.4 2013 203.3 37 385 214.3 39 400 -0.8 2014 205.5 37 615 212.9 38 983 -0.6 2015 209.6 38 245 213.2 38 907 0.1 2016* 215.8 39 265 217.8 39 631 2.1 2017* 223.8 40 612 223.8 40 612 2.7

National Accounts 29 Structural change of the economy

% of gross value added 80 70 Services 60 50 40 Industry and construction 30 20 Agriculture, forestry and ﬁshery 10 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -16* Households’ indebtedness ratio and savings ratio

% of disposable income 150 Households' indebtedness ratio 120 incl. households' share of the debts of housing companies 90

30 Households' savings ratio 0

-30 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17* Current account

€ billion 15 % 15 Current account, € billion 12 12 Current account, % relative to GDP 9 9 6 6 3 3 0 0 -3 -3 -6 -6 -9 -9 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17* 30 National Accounts Gross value added by region, 2016*

Gross value added at basic prices /inhabitant

24 936–27 000 27 001–30 000 17 30 001–31 000

31 001–44 350 18 Whole country €33 750/inhabitant 16 15 11 12 14 13

06 10 04 07 09 05 08 02 01 21

Region Gross value added Region Gross value added € million € million 01 Uusimaa 72 259 12 North Karelia 4 283 02 Varsinais-Suomi 14 711 13 Central Finland 7 832 04 Satakunta 6 832 14 South Ostrobothnia 5 108 05 Kanta-Häme 4 873 15 Ostrobothnia 5 981 06 Pirkanmaa 15 607 16 Central Ostrobothnia 2 101 07 Päijät-Häme 5 565 17 North Ostrobothnia 11 386 08 Kymenlaakso 5 288 18 Kainuu 1 872 09 South Karelia 4 107 19 Lapland 5 660 10 Etelä-Savo 3 914 21 Åland 1 177 11 Pohjois-Savo 6 862 Whole country 185 467 Regional division as on 1 January 2017 Population 31 Population structure on 31 December

1900 1950 2000 2016 2017 Population, thousand Total 2 656 4 030 5 181 5 503 5 513 Males 1 311 1 926 2 529 2 712 2 719 Females 1 345 2 104 2 652 2 791 2 794 Age, % 0–14 35.1 30.0 18.1 16.2 16.2 15–64 59.6 63.4 66.9 62.9 62.5 65–84 5.2 6.4 13.5 18.3 18.7 85– 0.1 0.2 1.5 2.6 2.7 Average age, years Males 26.3 28.6 37.7 41.1 41.3 Females 27.5 31.6 41.0 43.8 44.0 Language 1), % Finnish 86.8 91.1 92.4 88.3 87.9 Swedish 12.9 8.6 5.6 5.3 5.2 Sami 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Russian 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.4 1.4 Other 0.0 0.1 1.4 5.1 5.4 Marital status, % Single 60.9 53.3 47.1 48.2 48.4 Males 63.0 55.6 51.1 52.1 52.2 Females 58.9 50.8 43.2 44.5 44.6 Married 2) 33.6 39.4 38.3 36.3 36.1 Males 34.0 41.2 39.2 36.8 36.6 Females 33.2 38.0 37.5 35.8 35.7 Divorced and widowed 2) 5.5 7.2 14.6 15.5 15.5 Males 3.0 3.2 9.7 11.1 11.2 Females 7.9 11.2 19.3 19.7 19.7 Religion, % Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 3) 98.1 95.0 85.1 72.0 70.9 Greek Orthodox Church 4) 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 Other 0.2 0.5 1.1 1.6 1.6 Population Register or unknown - 2.8 12.7 25.3 26.3 1) Finnish and Swedish are the official languages 2) In 2016–2017 incl. registered partnerships 3) Incl. other Lutheran churches 4) Incl. other Orthodox churches Population projection

2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 Population, thousand 5 595 5 769 5 861 5 914 5 979 Age, % 0–14 16.2 15.3 14.8 14.6 14.3 15–64 61.2 59.1 58.9 58.1 56.9 65–84 19.8 21.8 20.4 20.7 22.2 85– 2.8 3.8 5.9 6.6 6.7 32 Population Demographic dependency ratio by municipality, 2017

Persons aged under 15 and 65 or Rovaniemi over per one hundred working ● age persons (15–64-year-olds) 45– 67 68 – 74 75– 81 82–105 Oulu ● The dependency ratio was 60 in the whole country Kajaani ● Kokkola ●

Vaasa ● Kuopio Seinäjoki ● ● Joensuu ● Jyväskylä ● Mikkeli Pori Tampere ● ● ● 0 50 100 km Hämeenlinna Lappeenranta N ● ● Kouvola ● Lahti ● ● Turku ● ● Mariehamn Helsinki

Regional division as on 1 January 2018 Population 33 Age structure of population on 31 December

