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The Education of Alexander and Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov The
Agata Strzelczyk DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2017.36.8 Department of History Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań The education of Alexander and Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov Abstract This article concerns two very different ways and methods of upbringing of two Russian tsars – Alexander the First and Nicholas the First. Although they were brothers, one was born nearly twen- ty years before the second and that influenced their future. Alexander, born in 1777 was the first son of the successor to the throne and was raised from the beginning as the future ruler. The person who shaped his education the most was his grandmother, empress Catherine the Second. She appoint- ed the Swiss philosopher La Harpe as his teacher and wanted Alexander to become the enlightened monarch. Nicholas, on the other hand, was never meant to rule and was never prepared for it. He was born is 1796 as the ninth child and third son and by the will of his parents, Tsar Paul I and Tsarina Maria Fyodorovna he received education more suitable for a soldier than a tsar, but he eventually as- cended to the throne after Alexander died. One may ask how these differences influenced them and how they shaped their personalities as people and as rulers. Keywords: Romanov Children, Alexander I and Nicholas I, education, upbringing The education of Alexander and Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov Among the ten children of Tsar Paul I and Tsarina Maria Feodorovna, two sons – the oldest Alexander and Nicholas, the second youngest son – took the Russian throne. These two brothers and two rulers differed in many respects, from their characters, through poli- tics, views on Russia’s place in Europe, to circumstances surrounding their reign. -
Eugene Miakinkov
Russian Military Culture during the Reigns of Catherine II and Paul I, 1762-1801 by Eugene Miakinkov A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics University of Alberta ©Eugene Miakinkov, 2015 Abstract This study explores the shape and development of military culture during the reign of Catherine II. Next to the institutions of the autocracy and the Orthodox Church, the military occupied the most important position in imperial Russia, especially in the eighteenth century. Rather than analyzing the military as an institution or a fighting force, this dissertation uses the tools of cultural history to explore its attitudes, values, aspirations, tensions, and beliefs. Patronage and education served to introduce a generation of young nobles to the world of the military culture, and expose it to its values of respect, hierarchy, subordination, but also the importance of professional knowledge. Merit is a crucial component in any military, and Catherine’s military culture had to resolve the tensions between the idea of meritocracy and seniority. All of the above ideas and dilemmas were expressed in a number of military texts that began to appear during Catherine’s reign. It was during that time that the military culture acquired the cultural, political, and intellectual space to develop – a space I label the “military public sphere”. This development was most clearly evident in the publication, by Russian authors, of a range of military literature for the first time in this era. The military culture was also reflected in the symbolic means used by the senior commanders to convey and reinforce its values in the army. -
Tsaritsyno Museum and Reserve in Moscow Was Founded In1984 in the Park of the Same Name
Tsaritsyno museum and reserve in Moscow was founded in1984 in the park of the same name. The18th-century architecture ensemble was built (though not finished) following the order of Catherine II in Neo-Gothic style, after projects of the Bazhenov and Kazakov, and it is the only 18th-century architectural ensemble of such dimensions in Russia. History The estate is known from the late 16th century, when it belonged to Tsaritsa Irina, sister of Tsar Boris Godunov. At that time it was called Bogorodskoye. In the 17th century it belonged to the Streshnevs and then to the Galitzines. In 1775, the estate was bought by empress Catherine the Great, who happened to be passing through the area and fell in love with the picturesque beauty of the land. It received its present name, which means “Tsaritsa’s”. In 1776-85 architect Vasili Bazhenov built a palace for the Empress there. When the palace was almost complete, the Empress visited Tsaritsyno to inspect it. She declared the rooms to be too cramped and dark, and the palace unlivable. As a result, Catherine ordered the palace to be torn down. The remnants of the foundation of Bazhenov's original palace are still visible in the park. In 1786, Matvey Kazakov presented new architectural plans, which were approved by Catherine. Kazakov supervised the construction project until 1796 when the construction was interrupted by Catherine's death. Her successor, Emperor Paul I of Russia showed no interest in the palace and the massive structure remained unfinished and abandoned for more than 200 years, until it was completed and extensively reworked in 2005-07. -
