DOCSLIB.ORG

The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique by Christian Thomas DiCanio B.A. (SUNY Buffalo) 2002 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2004 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Dr. Keith Johnson, Chair Dr. Ian Maddieson Dr. Larry Hyman Dr. Johanna Nichols Fall 2008 The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique Copyright 2008 by Christian Thomas DiCanio 1 Abstract The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique by Christian Thomas DiCanio Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Dr. Keith Johnson, Chair This dissertation investigates the phonology and phonetics of San Martín Itunyoso Trique, an Otomanguean language spoken in Mexico. Along with describing the language’s phonological system, I examine two distinct aspects of the language’s phonetics: the fortis-lenis consonant contrast and the interaction of laryngeals with tone. The investigation of the phonological system focuses on the structure of the morphological word, which is characterized by final syllable prominence. I show that prominence is instantiated by increased duration, the final syllable’s ability to license all phonological contrasts, and its ability to license certain contrasts on preceding syllables. I analyze the fortis-lenis contrast in Trique, observing its primary correlates to be durational with an additional glottal spreading gesture in fortis obstruents. Articulatory strength has been both encoded in phonological theory as a distinctive feature, e.g. [TENSE] (Jansen, 2004), and as a constraint determining target attainment in consonant gestures, e.g. LAZY (Kirchner, 2000). Contra Jansen (2004), I argue that the contrast in Trique does not involve differences in effort. Contra Kirchner (2000), I argue that the observed patterns of lenition are best explained by the contrast’s phonetic correlates, not by abstract constraints on target attainment. With respect to tone and laryngeals, I observe that post-vocalic /h/ is often re- alized as a large magnitude increase in vocalic breathiness that is gradually phased across the rime duration. Breathy phonation does not perturb pitch on lower tones, but it does on higher tones. Laryngeal consonants and non–modal phonation are known to induce vocalic pitch perturbations. This may both cause tonogenesis in a language’s diachronic 2 phonology and condition certain distributional patterns of tones and laryngeals in a syn- chronic phonology. Since pitch perturbations cause listeners to misperceive tone on vowels, it has been hypothesized that speakers abruptly phase laryngeals and tones to avoid listener misperception (Silverman, 1997b). My findings argue against this abrupt phasing view of intergestural prosodic timing but are predicted in a body-cover model of F0 control (Titze, 1994). Dr. Keith Johnson Dissertation Committee Chair i To Paul, whose love and support energizes my every step. ii Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix 1 The Thesis and the Language 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 The Thesis . 2 1.2.1 Theoretical Orientation . 2 1.2.2 Strength in Phonology . 4 1.2.3 Laryngeals and Tone . 7 1.3 Language Background . 10 1.3.1 Genetic Background . 10 1.3.2 Geographic Background . 11 1.3.3 Previous Work . 13 1.4 Methods . 13 1.4.1 Fieldwork & Database . 13 1.4.2 Stimuli . 14 1.4.3 Subjects and Data Collection . 14 1.5 Chapter Summary . 15 2 Segmental Phonology 18 2.1 Introduction . 18 2.2 The Phonological Structure of Morphological Words . 20 2.2.1 Minimal and Maximal Words . 20 2.2.2 Syllable Structure . 21 2.2.3 The Phonological Status of Laryngeals . 23 2.2.3.1 Laryngeals in Itunyoso Trique . 24 2.2.4 Consonant Clusters . 27 2.2.5 Discussion . 30 2.3 Consonant Inventory . 30 2.3.1 General Phonological Patterns . 31 2.3.2 Obstruents . 33 2.3.2.1 Stops . 35 iii 2.3.2.2 Fricatives . 36 2.3.3 Nasals and Pre-Nasalized Stops . 36 2.3.4 Pre-stopped Nasal /cn/ . 37 2.3.5 Approximants . 38 2.3.5.1 Bilabial Glides . 39 2.3.5.2 Palatal Glides . 40 2.3.5.3 Liquids . 40 2.3.6 Glottalized Consonants . 41 2.3.7 Summary . 42 2.4 Vowel Inventory . 44 2.4.1 Vowel Sequences . 44 2.4.2 Nasal Vowels . 47 2.4.3 Nasal Spreading . 47 2.4.4 Mid-Vowel Licensing . 48 2.4.5 Summary . 52 2.5 Discussion . 