Age Males Females 100– 95–99 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5– 9 0– 4 200 000 100 000 0 100 000 200 000 1917 2017

Vital statistics

2000 ‰ 1) 2010 ‰ 1) 2017 ‰ 1) Live births 56 742 11.0 60 980 11.4 50 321 9.1 Deaths 49 339 9.5 50 887 9.5 53 722 9.8 Excess of births 7 403 1.4 10 093 1.9 -3 401 -0.6 Immigration 16 895 3.3 25 636 4.8 *30 217 *5.5 Emigration 14 311 2.8 11 905 2.2 *13 231 *2.4 Net immigration 2 584 0.5 13 731 2.6 *16 986 *3.1 Population growth 9 813 1.9 23 849 4.4 9 833 1.8 Marriages Couples of opposite sex 27 749 5.4 31 925 6.0 25 988 4.7 Couples of same sex ...... 554 0.1 Registered partnerships . . . . 322 0.1 36 0.0 Divorces Couples of opposite sex 14 096 2.7 13 807 2.6 13 483 2.4 Couples of same sex ...... 2 0.0 Divorces from registered partnerships . . . . 64 0.0 131 0.0 1) Per thousand mean population 34 Population Development of population

6 Million persons

Emigration 4 to Sweden Second 3 World War Civil War

2 Great Famine 1 Cholera years Finnish War 0 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 -17 Live births and deaths Thousand persons 120

100

Live births 80

40 Deaths

20 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 Migration Thousand persons 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 Immigration -40 Emigration -50 Net immigration -60 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017* Population 35 Population by origin, country of birth and language, 2016

Population 31.12.2016 5 503 297

Persons with Finnish background 5 138 510

Country of birth Country of birth Finland foreign countries 5 087 809 50 701

Mother tongue: Mother tongue: Finnish 4 802 149 Finnish 38 266 Swedish 277 224 Swedish 6 643 Sami 1 898 Sami 30 Other language 6 538 Other language 5 762

Persons with foreign background 364 787

Country of birth Country of birth Finland foreign countries 57 947 306 840

Mother tongue: Mother tongue: Finnish 10 539 Finnish 6 841 Swedish 982 Swedish 4 691 Sami 9 Sami 32 Other language 46 417 Other language 295 276

Population by language on 31 December

2014 2015 2016 2017 Finnish 4 868 751 4 865 628 4 857 795 4 848 761 Swedish 290 747 290 161 289 540 289 052 Sami 1 949 1 957 1 969 1 992 Other languages total 310 306 329 562 353 993 373 325 Russian 69 614 72 436 75 444 77 177 Estonian 46 195 48 087 49 241 49 590 Arabic 14 825 16 713 21 783 26 467 Somali 16 721 17 871 19 059 20 007 English 16 732 17 784 18 758 19 626 Kurdish 10 731 11 271 12 226 13 327 Persian, Farsi 8 103 8 745 10 882 12 090 Chinese 10 110 10 722 11 334 11 825 Albanian 8 754 9 233 9 791 10 391 Vietnamese 7 532 8 273 9 248 9 872 Total 5 471 753 5 487 308 5 503 297 5 513 130 36 Population Foreigners in Finland

Country of 2016 % 2017 % Annual citizenship change, % Estonia 51 499 21.1 51 539 20.7 0.1 Russia 30 970 12.7 29 183 11.7 -5.8 Iraq 9 813 4.0 11 729 4.7 19.5 China 8 480 3.5 8 742 3.5 3.1 Sweden 8 040 3.3 8 018 3.2 -0.3 Thailand 7 487 3.1 7 533 3.0 0.6 Somalia 7 018 2.9 6 677 2.7 -4.9 Afghanistan 5 294 2.2 5 792 2.3 9.4 Viet Nam 5 253 2.2 5 603 2.2 6.7 Syrian Arab Republic 3 355 1.4 5 290 2.1 57.7 Others 106 430 43.7 109 346 43.8 2.7 Total 243 639 100 249 452 100 2.4

Finnish citizenships 1) granted

Country of previous 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 citizenship Russia 2 477 2 103 2 317 1 728 2 028 Somalia 609 814 834 955 1 066 Iraq 457 521 405 560 534 Estonia 521 436 382 420 459 Afghanistan 510 479 251 242 376 Turkey 278 271 257 229 264 Viet Nam 150 150 114 146 225 Iran, Islamic Republic of 451 341 219 140 222 Sweden 190 146 186 165 206 India 117 99 152 137 193 Others 3 327 3 570 3 143 3 199 3 802 Total 9 087 8 930 8 260 7 921 9 375 1) Persons permanently resident in Finland Asylum-seekers and refugee quota