Law and Familial Order in the Romanov Dynasty *
Russian History 37 (2010) 389–411 brill.nl/ruhi “For the Firm Maintenance of the Dignity and Tranquility of the Imperial Family”: Law and Familial Order in the Romanov Dynasty * Russell E. Martin Westminster College Abstract Th is article examines the Law of Succession and the Statute on the Imperial Family, texts which were issued by Emperor Paul I on April 5,1797, and which regulated the succession to the throne and the structure of the Romanov dynasty as a family down to the end of the empire in 1917. It also analyzes the revisions introduced in these texts by subsequent emperors, focusing particu- larly on the development of a requirement for equal marriage and for marrying Orthodox spouses. Th e article argues that changing circumstances in the dynasty—its rapid increase in numbers, its growing demands on the fi nancial resources of the Imperial Household, its struggle to resist morganatic and interfaith marriages—forced changes to provisions in the Law and Statute, and that the Romanovs debated and reformed the structure of the Imperial Family in the context of the provisions of these laws. Th e article shows how these Imperial House laws served as a vitally important arena for reform and legal culture in pre-revolutionary Russia. Keywords Paul I, Alexander III , Fundamental Laws of Russia , Statute on the Imperial Family , Succession , Romanov dynasty Th e death of Grand Duchess Leonida Georgievna on the night of May 23-24, 2010, garnered more media coverage in Russia than is typical for members of the Russian Imperial house. As the widow of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich (1917-1992), the legitimist claimant to the vacant Russian throne (the fi rst * ) I wish to thank the staff of Hillman Library of the University of Pittsburgh, for their assistance to me while working in the stacks on this project, and Connie Davis, the intrepid interlibrary loan administrator of McGill Library at Westminster College, for her time and help fi nding sources for me. -
Georgian Opposition to Soviet Rule (1956-1989) and the Causes of Resentment
Georgian Opposition to Soviet Rule (1956-1989) and the Causes of Resentment between Georgia and Russia Master‘s Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lisa Anne Goddard Graduate Program in Slavic and East European Studies The Ohio State University 2011 Master‘s Thesis Committee: Nicholas Breyfogle, Advisor Theodora Dragostinova Irma Murvanishvili Copyright by Lisa Anne Goddard 2011 Abstract This Master‘s thesis seeks to examine the question of strained relations between Georgia and the Russian Federation, paying particular attention to the Georgian revolts of 1956, 1978 and 1989 during the Soviet era. By examining the results of these historical conflicts, one can discern a pattern of three major causes of the tensions between these neighboring peoples: disagreement with Russia over national identity characteristics such as language, disputes over territory, and degradation of symbols of national legacy. It is through conflicts and revolts on the basis of these three factors that Georgian anti- Russian sentiment and Russian anti-Georgian sentiment developed. This thesis is divided into four chapters that will explore the origins and results of each uprising, as well as the evolving conceptions of national identity that served as a backdrop to the conflicts. Following an introduction that lays out the primary questions and findings of the thesis, the second chapter gives a brief history of Georgia and its relationship with Russia, as well as outlines the history and dynamic nature of Georgian national identity. Chapter three, the core chapter, presents the Georgian rebellions during the Soviet era, their causes, and their relevance to this thesis. -
Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg) - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia 06/02/2007 04:11 PM
Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 06/02/2007 04:11 PM Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg) Maria Feodorovna (Russian: Мари́я Фёдоровна, 25 October 1759 - 5 November 1828) was the second wife of Tsar Paul I of Russia and mother of Tsar Alexander I and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. Contents 1 Princess of Württemberg 2 Grand Duchess of Russia 3 Personality 4 European Tour 5 Last Year under Catherine II 6 Empress of Russia 7 Dowager Empress 8 Children 9 Notes 10 Bibliography Maria Feodorovna. Portrait by Alexander Princess of Württemberg Roslin. Maria Feodorovna was born in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland) on October 25, 1759 as Princess Sophie Marie Dorothea Auguste Louise of Württemberg. She was the daughter of Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg and his wife Friederike Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt. Named after her mother, Sophia Dorothea, as she was known in her family, was the eldest daughter of eight children, five boys and three girls. In 1769, when she was ten years old, her family took up residence in the ancestral castle at Montbéliard, near Basel, then in the Duchy of Württemberg, in what is today Alsace.[1] Montbéliard was the seat of the junior branch of the House of Württemberg to which she belonged, it was also a cultural center and many intellectual and political figures frequented her parents' palace . The family's summer residence was situated at Étupes. Princess Sophie’s education was better than average in the culture-oriented paternal home and she would love the arts all her life. -
