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Presenta Eleuterio García Hernández COMISIÓN NACIONAL PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS MAESTRÍA EN LINGÜÍSTICA INDOAMERICANA NARRATIVA CONVERSACIONAL EN EL CHINANTECO DE TEMEXTITLÁN: UN ACERCAMIENTO A LAS NARRACIONES ORALES EN DOS GENERACIONES PRESENTA ELEUTERIO GARCÍA HERNÁNDEZ TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN LINGÜÍSTICA INDOAMERICANA DIRECTORA: DRA. M. REGINA MARTÍNEZ CASAS México D. F. Enero de 2014 A mi madre, quien es mi verdadera maestra A mi padre (†) que, desde el cosmos donde está, es mi fuerza para hacer obras como esta A mis hermanos y a mi hermana, a quienes les debo mucho Ah, también para Miri 0 Agradecimientos Mis más profundos agradecimientos a las personas de la comunidad de Temextitlán por haberme dado todas las facilidades para grabarlas y «explotarlas». A los hombres, a las mujeres, a los niños y niñas que participaron de manera directa e indirecta y que me permitieron entender como funciona su desafiante comunidad lingüística. Agradezco a la Dra. María Regina Martínez Casas por la dirección de esta tesis. A la Dra. Rebeca Barriga Villanueva, al Dr. Mario Ernesto Chávez Peón y al Dr. Pedro Hernández López por haber leído mi borrador y por sus valiosas sugerencias. También al conjunto de mis profesores y mis compañeros en la Maestría. Mis reconocimientos a CIESAS, a CONACyT y a la CDI por hacer posible mi tránsito por esta maestría. El apoyo económico para mi manutención y para el trabajo de campo resultaron cruciales para la culminación de mi trabajo académico. 1 Tabla de contenido I. Introducción ........................................................................................................................ 6 Objetivos ............................................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Estudios previos sobre el chinanteco y el tema de investigación ........................ 13 1.2 La región de la CHinantla ................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1 La comunidad de estudio ............................................................................................................ 17 1.3 La lengua cHinanteca ........................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1 Orden de palabras .......................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.2 Sistema de alineamiento ............................................................................................................. 21 1.3.3 Breve descripción fonológica .................................................................................................... 24 1.3.4 El sistema consonántico .............................................................................................................. 25 1.3.5 El sistema vocálico ......................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.5.1 Vocales nasalizadas ................................................................................................................... 28 1.3.5.2 Tipos de voz .................................................................................................................................. 28 1.3.5.3 Vocales largas ............................................................................................................................... 29 1.3.5.4 Tipos de fonación ....................................................................................................................... 30 1.4 Notas sobre el sistema tonal ............................................................................................. 31 1.4.1 Tonos de nivel .................................................................................................................................. 32 1.4.2 Tonos ascendentes ........................................................................................................................ 33 1.4.3 Tonos descendentes ...................................................................................................................... 34 1.4.4 Tonos complejos ............................................................................................................................. 34 1.5 Especificaciones sobre la transcripción ....................................................................... 38 II. Metodología .................................................................................................................... 41 2.1 Equipo empleado .................................................................................................................. 46 2.2 Situación de vida de mis colaboradores adultos ....................................................... 48 2.3 Situación de vida de los xun .............................................................................................. 50 III. Etnografía de la comunicación ................................................................................ 52 3.1 Antecedentes .......................................................................................................................... 52 3.2 Espacios para la narrativa ................................................................................................. 53 3.3 Situación lingüística de la comunidad ........................................................................... 58 3.4 Situación de la población en edad preescolar ............................................................ 59 3.5 Situación de la población en edad primaria ................................................................ 61 3.6 Situación de los adultos ...................................................................................................... 62 IV. Contextos propicios para la narración ................................................................. 66 4.1 TeQuios .................................................................................................................................... 66 4.2 El centro de la comunidad ................................................................................................. 68 4.3 Tiendas ..................................................................................................................................... 69 4.4 Fiestas en casas particulares ............................................................................................ 69 4.5 Fiestas comunitarias ........................................................................................................... 70 4.6 Sobre Qué se narra en la actualidad ............................................................................... 75 4.7 La vida de los xun .................................................................................................................. 77 4.8 Factores Que están provocando los cambios en repertorios narrativos ........... 78 4.9 El papel de la escuela .......................................................................................................... 79 V. La narrativa en Temextitlán ...................................................................................... 81 5.1 Base de datos de las narraciones .................................................................................... 81 5.1.1 Narración: «Juu kia’ rï’» ................................................................................................................... 83 5.1.2 Narración: «Juu kia’ rï’» xun ........................................................................................................... 84 2 5.1.3 Narración: «Juu kia’ salvajñü» ...................................................................................................... 86 5.1.4 Narración: «Juu kia’ salvajñü» xun .............................................................................................. 90 5.1.5 Narración: «Juu kia’ salvajñü» xun .............................................................................................. 91 5.1.6 Narración: «Juu kia’ salvajñü» xun .............................................................................................. 92 5.1.7 Narración: «Juu kia’ Tï Ao» ............................................................................................................. 94 5.1.8 Narración: «Juu kia’ Tï Ao» xun .................................................................................................... 98 5.1.9 Narración: «Juu kia’ Tï Ao» xun .................................................................................................... 99 5.2 Definiendo la narrativa .................................................................................................... 100 5.3 Delimitando la narrativa en Temextitlán .................................................................. 101 5.4 La estructura de las narraciones ................................................................................... 103 5.5 Características de las narraciones en Tï Ao ............................................................... 104 5.5.1 Narraciones locales .................................................................................................................... 105 5.5.2 Narraciones históricas y leyendas ....................................................................................... 107 5.5.3 Narraciones de ficción .............................................................................................................
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