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Asylum-seekers 3 238 3 651 32 476 5 651 5 046 Decisions on asylum 1) Asylum granted 556 501 1 112 4 586 2 528 Residence permit granted 2) 1 271 845 767 3 159 1 256 No asylum or residence permit granted 3) 1 903 2 050 1 307 14 282 3 996 Family reunification Positive decisions 875 1 094 986 1 179 2 080 Negative decisions 1 692 1 035 406 283 619 Refugee quota 750 1 050 1 050 750 750 1) Decisions of the Finnish Immigration Service 2) Incl. residence permits granted on the basis of humanitarian and subsidiary protection 3) Change in the statistical practice from the beginning of 2015 Population 37 Life expectancy

Age 2000 2010 2017* Males Females Males Females Males Females Years 0 74.1 81.0 76.7 83.2 78.7 84.2 10 64.6 71.4 67.0 73.5 68.9 74.4 20 54.8 61.5 57.2 63.6 59.1 64.5 30 45.4 51.7 47.8 53.8 49.6 54.7 40 36.1 42.1 38.3 44.0 40.0 45.0 50 27.3 32.7 29.3 34.6 30.8 35.3 60 19.2 23.7 21.1 25.5 22.1 26.2 70 12.1 15.2 13.8 17.0 14.6 17.6 80 6.6 8.2 7.6 9.4 8.1 9.9 Families, 2016

All Average Families with families size of children family aged aged 0–17 0–6 Total 1 475 583 2.8 569 676 284 285 Married couple without children 529 697 2.0 . . Married couple with children 418 032 4.0 334 861 168 007 Cohabiting couple without children 218 439 2.0 . . Cohabiting couple with children 123 321 3.7 111 307 71 191 Mother with children 151 459 2.5 105 693 41 431 Father with children 31 951 2.3 17 164 3 187 Registered male couple 1) 1 052 2.0 7 3 Registered female couple 1) 1 632 2.6 644 466 1) Incl. registered partnerships with children Families with children and the number of children, 2016

Number of children Families with % Number of % aged 0–17 children children Total 569 676 100 1 051 285 100 1 child 244 159 42.9 244 159 23.2 2 children 220 801 38.8 441 602 42.0 3 children 75 489 13.3 226 467 21.5 4+ children 29 227 5.1 139 057 13.2

AVERAGE AGE AT FIRST CONFINEMENT 29.2 2017 years

SHARE OF RECONSTITUTED FAMILIES AMONG FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN 9.1% 2016 38 Population

Population data by region 1)

Population Population Annual Share of Excess of density change total births population inh /km. 2 % % ‰ 2) 1 .1 2018. 31 .12 .2017 2017 2017 2017 Uusimaa 182 1 655 624 1.1 30.0 2.7 Varsinais-Suomi 45 477 677 0.4 8.7 -1.6 Satakunta 28 220 398 -0.6 4.0 -4.5 Kanta-Häme 33 172 720 -0.6 3.1 -2.2 Pirkanmaa 41 512 081 0.5 9.3 -0.2 Päijät-Häme 39 201 228 -0.2 3.6 -3.2 Kymenlaakso 34 175 511 -1.2 3.2 -5.8 South Karelia 24 129 865 -0.5 2.4 -5.2 Etelä-Savo 10 147 194 -1.2 2.7 -7.7 Pohjois-Savo 15 246 653 -0.5 4.5 -3.5 North Karelia 9 162 986 -0.7 3.0 -4.6 Central Finland 17 276 031 -0.1 5.0 -1.7 South Ostrobothnia 14 190 910 -0.5 3.5 -1.7 Ostrobothnia 23 180 945 -0.3 3.3 -0.1 Central Ostrobothnia 14 68 780 -0.4 1.2 1.2 North Ostrobothnia 11 411 856 0.2 7.5 2.8 Kainuu 4 73 959 -1.1 1.3 -6.1 Lapland 2 179 223 -0.5 3.3 -3.5 Åland 19 29 489 0.9 0.5 1.5 Whole country 18 5 513 130 0.2 100 -0.6 1) Regional division as on 1 January 2018 2) Per thousand mean poplulation Population in the largest municipalities 1)