Essays in the Russian Autocracy
ESSAYS IN THE RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY Vladimir Moss © Vladimir Moss: 2010. All Rights Reserved. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................4 1. THE RISE OF THE RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY ................................................5 The Appeal to Riurik..............................................................................................5 St. Vladimir the Saint............................................................................................7 Church and State in Kievan Rus’..........................................................................8 The Breakup of Kievan Rus’ ................................................................................14 Autocracy restored: St. Andrew of Bogolyubovo.................................................16 2.THE RISE OF MUSCOVY................................................................................22 St. Alexander Nevsky ..........................................................................................22 St. Peter of Moscow .............................................................................................23 St. Alexis of Moscow ...........................................................................................24 St. Sergius of Radonezh.......................................................................................27 3. MOSCOW: THE THIRD ROME .....................................................................30 4.THE HERESY OF THE JUDAIZERS ..............................................................37 -
Russian Royal Ancestry from Catherine the Great
GRANHOLM GENEALOGY RUSSIAN RECENT RELATIONSHIPS Lars Granholm, August 2009 INTRODUCTION This part of our Russian ancestry covers the history of and our relationship to two of Russia’s most famous ladies, from Catherine the Great to Anastasia and between them several of the Russian Tsars. Their and our ancestry stem from one common ancestor, Nils Kettilsson Vasa, as showed below. The history of the highlighted persons are here described. Descendants of: Nils Kettilsson Vasa As Related to: Lars Erik Granholm 1 Nils Kettilsson Vasa b. 1332 Björnö, Frötuna, Uppland d. BEF 1378 (18th great grand father) m. Kristina Jonsdotter Rickery m. 1357 b. 1336 Björnö, Frötuna, Uppland d. OCT 1378 [daughter of Jon Nilsson Rickeby and NN Ketillsdotter Puke] 2 Kristiern Nilsson Vasa (18th great uncle) m. Margareta Eriksdotter Krummedige 3 Johan Kristiernsson Vasa b. 1426 d. 1477 (first cousin, 18 times removed) m. Birgitta Gustavsdotter Sture d. 1472 [daughter of Gustav Anundsson Sture and Birgitta Steensdotter Bielke] 4 Erik Johansson Vasa b. 1470 d. 1520 (second cousin, 17 times removed) m. Cecilia Månsdotter Ekaätten b. 1476 d. 1522 5 Gustav I Vasa King of Sweden b. 1496 d. 1560 (third cousin, 16 times removed) m. Margareta Leijonhufvud Queen of Sweden b. 1516 d. 1551 [daughter of Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud and Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa] 6 Charles IX King of Sweden b. 4 October 1550 d. 30 October 1611 (4th cousin, 15 times removed) m. Maria von Palatinate Princess of Germany b. 1561 d. 1589 7 Catherine Princess of Sweden b. 1584 d. 1638 (5th cousin, 14 times removed) m. John Casimir Count of Palatine b. -
Suggested Readings for Phd Qualifying Exam in Imperial Russia
GRADUATE READING LIST FOR IMPERIAL RUSSIA History Department University of Pennsylvania (September 2011) ORGANIZATION 1. Overviews and general studies 2. Early Modern and Muscovite Russia 3. Peter the Great 4. XVIII Century 5. Pre-Reform Russia: 1801-1861 6. Post-reform Russia: 1861-1905 7. Revolution and War, 1905-1917 1. Overviews and General Studies of Particular Aspects of Russian History Afiani, V. Iu. Rossiia. Khronika osnovnykh sobytii. IX-XX veka. Moscow: Rosspen, 2002. Anisimov, E. Imperatorskaia Rossiia . Moscow-St. Petersburg: Piter, 2008. Billington, James. The Icon and the Axe. An Interpretive History of Russian Culture . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966. Black, Cyril. Ed. The Transformation of Russian Society . Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Pres, 1967. Brumfield, William. A History of Russian Architecture . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Burbank, Jane. “An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 7, no. 3 (Summer 2006), 397-432. Cherniavsky, Michael. Ed. The Structure of Russian History . New York: Random House, 1970. Dixon, Simon. The Modernization of Russia . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Dukes, Paul. The Making of Russian Absolutism, 1612-1801 . London: Longmans, 1982. Edie, James, James Scanlan, Mary-Barbara Zeldin. Eds. Russian Philosophy . 3 vols. Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press, 1976. Eroshkin, N. Istoriia gosudarstvennykh uchrezhdenii dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii . 3rd ed. Moscow: Vysshaia shkola, 1983; many other editions. Fedotov, G. P. The Russian Religious Mind . 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1966. Figes, Orlando. Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia. New York: Picador, 2002. Florovsky, George. Puti russkogo bogosloviia . -
