TEI and the Documentation of Mixtepec-Mixtec Jack Bowers
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The Declining Use of Mixtec Among Oaxacan Migrants and Stay-At
UC San Diego Working Papers Title The Declining Use of the Mixtec Language Among Oaxacan Migrants and Stay-at-Homes: The Persistence of Memory, Discrimination, and Social Hierarchies of PowerThe Declining Use of the Mixtec Language Among Oaxacan Migrants and Stay-at-Homes: The Persis... Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64p447tc Author Perry, Elizabeth Publication Date 2017-10-18 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Perry The Declining Use of the Mixtec Language 1 The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies CCIS University of California, San Diego The Declining Use of the Mixtec Language Among Oaxacan Migrants and Stay-at-Homes: The Persistence of Memory, Discrimination, and Social Hierarchies of Power Elizabeth Perry University of California, San Diego Working Paper 180 July 2009 Perry The Declining Use of the Mixtec Language 2 Abstract Drawing on binational ethnographic research regarding Mixtec “social memory” of language discrimination and Mixtec perspectives on recent efforts to preserve and revitalize indigenous language use, this study suggests that language discrimination, in both its overt and increasingly concealed forms, has significantly curtailed the use of the Mixtec language. For centuries, the Spanish and Spanish-speaking mestizo (mixed blood) elite oppressed the Mixtec People and their linguistic and cultural practices. These oppressive practices were experienced in Mixtec communities and surrounding urban areas, as well as in domestic and international migrant destinations. In the 1980s, a significant transition occurred in Mexico from indigenismo to a neoliberal multicultural framework. In this transition, discriminatory practices have become increasingly “symbolic,” referring to their assertion in everyday social practices rather than through overt force, obscuring both the perpetrator and the illegitimacy of resulting social hierarchies (Bourdieu, 1991). -
A Survey of Orthographic Information in Machine Translation 3
Machine Translation Journal manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) A Survey of Orthographic Information in Machine Translation Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi1 ⋅ Priya Rani 1 ⋅ Mihael Arcan2 ⋅ John P. McCrae 1 the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later Abstract Machine translation is one of the applications of natural language process- ing which has been explored in different languages. Recently researchers started pay- ing attention towards machine translation for resource-poor languages and closely related languages. A widespread and underlying problem for these machine transla- tion systems is the variation in orthographic conventions which causes many issues to traditional approaches. Two languages written in two different orthographies are not easily comparable, but orthographic information can also be used to improve the machine translation system. This article offers a survey of research regarding orthog- raphy’s influence on machine translation of under-resourced languages. It introduces under-resourced languages in terms of machine translation and how orthographic in- formation can be utilised to improve machine translation. We describe previous work in this area, discussing what underlying assumptions were made, and showing how orthographic knowledge improves the performance of machine translation of under- resourced languages. We discuss different types of machine translation and demon- strate a recent trend that seeks to link orthographic information with well-established machine translation methods. Considerable attention is given to current efforts of cog- nates information at different levels of machine translation and the lessons that can Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi [email protected] Priya Rani [email protected] Mihael Arcan [email protected] John P. -
Construction of English-Bodo Parallel Text
International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol.7, No.5, October 2018 CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH -BODO PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR STATISTICAL MACHINE TRANSLATION Saiful Islam 1, Abhijit Paul 2, Bipul Syam Purkayastha 3 and Ismail Hussain 4 1,2,3 Department of Computer Science, Assam University, Silchar, India 4Department of Bodo, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India ABSTRACT Corpus is a large collection of homogeneous and authentic written texts (or speech) of a particular natural language which exists in machine readable form. The scope of the corpus is endless in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Parallel corpus is a very useful resource for most of the applications of NLP, especially for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The SMT is the most popular approach of Machine Translation (MT) nowadays and it can produce high quality translation result based on huge amount of aligned parallel text corpora in both the source and target languages. Although Bodo is a recognized natural language of India and co-official languages of Assam, still the machine readable information of Bodo language is very low. Therefore, to expand the computerized information of the language, English to Bodo SMT system has been developed. But this paper mainly focuses on building English-Bodo parallel text corpora to implement the English to Bodo SMT system using Phrase-Based SMT approach. We have designed an E-BPTC (English-Bodo Parallel Text Corpus) creator tool and have been constructed General and Newspaper domains English-Bodo parallel text corpora. Finally, the quality of the constructed parallel text corpora has been tested using two evaluation techniques in the SMT system. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Word Representation Or Word Embedding in Persian Texts Siamak Sarmady Erfan Rahmani
