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Planning and Design Implications from Traffic Safety Evaluation for Tramway Systems

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Planning and Design Implications from Traffic Safety Evaluation for Tramway Systems Ulla Saari Planning and design implications from traffic safety evaluation for tramway systems Thesis submitted for examination for the degree of Master of Science in Technology. Espoo 18.2.2019 Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Milos N. Mladenovic, PhD Advisor: M. Sc. Davy Beilinson Aalto University, P.O. BOX 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of master's thesis Author Ulla Saari Title of thesis Planning and design implications from traffic safety evaluation for tramway systems Master programme Spatial Planning and Transportation Code ENG26 Engineering Thesis supervisor Milos Mladenovic Thesis advisor(s) Davy Beilinson Date 18.2.2019 Number of pages 99 Language English Abstract Modern tramways are a part of traffic system for urban and densifying city structure. First modern tramways are planned nowadays in Finland. Planning and design create a base for a safe traffic system. Traffic safety influences on our everyday life and is a requirement for a well-functioning and efficient transport system and city structure. This thesis concentrates on planning and design of tramway systems from traffic safety point of view. In this thesis, traffic safety for tramway systems is studied by using accident data from Helsinki, Gothenburg and Dublin. GIS-analysis, data analysis, conflict point maps and previous studies are used to identify design factors influencing tramway safety. Based on the accident data, specific points of infrastructure are considered in terms of safety. Planning and design solutions are considered for motor vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists. Safety in design is studied for intersections, crossing points and tram stop areas. Clarity of the traffic system is a key factor for safe environment. Design and planning should focus on street users’ angle to create safe traffic system for tramways. Visibility, sight distances and sight triangles should be considered, especially at intersections and crossing points. Design of tramways should be consistent and easy to understand in whole traffic system. Cooperation of land-use planning, and transport planning is crucial. Especially, when identifying desire lines and planning the routes and the locations for crossing points and tram stops. Every accident is a result of traffic conflicts. Number of conflict points should be minimized for each planning area by traffic management and guidance. Traffic safety requires constant inspection, development of environment and active reaction to safety problems. Accident data provides useful information of challenges in traffic system. The traffic conflict technique allows reacting to the challenges before accidents occur. In this thesis, some used tools for tramway safety evaluation are introduced. Keywords Trams, traffic safety, transportation planning, street design, geometric design Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Diplomityön tiivistelmä Tekijä Ulla Saari Työn nimi Suunnittelun vaikutus raitioteiden turvallisuuteen Maisteriohjelma Maankäytön suunnittelu ja Koodi ENG26 liikennetekniikka Työn valvoja Milos Mladenovic Työn ohjaaja(t) Davy Beilinson Päivämäärä 18.2.2019 Sivumäärä 99 Kieli Englanti Tiivistelmä Raitiotieliikenne on tärkeä osa liikennejärjestelmää tiiviissä kaupunkirakenteessa. Ensimmäisiä pikaraitioteitä suunnitellaan parhaillaan Suomessa. Suunnittelu luo pohjan turvalliselle liikennejärjestelmälle ja -ympäristölle. Liikenneturvallisuus vaikuttaa ihmisten joka päiväiseen elämään ja on edellytys toimivalle ja tehokkaalle kaupunkirakenteelle. Tämä diplomityö keskittyy raitioteiden suunnitteluun liikenneturvallisuuden näkökulmasta. Työssä raitioteiden turvallisuutta on tutkittu olemassa olevien raitiotiejärjestelmien onnettomuusdataa käyttäen. Kohdekaupunkeina on käytetty Helsinkiä, Göteborgia ja Dublinia. Työssä tunnistetaan tuvallisen raitiotiejärjestelmän kannalta tärkeimpiä muuttujia. Tuloksien saamiseen on käytetty GIS-analyysejä, datan tarkastelua ja konfliktipiste karttoja sekä aiempia tutkimuksia. Raitioteitä liikennejärjestelmässä ja käytettyjä suunnitteluratkaisuja on tarkastelu erikseen datan perusteella turvallisuuden kannalta kriittisissä kohteissa. Eri tienkäyttäjien tarpeita ja vaatimuksia on pyritty tunnistamaan raitiotiejärjestelmässä. Risteysalueiden, ylityskohtien ja pysäkkialueiden suunnitteluratkaisuja tarkastellaan erikseen. Liikennejärjestelmän selkeys ja