53 2.5.1 Prosodic Licensing in Itunyoso Trique . 53 2.5.2 Final Comments . 54 3 The Phonetics and Phonology of Strength 56 3.1 Introduction . 56 3.2 Theories of Strength . 58 3.2.1 The Feature [tense] . 59 3.2.1.1 Voicing Control . 64 3.2.2 The Feature [fortis] . 65 3.2.3 Strength as Target Attainment . 66 3.2.4 Glottal Width as Primary . 68 3.2.5 Summary: Theories of Strength . 69 3.3 Phonetic Correlates of Articulatory Strength . 70 3.3.1 Articulatory/Aerodynamic Measures . 71 3.3.1.1 Pulmonic Force . 71 3.3.1.2 Laryngeal Height . 73 3.3.1.3 Laryngeal Tension and Voicing . 74 3.3.1.4 Constriction Degree . 77 3.3.2 Acoustic Measures . 79 3.3.2.1 Amplitude . 79 3.3.2.2 Speed & Formant Trajectory . 82 3.3.2.3 Summary . 85 3.3.3 Putative cues to articulatory strength . 86 3.3.3.1 Duration . 86 3.3.3.2 C/V Ratio . 88 3.3.3.3 Pitch . 92 3.3.4 Summary: Correlates of Strength . 94 3.4 Fortis-Lenis in Otomanguean . 96 3.4.1 The Phonology of Fortis-Lenis Contrasts in Otomanguean . 97 iv 3.4.2 The Phonetics of Fortis-Lenis Contrasts in Otomanguean . 99 3.4.3 Fortis-Lenis in Trique . 101 3.5 Discussion . 102 4 Acoustic and Articulatory Investigations of the Fortis-Lenis Contrast 105 4.1 Introduction . 105 4.2 Acoustic Experiment Methodology . 106 4.2.1 Stimuli . 106 4.2.2 Subjects and Data Collection . 107 4.2.3 Procedure: Acoustic Study . 107 4.2.4 Procedure: Lenition Study . 109 4.3 Acoustic Experiment Results . 110 4.3.1 Obstruent Data . 110 4.3.1.1 Duration Measures . 110 4.3.1.2 Preaspiration . 112 4.3.1.3 Amplitude Measures . 114 4.3.1.4 Formant Trajectory Measures . 115 4.3.1.5 Lenition Data . 117 4.3.2 Sonorant Data . 120 4.3.2.1 Duration Measures . 120 4.3.3 Discussion of Acoustic Results . 121 4.4 Laryngographic Experiment Methodology . 122 4.4.1 Stimuli . 122 4.4.2 Subjects and Data Collection . 122 4.4.3 Procedure . 122 4.5 Laryngographic Experiment Results . 124 4.5.1 Glottal Timing Strategy . 124 4.5.2 Oral-Glottal Phasing . 127 4.5.3 Discussion of Laryngographic Results . 127 4.6 Discussion . 129 5 The Phonology of Tone and Laryngeals 134 5.1 Introduction . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title A History of Guelaguetza in Zapotec Communities of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, 16th Century to the Present Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7tv1p1rr Author Flores-Marcial, Xochitl Marina Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles A History of Guelaguetza in Zapotec Communities of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, 16th Century to the Present A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Xóchitl Marina Flores-Marcial 2015 © Copyright by Xóchitl Marina Flores-Marcial 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A History of Guelaguetza in Zapotec Communities of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, 16th Century to the Present by Xóchitl Marina Flores-Marcial Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Kevin B. Terraciano, Chair My project traces the evolution of the Zapotec cultural practice of guelaguetza, an indigenous sharing system of collaboration and exchange in Mexico, from pre-Columbian and colonial times to the present. Ironically, the term "guelaguetza" was appropriated by the Mexican government in the twentieth century to promote an annual dance festival in the city of Oaxaca that has little to do with the actual meaning of the indigenous tradition. My analysis of Zapotec-language alphabetic sources from the Central Valley of Oaxaca, written from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, reveals that Zapotecs actively participated in the sharing system during this long period of transformation. My project demonstrates that the Zapotec sharing economy functioned to build and reinforce social networks among households in Zapotec communities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Acoustic Consequences of Phonation and Tone Interactions in Jalapa Mazatec