Grand Ducal Role and Identity As a Reflection on the Interaction of State and Dynasty in Imperial Russia
Grand Ducal Role and Identity as a Reflection on the Interaction of State and Dynasty in Imperial Russia William Cary Lee PhD School of Slavonic and East European Studies m Page 1 ProQuest Number: U644000 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U644000 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Grand Ducal Role and Identity as a Reflection on the Interaction of State and Dynasty in Imperial Russia This study seeks to illuminate the historical significance of non-ruling male Romanovs within the life of the Russian Empire. Crucial to this work are the issues of state-centred versus tsar-centred ideology and the evolution of the service ethos. Thus we begin with a brief overview of seventeenth-century Muscovy, the reign of Peter I, and the post-Petrine eighteenth-century. The 'thread' of Petrine heritage, as interpreted by successive rulers and their servitors, runs through every chapter, sometimes obliquely, sometimes to the fore. Our examination of the grand dukes themselves is divided between the objective issue of role, and the subjective one of identity. -
Peter Slovtsov, Ivan Kalashnikov, and the Saga of Russian Siberia
ENLIGHTENING THE LAND OF MIDNIGHT: PETER SLOVTSOV, IVAN KALASHNIKOV, AND THE SAGA OF RUSSIAN SIBERIA Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mark A. Soderstrom Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Advisor Alice L. Conklin David L. Hoffmann Copyright by Mark A. Soderstrom 2011 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the lives, works, and careers of Peter Andreevich Slovtsov (1767-1843) and Ivan Timofeevich Kalashnikov (1797-1863). Known today largely for their roles as Siberian “firsts”—Slovtsov as Siberia‟s first native-born historian, Kalashnikov as Siberia‟s first native-born novelist—their names often appear in discussions of the origins of Siberian regionalism, a movement of the later nineteenth century that decried Siberia‟s “colonial” treatment by the tsarist state and called for greater autonomy for the region. Drawing on a wide range of archival materials— including two decades of correspondence between the two men—this study shows that Slovtsov and Kalashnikov, far from being disgruntled critics of the tsarist state, were its proud agents. They identified with their service careers, I suggest, because they believed that autocratic rule was the best system for Russia and because serving the tsarist state provided what they saw as their greatest opportunity to participate in a progressive, world-historical saga of enlightenment. Their understanding of this saga and its Russian reverberations gave form and content to their senses of self. An exploration of Slovtsov and Kalashnikov‟s complex lives through the long paper trail that makes them accessible today offers revealing perspectives on the social, cultural, and intellectual history of Russia—in particular on topics of service, selfhood, bureaucratic culture, education, and the intersection of public and private life—as well as ii on the history of Siberia and its place in the empire. -
Czars, Knights and Republicans: the Malta Question in Paull's Time 1
Henry Frendo Czars, Knights and Republicans: The Malta Question in Paull's time 1 When Paul I came to the throne in 1796, Malta and Russia had long had a common enemy. It was the Ottoman Empire, its Muslim Turks, and its Barbary corsairs. Unlike Malta, a central Mediterranean archipelago with well-protected, deep-water harbours, Russia had been a largely landlocked country whose territorial expansion historically had tended to be across internal frontiers, from Kiev to Muscovy to Kazan. With the advent of Peter I, however, and especially after his declaration of war against Turkey and the acquisition of the Black Sea port of Azov in 1696, Russia began to nurture a naval and maritime policy. This policy was two-pronged: to the North in the struggle with Sweden for access to the Baltic; to the South in the long drawn out confrontations with the Turks in their extensive domains, hemming Russia in from the Mediterranean, and indeed from the Black Sea. Paul I's keen interest in Malta and its Catholic, aristocratic order of chivalry, must be seen in the light of a string of earlier acquaintances, overtures and schemes of mutual interest between the Czars of Russia, on one hand, and the Knights of Malta, on the other. Two of his best known predecessors, Peter I (1672-1725) and Catherine II (1729-1796), already had set their sights on Malta, its knights and, not least, its famous fleet. Given the new-found commitment to naval and maritime undertakings, Petrine Russia now had an ideological as well as a strategic shared interest with the Mediterranean headquarters of the anti-Turkish, anti-Muslim crusaders.