Population Annual Population Annual change, % change, % 31 12. .2017 2017 31 .12 .2017 2017 Helsinki 643 272 1.3 Rovaniemi 62 420 0.3 Espoo 279 044 1.6 Mikkeli 54 261 -0.5 Tampere 231 853 1.6 Kotka 53 539 -1.2 Vantaa 223 027 1.7 Salo 52 984 -1.0 Oulu 201 810 0.6 Porvoo 50 159 0.0 Turku 189 669 1.1 Kokkola 47 723 0.0 Jyväskylä 140 188 1.0 Lohja 46 785 -0.8 Lahti 119 573 0.1 Hyvinkää 46 739 0.3 Kuopio 118 209 0.4 Järvenpää 42 572 2.5 Pori 84 587 -0.6 Nurmijärvi 42 159 0.4 Kouvola 84 196 -1.3 Rauma 39 620 0.0 Joensuu 76 067 0.3 Kirkkonummi 39 170 0.4 Lappeenranta 72 909 0.1 Tuusula 38 646 0.2 Hämeenlinna 67 662 -0.3 Kajaani 37 239 -0.8 Vaasa 67 392 -0.3 Kerava 35 554 0.1 Seinäjoki 62 676 1.0 Savonlinna 34 664 -1.6 1) The total number of municipalities 311. Regional division as on 1 January 2018. Prices and Costs 39 Consumer price index 2015 = 100 2016 2017 Annual change, % Total index 100.4 101.1 0.7 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 98.9 97.9 -0.9 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco 101.0 104.1 3.0 Clothing and footwear 99.4 98.2 -1.2 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels 100.5 101.9 1.3 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house 99.7 99.5 -0.2 Health 106.8 108.7 1.7 Transport 99.8 102.4 2.6 Communication 100.8 99.1 -1.8 Recreation and culture 99.4 98.6 -0.7 Education 102.3 104.0 1.6 Restaurants and hotels 101.7 103.7 1.9 Miscellaneous goods and services 99.7 100.0 0.2 Inflation

Consumer price index: average annual change, % 20

-5 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17 Cost-of-living index

1951:10 = 100 2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 40 Prices and Costs Average prices of commodities 2014 2015 2016 2017 € € € € Low fat milk 1 l 1.10 1.03 1.01 0.99 Butter 500 g 2.87 2.48 2.46 2.58 Rapeseed oil 1 l 3.66 3.61 3.61 3.62 Cheese, Emmenthal 1 kg 14.02 14.52 13.85 13.75 Quark 250 g 1.36 1.28 1.23 1.18 Eggs 1 kg 3.68 3.60 3.45 3.27 Macaroni 400 g 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36 Wheat flour 2 kg 1.36 1.35 1.32 1.30 Crispbread 1 kg 5.05 4.99 5.07 5.14 Minced beef 1 kg 10.20 10.11 9.95 9.95 Beef topside 1 kg 16.74 16.21 16.07 15.99 Chicken breast fillet 1 kg 13.47 13.18 13.02 12.84 Sausage 1 kg 4.94 4.64 4.30 4.26 Rainbow trout, whole 1 kg 9.56 8.50 9.70 12.22 Tuna fish, tinned 150 g 1.81 1.75 1.79 1.78 Coffee, packaged 500 g 3.59 3.87 3.66 3.99 Caster sugar 1 kg 1.08 0.93 0.89 0.88 Block of chocolate 200 g 2.22 2.31 2.36 2.14 Ice cream package 1 l 2.51 2.50 2.47 1.81 Potato 1 kg 0.87 0.93 0.97 0.85 Pot-grown lettuce ea 1.10 1.16 1.13 1.13 Tomatoes 1 kg 3.25 3.19 3.03 2.92 Cucumbers 1 kg 2.57 2.50 2.47 2.46 Oranges 1 kg 1.53 1.55 1.61 1.67 Bananas 1 kg 1.69 1.67 1.48 1.45 Salted nuts 200 g 1.68 1.75 1.84 1.81 Washing-up liquid 1 l 4.45 4.47 4.27 4.30 Petrol 95 E10 1 l 1.61 1.46 1.38 1.46 Diesel 1 l 1.48 1.30 1.19 1.30 Cinema ticket ea 11.22 11.36 11.77 12.17

Real price development of selected food items 1994 = 100 250 Fresh ﬁsh Vegetables 200 Potato Coffee Poultry meat 150

100

0 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2017 Science, Technology and Information Society 41 Research and development expenditure

8 € billion Public sector 1) 7 University sector 6 Business enterprises

0 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2) 1) Incl. private non-profit sector 2) Estimate Prevalence of equipment and connections in households 1)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 % of households Flat screen TV 76 81 85 86 87 Full HD TV 41 49 53 58 59 Smart TV . . 19 24 30 34 TV pay card 26 26 25 22 21 IPTV 12 14 17 20 22 Home theatre 24 22 22 22 19 Digital camera 2) 67 63 60 56 50 Camera copter ...... 2 2 PC 90 90 90 91 90 Laptop 77 78 78 79 79 Tablet 22 39 51 56 59 Printer or scanner 60 60 61 58 60 Mobile broadband 53 57 67 68 72 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 50 54 62 66 68 Wearable smart device . . 5 13 18 22 Landline telephone (subscription) 14 12 9 9 7 Smartphone 60 69 76 82 87 GPS tracking device in car 31 35 32 32 30 1) The age of the household target person is between 15 and 74 2) Incl. digital video camera

OF PENSIONERS, 32% HAVE NEVER USED THE INTERNET 2017 42 Social Protection Social protection expenditure by function