    The acoustic consequences of phonation and tone interactions in Jalapa Mazatec Marc Garellek & Patricia Keating Phonetics Laboratory, Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] San Felipe Jalapa de Dıaz⁄ (Jalapa) Mazatec is unusual in possessing a three-way phonation contrast and three-way level tone contrast independent of phonation. This study investigates the acoustics of how phonation and tone interact in this language, and how such interactions are maintained across variables like speaker sex, vowel timecourse, and presence of aspiration in the onset. Using a large number of words from the recordings of Mazatec made by Paul Kirk and Peter Ladefoged in the 1980s and 1990s, the results of our acoustic and statistical analysis support the claim that spectral measures like H1-H2 and mid- range spectral measures like H1-A2 best distinguish each phonation type, though other measures like Cepstral Peak Prominence are important as well. This is true regardless of tone and speaker sex. The phonation type contrasts are strongest in the first third of the vowel and then weaken towards the end. Although the tone categories remain distinct from one another in terms of F0 throughout the vowel, for laryngealized phonation the tone contrast in F0 is partially lost in the initial third. Consistent with phonological work on languages that cross-classify tone and phonation type (i.e. ‘laryngeally complex’ languages, Silverman 1997), this study shows that the complex orthogonal three-way phonation and tone contrasts do remain acoustically distinct according to the measures studied, despite partial neutralizations in any given measure. 1 Introduction Mazatec is an Otomanguean language of the Popolocan branch.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2010 A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language Michelle Arden San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Arden, Michelle, "A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language" (2010). Master's Theses. 3744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.v36r-dk3u https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3744 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Linguistics and Language Development San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Michelle J. Arden May 2010 © 2010 Michelle J. Arden ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE by Michelle J. Arden APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY May 2010 Dr. Daniel Silverman Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Soteria Svorou Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Kenneth VanBik Department of Linguistics and Language Development ABSTRACT A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE by Michelle J. Arden This thesis presents a linguistic analysis of the Mara language, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northwest Myanmar and in neighboring districts of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonetics and Phonology
    46 2 Phonetics and Phonology In this chapter I describe the segmental and suprasegmental categories of CLZ phonology, both how they are articulated and how they fall into the structures of syllable and word. I also deal with phono-syntactic and phono-semantic issues like intonation and the various categories of onomatopoetic words that are found. Other than these last two issues this chapter deals only with strictly phonetic and phonological issues. Interesting morpho-phonological details, such as the details of tonal morphology, are found in Chapters 4-6. Sound files for most examples are included with the CD. I begin in §2.1 and §2.2 by describing the segments of CLZ, how they are articulated and what environments they occur in. I describe patterns of syllable structure in §2.3. In §2.4 I describe the vowel nasalization that occurs in the SMaC dialect. I go on to describe the five tonal categories of CLZ and the main phonetic components of tone: pitch, glottalization and length in §2.5. Next I give brief discussions of stress (§2.6), and intonation (§2.7). During the description of segmental distribution I often mention that certain segments have a restricted distribution and do not occur in some position except in loanwords and onomatopoetic words. Much of what I consider interesting about loanwords has to do with stress and is described in §2.6 but I also give an overview of loanword phonology in §2.8. Onomatopoetic words are sometimes outside the bounds of normal CLZ phonology both because they can employ CLZ sounds in unusual environments and because they may contain sounds which are not phonemic in CLZ.