suunnittelu käyttäjälähtökohtaisesti ovat avain muuttujat turvallisen liikennejärjestelmän luomisessa. Suunnittelussa tulisi huomioida näkyvyys, näkemäalueet ja -kolmiot jokaisen suunnittelukohteen kohdalla, erityisesti risteysalueilla ja ylityspaikoissa. Suunnittelulla pitäisi luoda yhtenäinen ja helposti ymmärrettävä ympäristö, jossa liikenteen turvallisuutta ja toimivuutta tarkastellaan kokonaisvaltaisesti. Maankäytön ja liikenteen vuorovaikutus tarkastelujen tekeminen suunnitteluprosessissa on tärkeää, erityisesti reittien, ylityskohtien ja pysäkkien sijoittamisen kannalta. Konfliktipisteet luovat riskin liikenneonnettomuuksille. Konfliktipisteiden määrä tulisi minimoida jokaiselle suunnittelukohteelle liikenteenhallinnan ja ohjauksen avulla. Liikenneturvallisuus vaatii jatkuvaa tarkastelua, ympäristön kehittämistä ja haasteisiin reagoimista. Onnettomuusdataa keräämällä ja tarkastelemalla voidaan havaita turvallisuuspuutteita. Konfliktipistemittauksilla on mahdollista puuttua mahdollisiin puutteisiin turvallisuudessa jo ennen onnettomuuksia. Työssä esitellään lyhyesti turvallisuuden seurantaan käytettäviä keinoja. Avainsanat Pikaraitiotie, liikenneturvallisuus, liikennesuunnittelu, katusuunnittelu Preface This thesis project started in the summer 2018 when City of Espoo provided the opportunity to study how to design safe tramway. Since, then I have had the privilege to study and learn from modern tramways and traffic safety for tramway systems. I would like to thank my supervisor Asst. Prof. Milos Mladenovic for great discussions and guidance. I am grateful to my advisor M.Sc. Davy Beilinson for interesting discussions, support and pictures of tramways. I want to thank Jussi Yli-Seppälä, Claes Johansson and Reddy Morley for sharing the accident data, I am grateful for Lauri Kangas and Johannes Yezbek for sharing knowledge of tramway design and tramway safety. I want to thank Eero Sauramäki for introducing tramway traffic management in Helsinki, and Teemu Romppainen and Kai Hermonen for helping me to understand safety aspects of tramcars. I am grateful for every discussion and email changed concerning tramways, of which all helped me to understand tramway safety better. Special thanks to my colleagues, friends and family. Espoo 18.2.2019 Ulla M. Saari Contents Abstract Abstract (in Finnish) Preface Contents ............................................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 2 2. Background ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Definitions .......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Finland ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2.1 Legislation ................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Planning principles ...................................................................................... 6 2.2.2.1 Tampere Tramway .................................................................................. 6 2.2.2.2 Jokeri Light Rail (Raide-Jokeri) .............................................................. 9 2.2.3 Accident data collection ............................................................................ 11 2.2.3.1 Helsinki ................................................................................................. 11 2.3 International background .................................................................................. 15 2.3.1 EU Legislation .......................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Swedish legislation ................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Irish legislation .......................................................................................... 17 2.3.4 Accident data collection ............................................................................ 17 2.3.4.1 Gothenburg ............................................................................................ 17 2.3.4.2 Dublin .................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Safety of tramcars ............................................................................................. 19 3. Methods ................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Methodology .................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Data .................................................................................................................. 23 3.2.1 GIS-analysis .............................................................................................. 23 3.2.2 Statistical analysis ..................................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Conflict point study
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