2010 2015 2016 € million % € million % € million % Sickness and health 13 468 24.6 15 684 23.4 15 450 22.4 Disability 6 427 11.7 6 752 10.1 6 741 9.8 Old age 19 171 35.0 26 314 39.2 27 693 40.1 Survivors 1 724 3.1 1 754 2.6 1 789 2.6 Family and children 5 845 10.7 6 618 9.9 6 632 9.6 Unemployment 4 370 8.0 5 561 8.3 5 588 8.1 Housing 923 1.7 1 450 2.2 1 644 2.4 Other social protection 1 425 2.6 1 849 2.8 2 374 3.4 Administration 1 480 2.7 1 153 1.7 1 147 1.7 Total 54 832 100 67 133 100 69 058 100 % relative to GDP 29.3 32.0 32.0

Parental allowances

2000 2010 2016 2017 Total, € million 478.5 957.5 993.5 934.4 Maternity allowance 181.2 382.8 374.3 354.8 Paternity allowance 26.6 67.2 112.7 108.6 Parental allowance, € million Paid to mothers 266.2 483.6 495.3 460.0 Paid to fathers 4.5 23.9 11.3 11.0 Beneficiaries, number Mothers 97 400 103 600 92 900 87 900 Fathers 42 900 56 400 61 800 61 200 Days Total, thousand 15 232 16 668 15 386 14 475 Fathers, % 4.2 7.1 9.5 10.0

Beneficiaries of general housing allowance on 31 December

Household, thousand 400 Couples without children 350 Persons living alone Families with children: Other households 300 Single-provider families Two-provider families 250

200

150

100

50 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17 1)

1) From 2017 incl. students Social Protection 43 Recipients of unemployment benefits on 31 December 2017

Age Males Females 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 17–19 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 10 000 20 000 30 000 Basic allowance Earnings-related allowance incl. labour market support Pension beneficiaries

Earnings-related allowance 2000 2010 2016 2017 Old-age pension 869 672 1 093 267 1 299 958 1 339 991 Unemployment pension 54 291 33 938 - - Disability pension 276 269 267 248 214 046 206 048 Part-time pension 24 533 28 764 10 388 7 244 Special pensions for farmers 40 845 24 330 13 615 12 026 Surviving spouse’s pension 252 798 263 176 254 437 253 011 Orphan’s pension 28 476 22 503 18 310 17 444 Total 1) 1 284 145 1 463 835 1 558 900 1 585 582 1) The same individual may be the beneficiary of more than one type of pension Total pension distribution among pension beneficiaries 1) on 31 December 2017

Total pension All beneficiaries Males Females €/month % % % 0– 799 165 004 11.2 65 360 9.8 99 644 12.4 800–1 099 248 143 16.9 86 674 13.0 161 469 20.1 1 100–1 399 295 579 20.1 107 402 16.1 188 177 23.4 1 400–1 699 218 314 14.8 93 091 14.0 125 223 15.6 1 700–1 999 176 010 12.0 85 506 12.8 90 504 11.3 2 000–2 299 120 753 8.2 66 021 9.9 54 732 6.8 2 300–2 599 78 716 5.4 46 220 6.9 32 496 4.0 2 600–2 899 52 086 3.5 32 292 4.9 19 794 2.5 2 900–3 199 33 719 2.3 22 307 3.4 11 412 1.4 3 200– 81 853 5.6 60 934 9.2 20 919 2.6 Total 1 470 177 100 665 807 100 804 370 100 Average pension, €/month 1 656 1 874 1 476 1) People living in Finland who receive old-age (excl. partial old-age), disability or special farmer’s pension 44 Trade Volume indices of trade

2015 = 100 140

120

100

60 Sale of motor vehicles 40 Wholesale trade Retail trade 20 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017*

Turnover of trade

2014 2015 2016 € million % € million % € million % Sale of motor vehicles 14 901 13 15 178 13 16 487 14 Wholesale trade 1) 63 935 55 61 468 54 61 747 53 Retail trade 1) 38 010 33 37 471 33 37 355 32 Total 116 846 100 114 117 100 115 589 100 1) Excl. sale of motor vehicles and motorcycles Imports, exports and trade balance

€ billion 80 Imports Exports 60 Trade balance

-20 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17* Trade 45 Biggest import and export countries 1), 2017* Imports Exports € million % € million % Germany 9 612 15.5 Germany 8 484 14.2 Russia 8 201 13.2 Sweden 6 133 10.3 Sweden 6 849 11.0 Netherlands 4 103 6.9 China 4 560 7.3 United States 4 052 6.8 Netherlands 3 451 5.6 Russia 3 415 5.7 France 2 340 3.8 China 3 392 5.7 United States 1 935 3.1 United Kingdom 2 689 4.5 United Kingdom 1 830 2.9 Belgium 1 963 3.3 Poland 1 823 2.9 France 1 820 3.1 Estonia 1 823 2.9 Estonia 1 798 3.0 Other countries 19 628 31.6 Other countries 21 706 36.4 Total 62 051 100 Total 59 554 100 1) Imports by country of origin, exports by country of destination Imports and exports by product category, 2017*