1 Word representation or word embedding in Persian texts Siamak Sarmady Erfan Rahmani (Abstract) Text processing is one of the sub-branches of natural language processing. Recently, the use of machine learning and neural networks methods has been given greater consideration. For this reason, the representation of words has become very important. This article is about word representation or converting words into vectors in Persian text. In this research GloVe, CBOW and skip-gram methods are updated to produce embedded vectors for Persian words. In order to train a neural networks, Bijankhan corpus, Hamshahri corpus and UPEC corpus have been compound and used. Finally, we have 342,362 words that obtained vectors in all three models for this words. These vectors have many usage for Persian natural language processing. and a bit set in the word index. One-hot vector method 1. INTRODUCTION misses the similarity between strings that are specified by their characters [3]. The Persian language is a Hindi-European language The second method is distributed vectors. The words where the ordering of the words in the sentence is in the same context (neighboring words) may have subject, object, verb (SOV). According to various similar meanings (For example, lift and elevator both structures in Persian language, there are challenges that seem to be accompanied by locks such as up, down, cannot be found in languages such as English [1]. buildings, floors, and stairs). This idea influences the Morphologically the Persian is one of the hardest representation of words using their context. Suppose that languages for the purposes of processing and each word is represented by a v dimensional vector. -
Usage of IT Terminology in Corpus Linguistics Mavlonova Mavluda Davurovna
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-7S, May 2019 Usage of IT Terminology in Corpus Linguistics Mavlonova Mavluda Davurovna At this period corpora were used in semantics and related Abstract: Corpus linguistic will be the one of latest and fast field. At this period corpus linguistics was not commonly method for teaching and learning of different languages. used, no computers were used. Corpus linguistic history Proposed article can provide the corpus linguistic introduction were opposed by Noam Chomsky. Now a day’s modern and give the general overview about the linguistic team of corpus. corpus linguistic was formed from English work context and Article described about the corpus, novelties and corpus are associated in the following field. Proposed paper can focus on the now it is used in many other languages. Alongside was using the corpus linguistic in IT field. As from research it is corpus linguistic history and this is considered as obvious that corpora will be used as internet and primary data in methodology [Abdumanapovna, 2018]. A landmark is the field of IT. The method of text corpus is the digestive modern corpus linguistic which was publish by Henry approach which can drive the different set of rules to govern the Kucera. natural language from the text in the particular language, it can Corpus linguistic introduce new methods and techniques explore about languages that how it can inter-related with other. for more complete description of modern languages and Hence the corpus linguistic will be automatically drive from the these also provide opportunities to obtain new result with text sources. -
Concepticon: a Resource for the Linking of Concept Lists
Concepticon: A Resource for the Linking of Concept Lists Johann-Mattis List1, Michael Cysouw2, Robert Forkel3 1CRLAO/EHESS and AIRE/UPMC, Paris, 2Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas, Marburg, 3Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract We present an attempt to link the large amount of different concept lists which are used in the linguistic literature, ranging from Swadesh lists in historical linguistics to naming tests in clinical studies and psycholinguistics. This resource, our Concepticon, links 30 222 concept labels from 160 conceptlists to 2495 concept sets. Each concept set is given a unique identifier, a unique label, and a human-readable definition. Concept sets are further structured by defining different relations between the concepts. The resource can be used for various purposes. Serving as a rich reference for new and existing databases in diachronic and synchronic linguistics, it allows researchers a quick access to studies on semantic change, cross-linguistic polysemies, and semantic associations. Keywords: concepts, concept list, Swadesh list, naming test, word norms, cross-linguistically linked data 1. Introduction in the languages they were working on, or that they turned In 1950, Morris Swadesh (1909 – 1967) proposed the idea out to be not as stable and universal as Swadesh had claimed that certain parts of the lexicon of human languages are uni- (Matisoff, 1978; Alpher and Nash, 1999). Up to today, versal, stable over time, and rather resistant to borrowing. dozens of different concept lists have been compiled for var- As a result, he claimed that this part of the lexicon, which ious purposes. -
Language Resource Management System for Asian Wordnet Collaboration and Its Web Service Application
Language Resource Management System for Asian WordNet Collaboration and Its Web Service Application Virach Sornlertlamvanich1,2, Thatsanee Charoenporn1,2, Hitoshi Isahara3 1Thai Computational Linguistics Laboratory, NICT Asia Research Center, Thailand 2National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand 3National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This paper presents the language resource management system for the development and dissemination of Asian WordNet (AWN) and its web service application. We develop the platform to establish a network for the cross language WordNet development. Each node of the network is designed for maintaining the WordNet for a language. Via the table that maps between each language WordNet and the Princeton WordNet (PWN), the Asian WordNet is realized to visualize the cross language WordNet between the Asian languages. We propose a language resource management system, called WordNet Management System (WNMS), as a distributed management system that allows the server to perform the cross language WordNet retrieval, including the fundamental web service applications for editing, visualizing and language processing. The WNMS is implemented on a web service protocol therefore each node can be independently maintained, and the service of each language WordNet can be called directly through the web service API. In case of cross language implementation, the synset ID (or synset offset) defined by PWN is used to determined the linkage between the languages. English PWN. Therefore, the original structural 1. Introduction information is inherited to the target WordNet through its sense translation and sense ID. The AWN finally Language resource becomes crucial in the recent needs for cross cultural information exchange. -
Lexical Resource Reconciliation in the Xerox Linguistic Environment