    [Show full text]
  • Building a Universal Phonetic Model for Zero-Resource Languages
    Building a Universal Phonetic Model for Zero-Resource Languages Paul Moore MInf Project (Part 2) Interim Report Master of Informatics School of Informatics University of Edinburgh 2020 3 Abstract Being able to predict phones from speech is a challenge in and of itself, but what about unseen phones from different languages? In this project, work was done towards building precisely this kind of universal phonetic model. Using the GlobalPhone language corpus, phones’ articulatory features, a recurrent neu- ral network, open-source libraries, and an innovative prediction system, a model was created to predict phones based on their features alone. The results show promise, especially for using these models on languages within the same family. 4 Acknowledgements Once again, a huge thank you to Steve Renals, my supervisor, for all his assistance. I greatly appreciated his practical advice and reasoning when I got stuck, or things seemed overwhelming, and I’m very thankful that he endorsed this project. I’m immensely grateful for the support my family and friends have provided in the good times and bad throughout my studies at university. A big shout-out to my flatmates Hamish, Mark, Stephen and Iain for the fun and laugh- ter they contributed this year. I’m especially grateful to Hamish for being around dur- ing the isolation from Coronavirus and for helping me out in so many practical ways when I needed time to work on this project. Lastly, I wish to thank Jesus Christ, my Saviour and my Lord, who keeps all these things in their proper perspective, and gives me strength each day.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossopoeia a Contrastive Phonological Study Of
    DEPARTAMENT DE FILOLOGIA ANGLESA I DE GERMANÍSTICA Glossopoeia A Contrastive Phonological Study of Sindarin and Klingon Treball de Fi de Grau Author: Mónica Malvárez Ocaña Supervisor: Hortènsia Curell Gotor Grau d’Estudis Anglesos June 2020 jyE qhE5 `B 7r$`B6E tiT16E lE5 Law pain i reviar mistar aen. Not all those who wander are lost. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Hortènsia Curell, not only for her help and support during these difficult months that I have been abroad, but also for giving me the opportunity and the freedom to explore other fascinating linguistic areas, such as glossopoeia. I would also like to thank my friends and family for always pushing me to go one step further and to think outside the box. I discovered the universe of Middle-Earth during my childhood, and for that reason, it will always have a special place in my heart. Before going to bed, my father used to read The Hobbit to me. I remember being mesmerized by the story and the characters, and even now, as an adult, I am still mesmerized by what J.R.R. Tolkien created. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 2. Constructed Languages ............................................................................................... 3 2.1. Classification of Conlangs ................................................................................ 3 2.1.1. Historical Classification ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pathways and Patterns of Metaphor and Metonymy in Mixtepec-Mixtec Body-Part Terms Jack Bowers
    Pathways and patterns of metaphor and metonymy in Mixtepec-Mixtec body-part terms Jack Bowers To cite this version: Jack Bowers. Pathways and patterns of metaphor and metonymy in Mixtepec-Mixtec body-part terms. 2020. hal-02075731v5 HAL Id: hal-02075731 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02075731v5 Preprint submitted on 18 May 2020 (v5), last revised 7 Jun 2020 (v7) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Pathways and patterns of metaphor and metonymy in Mixtepec-Mixtec body-part terms Jack Bowers Austrian Center for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage (Vienna) École Pratique des Hauts Études (Paris) Inria – Team ALMANaCH (Paris) To cite (as of May 2020- HAL version 4): Bowers, Jack. (in press). Pathways and Patterns of metaphor and metonymy in Mixtepec-Mixtec body-part terms: Vol. The Grammar of Body-Part Expressions in Amerindian Languages (R. Zariquiey & P. Valenzuela, Eds.). Oxford University Press. https://hal.inria.fr/hal- 02075731 Abstract In accordance with data published from several related varieties of Mixtecan, and numerous other languages, Mixtepec-Mixtec body-part terms feature expansive networks of extended senses as the head component of a compound, in multi-word expressions and polysemous forms.
    [Show full text]
  • TEI and the Documentation of Mixtepec-Mixtec Jack Bowers
    Language Documentation and Standards in Digital Humanities: TEI and the documentation of Mixtepec-Mixtec Jack Bowers To cite this version: Jack Bowers. Language Documentation and Standards in Digital Humanities: TEI and the documen- tation of Mixtepec-Mixtec. Computation and Language [cs.CL]. École Pratique des Hauts Études, 2020. English. tel-03131936 HAL Id: tel-03131936 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03131936 Submitted on 4 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Préparée à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études Language Documentation and Standards in Digital Humanities: TEI and the documentation of Mixtepec-Mixtec Soutenue par Composition du jury : Jack BOWERS Guillaume, JACQUES le 8 octobre 2020 Directeur de Recherche, CNRS Président Alexis, MICHAUD Chargé de Recherche, CNRS Rapporteur École doctorale n° 472 Tomaž, ERJAVEC Senior Researcher, Jožef Stefan Institute Rapporteur École doctorale de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études Enrique, PALANCAR Directeur de Recherche, CNRS Examinateur Karlheinz, MOERTH Senior Researcher, Austrian Center for Digital Humanities Spécialité and Cultural Heritage Examinateur Linguistique Emmanuel, SCHANG Maître de Conférence, Université D’Orléans Examinateur Benoit, SAGOT Chargé de Recherche, Inria Examinateur Laurent, ROMARY Directeur de recherche, Inria Directeur de thèse 1.