€ million % Imports Chemical industry products 10 908 17.6 Electrical and electronics industry products 8 795 14.2 Transport equipment 7 291 11.8 Products from mining and quarrying 7 127 11.5 Machinery and equipment 5 261 8.5 Other 22 668 36.5 Total 62 051 100 Exports Forest industry products 11 917 20.0 Chemical industry products 11 396 19.1 Metal and metal products 8 853 14.9 Machinery and equipment 7 752 13.0 Electrical and electronics industry products 7 070 11.9 Other 12 566 21.1 Total 59 554 100

SHARE OF THE EURO AREA IN FINLAND’S EXPORTS 39% 2017 preliminary data

SHARE OF EXPORTS OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS 6.7% 2017 preliminary data 46 Transport and Tourism Transport

Transport network, km 1990 2000 2010 2017 Length of railway line 1) 5 846 5 854 5 919 5 926 Length of tram line 88 84 91 98 Length of underground line 16 21 21 35 Highways 2) 76 407 77 993 78 162 77 993 Coastal waterways 7 690 9 261 10 073 10 350 Inland waterways 9 460 8 894 9 747 9 818 Passengers by mode of transport, million Railway transport 46.0 54.8 69.0 85.7 Tramway transport 48.6 56.7 54.5 60.2 Underground transport 35.4 51.9 57.1 67.5 Bus and motor coach transport 3) . . . . 339.8 . . Taxi traffic . . . . 57.0 . . Water transport 4) 14.0 20.7 21.7 23.8 Air transport 4) 11.3 13.8 16.5 22.7 1) State railway line 2) Roads maintained by the Finnish Transport Agency (31 Dec.), excl. ramps and ferry routes 3) Incl. charter transport, excl. private transport 4) National and international Registered vehicles on 31 December

1990 2000 2010 1) 2017 1) Passenger cars 1 938 856 2 134 728 2 877 484 3 422 792 per thousand inhabitants 388 412 535 621 Lorries and vans 264 157 304 318 464 408 604 485 Buses, coaches 9 327 9 852 13 650 18 115 Special automobiles 20 719 16 924 12 646 11 333 All automobiles 2 233 059 2 465 822 3 368 188 4 056 725 Motorcycles 60 170 90 877 226 877 269 729 Tractors 316 870 332 584 376 807 434 174 All vehicles 3 146 308 3 697 037 5 331 582 6 474 783 1) Incl. vehicles temporarily decommissioned from traffic Million 7 All vehicles 6 All automobiles 5 Passenger cars

0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 Transport and Tourism 47 Persons killed in road traffic accidents Number 1 400

1 200

1 000

800

600

400

200

0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17* Number of overnight stays by foreigners at accommodation establishments 1) Country of domicile 2016 % 2017* % Annual change, % Russia 697 596 12.1 821 698 12.2 17.8 Germany 540 342 9.4 622 991 9.2 15.3 Sweden 549 292 9.5 597 339 8.9 8.7 United Kingdom 500 738 8.7 585 814 8.7 17.0 China 231 573 4.0 313 203 4.6 35.3 France 249 997 4.3 280 069 4.2 12.0 United States 231 708 4.0 268 723 4.0 16.0 Other 2 770 029 48.0 3 252 997 48.2 17.4 Total 5 771 275 100 6 742 834 100 16.8 1) Accommodation establishments with at least 20 bed places or caravan pitches with electrical connection points, as well as hostels Finns’ leisure trips 1) abroad Country of destination 2016 % 2017 % Annual change, % Estonia 1 476 000 24.2 1 521 000 23.3 3.0 Spain 745 000 12.2 781 000 12.0 4.8 Sweden 708 000 11.6 696 000 10.7 -1.7 Germany 268 000 4.4 289 000 4.4 7.8 Russia 268 000 4.4 288 000 4.4 7.5 United Kingdom 209 000 3.4 248 000 3.8 18.7 Greece 184 000 3.0 247 000 3.8 34.2 Other 2 244 000 36.8 2 449 000 37.6 9.1 Total 6 102 000 100 6 519 000 100 6.8 1) Trips with overnight stays in the destination country made by the population aged 15 to 84 AVERAGE AGE OF PASSENGER CARS IN TRAFFIC 12 2017 years 48 Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs Index of wage and salary earnings, average annual changes

% 25

15 Index of wage and salary earnings 10

0 Index of real wage and salary earnings -5

-10 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17*

Overall index of wage and salary earnings

1964 = 100 4 000 Private 3 500 All wage and salary earners 3 000 Central government Local government 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 -17*

Total earnings by employer sector, 2016

Employer sector Full-time employees Total Median of total earnings, €/month Total Men Women Private 912 960 3 076 3 313 2 777 Local government 364 730 2 745 3 154 2 686 Central government 67 170 3 600 3 908 3 187 Total 1 344 860 3 001 3 328 2 748 Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs 49 Total earnings 1) by level of education and age, 2016