Lexical Resource Reconciliation in the Xerox Linguistic Environment Ronald M. Kaplan Paula S. Newman Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Xerox Palo Alto Research Center 3333 Coyote Hill Road 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA kapl an~parc, xerox, com pnewman©parc, xerox, tom Abstract This paper motivates and describes the morpho- logical and lexical adaptations of XLE. They evolved This paper motivates and describes those concurrently with PARGRAM, a multi-site XLF_~ aspects of the Xerox Linguistic Environ- based broad-coverage grammar writing effort aimed ment (XLE) that facilitate the construction at creating parallel grammars for English, French, of broad-coverage Lexical Functional gram- and German (see Butt et. al., forthcoming). The mars by incorporating morphological and XLE adaptations help to reconcile separately con- lexical material from external resources. structed linguistic resources with the needs of the Because that material can be incorrect, in- core grammars. complete, or otherwise incompatible with The paper is divided into three major sections. the grammar, mechanisms are provided to The next section sets the stage by providing a short correct and augment the external material overview of the overall environmental features of the to suit the needs of the grammar developer. original LFG GWB and its provisions for morpho- This can be accomplished without direct logical and lexicon processing. The two following modification of the incorporated material, sections describe the XLE extensions in those areas. which is often infeasible or undesirable. Externally-developed finite-state morpho- 2 The GWB Data Base logical analyzers are reconciled with gram- mar requirements by run-time simulation GWB provides a computational environment tai- of finite-state calculus operations for com- lored especially for defining and testing grammars bining transducers. -
Wordnet As an Ontology for Generation Valerio Basile
WordNet as an Ontology for Generation Valerio Basile To cite this version: Valerio Basile. WordNet as an Ontology for Generation. WebNLG 2015 1st International Workshop on Natural Language Generation from the Semantic Web, Jun 2015, Nancy, France. hal-01195793 HAL Id: hal-01195793 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01195793 Submitted on 9 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. WordNet as an Ontology for Generation Valerio Basile University of Groningen [email protected] Abstract a structured database of words in a format read- able by electronic calculators. For each word in In this paper we propose WordNet as an the database, WordNet provides a list of senses alternative to ontologies for the purpose of and their definition in plain English. The senses, natural language generation. In particu- besides having a inner identifier, are represented lar, the synset-based structure of WordNet as synsets, i.e., sets of synonym words. Words proves useful for the lexicalization of con- in general belong to multiple synsets, as they cepts, by providing ready lists of lemmas have more than one sense, so the relation between for each concept to generate. -
Linguistic Annotation of the Digital Papyrological Corpus: Sematia
Marja Vierros Linguistic Annotation of the Digital Papyrological Corpus: Sematia 1 Introduction: Why to annotate papyri linguistically? Linguists who study historical languages usually find the methods of corpus linguis- tics exceptionally helpful. When the intuitions of native speakers are lacking, as is the case for historical languages, the corpora provide researchers with materials that replaces the intuitions on which the researchers of modern languages can rely. Using large corpora and computers to count and retrieve information also provides empiri- cal back-up from actual language usage. In the case of ancient Greek, the corpus of literary texts (e.g. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae or the Greek and Roman Collection in the Perseus Digital Library) gives information on the Greek language as it was used in lyric poetry, epic, drama, and prose writing; all these literary genres had some artistic aims and therefore do not always describe language as it was used in normal commu- nication. Ancient written texts rarely reflect the everyday language use, let alone speech. However, the corpus of documentary papyri gets close. The writers of the pa- pyri vary between professionally trained scribes and some individuals who had only rudimentary writing skills. The text types also vary from official decrees and orders to small notes and receipts. What they have in common, though, is that they have been written for a specific, current need instead of trying to impress a specific audience. Documentary papyri represent everyday texts, utilitarian prose,1 and in that respect, they provide us a very valuable source of language actually used by common people in everyday circumstances. -
(ELDP) APPLICATION for a Major Documentation Project
ENDANGERED LANGUAGES DOCUMENTATION PROGRAMME (ELDP) APPLICATION FOR A Major Documentation Project Read the Guidelines carefully in planning your proposal, and the Terms & Conditions of Award before completing and submitting an application. The application form must be completed in English. Late or incomplete applications will not be considered. Submit one original hard copy with signatures which should be single-sided and unbound and submit an electronic copy. The electronic and paper copies of the application must be identical in content (except that signatures are not required in the electronic copy). Only material specifically requested in the application should be sent. The original hard copy to be submitted by the deadline to: ELDP Grants Coordinator Endangered Languages Documentation Programme School of Oriental and African Studies 10 Thornhaugh Street London WC1H 0XG United Kingdom The electronic version must be a single file in MS Word or pdf format (multiple files are not accepted) and must be emailed by the deadline to [email protected] All copies must arrive by 3rd August 2009 You should only send the information requested in the application form. If you are successful in receiving a grant you will be asked to provide the following: • evidence that the relevant permissions and visas have been secured (if required) • any other information required by the panel after assessment • an assurance that an indication of support from the language community will be provided once the project has begun • evidence of institutional pay scales used to calculate salary costs - 1 - v0901 APPLICATION FOR A Major Documentation Project Grant Ref Number: MDP Q1 Applicant details First Name Jonathan Title Dr.