    [Show full text]
  • LIN 631 Linguistic Description of American Languages
    Course: LIN 631 Linguistic description of American languages: Typological properties of Mesoamerican languages Term: Fall 2007 Text: Readings on reserve Meetings: T/R15:30 -16:50 in 118 Baldy Instructor: Dr. Jürgen Bohnemeyer – Office 627 Baldy Phone 645-2177 ext 727 E-mail [email protected] Office hours T 11:00-11:30 and R 10:00-11:00 Overview: The seminar covers Mesoamerican (MA) and adjacent languages. 1 The MA linguistic and cultural area stretches from the Valley of Mexico in the North to the northern Honduran border on the Caribbean coast and well into Costa Rica on the Pacific Coast. The MA languages comprise five unrelated families: Otomanguean; Aztecan (a branch of the larger Uto-Aztecan language family); Totonacan; Mixe- Zoquean; and Mayan. A number of MA languages are isolates or of uncertain genealogical grouping; these include Purépecha (or Tarascan), Huave, Oaxaca Chontal (or Tequistlatec), and Xinca. The MA languages have long been recognized as forming a sprachbund or linguistic area. Several millennia of intensive contact have changed the members of the various unrelated language families so as to enhance their compatibility in formal and semantic categories. Phenomena that are pervasive in the MA area include head-marking; ergative and split-intransitive traits in both morphology and syntax; alignment-hierarchy (or “obviation”) effects in argument linking; verb-initial and verb-final constituent orders; morpho-syntactic alienable-inalienable distinctions in adnominal possession; (numeral, nominal, and possessive) classificatory systems; and lack of deictic tense coupled with rich systems of aspectual and modal marking. Polysynthesis, in the sense that syntactic relations and processes tend to have morphological reflexes at the word level and in the sense that content words, in combination with the necessary inflections and function words, can constitute clauses by themselves (independently of their lexical category), is widespread in most MA language families, the most important exception being Otomanguean.
    [Show full text]
  • The Popolocan Languages Evangelia Adamou
    The Popolocan languages Evangelia Adamou To cite this version: Evangelia Adamou. The Popolocan languages. Soeren Wichmann. Languages and Linguistics of Mex- ico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide, Mouton de Gruyter, In press. halshs- 03153566 HAL Id: halshs-03153566 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03153566 Submitted on 26 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. E. Adamou, The Popolocan languages The Popolocan languages Evangelia Adamou French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) 1. Introduction 1.1. Classification The Popolocan branch of the Otomanguean stock includes four languages, namely Chocho, Popoloc, Ixcatec, and Mazatec. This classification follows the work of Fernández de Miranda (1951, 1956), Hamp (1958), Gudschinsky (1959a) and Swadesh (1960: 83). Based on glottochronological analyses, Fernández de Miranda (1956) suggests that Mazatec was the first language to split from the other Popolocan languages 25 centuries ago. Next, 13 centuries ago, Ixcatec branched off while Chocho and Popoloc, which share the greatest number of innovations, split up 8 centuries ago. The divergence of Mazatec from the three other Popolocan languages and the proximity between Popoloc and Chocho is uncontroversial. However, the position of Ixcatec in the Popolocan branch is less clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Sources
    Data sources Stephen A. Marlett, compiler The Zapotec Grammar Files Stephen A. Marlett, compiler (March 2011) Data sources [http://mexico.sil.org/resources/archives/60560]. In: Cheryl A. Black, H. Andrew Black and Stephen A. Marlett (eds.) The Zapotec Grammar Files. © SIL International. These are working papers that are periodically updated, expanded, and corrected. Comments or corrections can be sent to the editors (see the index page). 2 Data sources Contents Data sources . 2 References . 6 Data sources This document provides information about the sources of data for The Zapotec Grammar Files. Full bibliographic references are found in the References section. Some works referenced in the bibliography are listed under ??? "Unspecified" in this table because it is not clear yet where they should go. Some sources are listed as unpublished field notes (f.n.). The names listed by INALI (Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas, INALI (2008)) may not correspond one-for-one with those listed in the Ethnologue (Gordon (2005)), of course. For that reason, not all of the names used by INALI are listed here. There may also be some inexactitude with the correspondences given here. The ISO 639-3 code for Zapotec as a macrolanguage is [zap]. Data sources 3 ISO 639-3 Identifier as in the INALI name (INALI Sources Code Ethnologue 2008) (each preceded by (Gordon 2005) "zapoteco") (each followed by "Zapotec") zaa Sierra de Juárez serrano, del oeste Bartholomew (1983), Fernández de Miranda (1995), Gibbs (1977), Marlett (1993), Nellis (1947), Nellis & Nellis
    [Show full text]