Median of total earnings, €/month 7 000

6 000

5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000 Age 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–69 Doctorate or equivalent level Lowest level tertiary tertiary education education Higher-degree level Upper secondary level tertiary education education Lower-degree level Lower secondary level tertiary education education

1) Full-time employees

Total earnings by occupation, 2016 Category of occupation Full-time employees Total Median of total earnings, €/month Total Men Women Managers 44 657 5 920 6 282 5 192 Administrative and commercial managers 1 671 6 445 6 405 6 656 Professionals 313 064 3 970 4 389 3 670 Medical doctors 12 406 6 954 7 430 6 647 Primary school and early childhood teachers 38 983 3 006 3 574 2 890 Technicians and associate professionals 329 785 3 166 3 583 2 898 Nursing and midwifery associate professionals 51 021 2 954 3 254 2 928 Sales and purchasing agents and brokers 42 330 3 804 4 048 3 459 Clerical support workers 96 801 2 614 2 718 2 591 Numerical clerks 21 368 2 690 2 743 2 682 Service and sales workers 244 087 2 400 2 580 2 353 Personal care workers 113 721 2 390 2 504 2 383 Craft and related trades workers 115 676 2 876 2 908 2 559 Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 107 314 2 938 3 024 2 566 50 International Comparison Data Area and population

Area Population Population Life growth expectancy km2 million %/year years 2016 2016 2010–2016 2017 Finland 338 444 5.5 0.5 81 Sweden 438 574 9.9 0.8 82 Norway 323 772 5.2 1.1 82 Denmark 42 921 5.7 0.5 80 Iceland 103 000 0.3 0.7 83 Argentina 2 780 400 43.6 1.1 77 Australia 7 692 024 24.1 1.5 82 Austria 83 882 8.7 0.6 82 Belgium 30 528 11.3 0.6 81 Brazil 8 515 767 206.1 0.9 74 Canada 1) 9 985 000 36.3 1.1 82 Chile 756 102 18.2 1.0 79 China 9 600 000 1) 1 371.2 . . 76 Czech Republic 78 870 10.6 0.1 79 Egypt 1 002 000 91.0 2.4 73 Estonia 45 227 1.3 -0.2 77 France 551 500 64.7 0.5 82 Germany 357 386 82.3 0.1 81 Greece 131 957 10.8 -0.5 81 Hungary 93 022 9.8 -0.3 76 India 3 287 263 2) 1 213.4 . . 69 Indonesia 1 910 931 258.7 1.4 73 Ireland 69 825 4.8 0.6 81 Israel 22 072 1) 8.4 . . 83 Italy 302 073 60.6 0.4 82 Japan 377 930 127.0 -0.1 85 Latvia 64 573 2.0 -1.1 75 Lithuania 65 286 2.9 -1.2 75 Luxembourg 2 586 0.6 2.1 82 Mexico 1 964 375 122.3 1.1 76 Netherlands 41 542 17.0 0.4 81 New Zealand 268 107 4.7 1.3 81 Nigeria 923 768 193.4 3.2 54 Pakistan 796 095 1) 191.7 . . 68 Poland 312 679 38.0 0.0 78 Portugal 92 226 10.3 -0.4 79 Russia 17 098 246 3) 143.5 . . 71 South Africa 1 221 037 55.9 1.5 64 Spain 505 944 46.5 0.0 82 Switzerland 41 291 8.4 1.0 83 Turkey 780 004 79.3 . . 75 Ukraine 603 500 42.5 -1.2 72 United Kingdom 242 495 65.6 0.7 81 United States 9 833 517 323.1 0.7 80 1) 2015 – 2) 2012 – 3) 2013 International Comparison Data 51 Gross national income, inflation and unemployment

GNI per capita Inflation Unem- Purchasing power ployment USD parity, USD % % 2016 2016 2017 2017 Finland 45 050 43 780 0.8 8.6 Sweden 54 480 49 420 1.8 6.7 Norway 82 390 61 920 1.9 4.2 Denmark 57 020 50 290 1.1 5.7 Iceland 56 790 51 170 1.8 2.8 Argentina 11 970 19 500 25.7 8.7 Australia 54 230 45 210 1.9 5.7 Austria 45 870 50 530 2.1 5.5 Belgium 41 860 45 900 2.1 7.1 Brazil 8 840 14 810 3.4 12.9 Canada 43 680 44 020 1.6 6.4 Chile 13 540 22 540 2.2 7.0 China 8 250 15 470 1.6 4.7 Czech Republic 17 530 32 350 2.5 2.9 Egypt 3 410 10 980 23.5 12.1 Estonia 17 760 29 040 3.4 5.8 France 38 720 42 000 1.0 9.4 Germany 43 940 49 690 1.7 3.8 Greece 19 050 27 150 1.1 21.5 Hungary 12 570 25 360 2.3 4.2 India 1 670 6 490 2.5 3.5 Indonesia 3 400 11 220 3.8 4.3 Ireland 52 010 56 920 0.3 6.7 Israel . . 36 810 0.2 4.3 Italy 31 720 38 460 1.2 1) 11.7 Japan 37 930 43 540 0.5 2.8 Latvia 14 570 25 530 2.9 8.7 Lithuania 14 770 28 680 3.7 7.1 Luxembourg 71 590 69 640 1.7 5.6 Mexico 9 040 17 160 6.0 3.5 Netherlands 46 610 49 930 1.4 4.9 New Zealand 38 740 37 190 1.9 4.9 Nigeria 2 450 5 740 16.5 7.0 Pakistan 1 500 5 560 4.1 4.0 Poland 12 680 26 300 2.1 4.9 Portugal 19 880 29 940 1.4 9.0 Russia 9 720 24 120 3.7 5.2 South Africa 5 480 12 830 5.2 27.7 Spain 27 580 36 300 2.0 17.2 Switzerland 81 240 63 810 0.5 4.8 Turkey 11 230 24 980 11.1 10.9 Ukraine 2 310 8 190 14.4 9.5 United Kingdom 42 360 41 640 2.7 4.4 United States 56 810 58 700 2.1 4.4 1) 2016 52 International Comparison Data General government deficit/surplus and debt

EU Member State Deficit/surplus, Debt, % relative to GDP 2018 % relative to GDP 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 Austria -1.0 -1.6 -0.7 84.6 83.6 78.4 Belgium -2.5 -2.5 -1.0 106.1 105.9 103.1 Bulgaria -1.6 0.2 0.9 26.0 29.0 25.4 Croatia -3.4 -0.9 0.8 83.8 80.6 78.0 Cyprus -1.3 0.3 1.8 107.5 106.6 97.5 Czech Republic -0.6 0.7 1.6 40.0 36.8 34.6 Denmark -1.5 -0.4 1.0 39.9 37.9 36.4 Estonia 0.1 -0.3 -0.3 10.0 9.4 9.0 Finland -2.8 -1.8 -0.6 63.5 63.0 61.4 France -3.6 -3.4 -2.6 95.6 96.6 97.0 Germany 0.8 1.0 1.3 71.0 68.2 64.1 Greece -5.7 0.6 0.8 176.8 180.8 178.6 Hungary -1.9 -1.7 -2.0 76.7 76.0 73.6 Ireland -1.9 -0.5 -0.3 76.9 72.8 68.0 Italy -2.6 -2.5 -2.3 131.5 132.0 131.8 Latvia -1.4 0.1 -0.5 36.8 40.5 40.1 Lithuania -0.2 0.3 0.5 42.6 40.1 39.7 Luxembourg 1.4 1.6 1.5 22.0 20.8 23.0 Malta -1.1 1.0 3.9 58.7 56.2 50.8 Netherlands -2.1 0.4 1.1 64.6 61.8 56.7 Poland -2.6 -2.3 -1.7 51.1 54.2 50.6 Portugal -4.4 -2.0 -3.0 128.8 129.9 125.7 Romania -0.8 -3.0 -2.9 37.7 37.4 35.0 Slovakia -2.7 -2.2 -1.0 52.3 51.8 50.9 Slovenia -2.9 -1.9 0.0 82.6 78.6 73.6 Spain -5.3 -4.5 -3.1 99.4 99.0 98.3 Sweden 0.2 1.2 1.3 44.2 42.1 40.6 United Kingdom -4.3 -3.0 -1.9 88.2 88.2 87.7 Tax rate, 2016* Tax revenue as % of gross domestic product Denmark France Belgium Finland Sweden Italy Austria Hungary Greece Norway Germany Estonia Portugal Czech Republic Spain United Kingdom Canada United States Turkey Ireland 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Suomi Finland

1917 Finland’s independence 1948 Member of the World Bank 1948 Member of the IMF

Rovaniemi 1955 Member of the UN 1955 Member of the Nordic Oulu Council 1961 Associate Kajaani member of Kokkola the EFTA 1969 Member of Vaasa Kuopio the OECD Seinäjoki Joensuu 1986 Full member of Jyväskylä the EFTA 0 100 Tampere Mikkeli 1989 Member of Pori the Council Lahti Lappeenranta of Europe Hämeenlinna Turku Kouvola 1995 Member of Helsinki the European Mariehamn Union Regions by regional division as on 1 January 2018 2002 Introduction of Town locations: National Land Survey of Finland the euro 2017 Finland 100 years

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FINLAND IN FIGURES 2018 ISSN 2242−8496 (pdf) ISBN 978−952−244−604−6 (pdf) ISSN 0357−0371 (print) ISBN 978−952−244−603−9 (print) Product number 3056 (print)