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‘Russian Mosaic’ and Its Italian Connection: Malachite in the Decorative Arts in the 1780s-1800s Yelena V. Grant Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the History of Decorative Arts Masters Program in the History of Decorative Arts The Smithsonian Associates and the Corcoran College of Art + Design 2011 © 2011 Yelena V. Grant All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations . ii Acknowledgements. .xvi Introduction . .1 Chapter 1. Malachite Objects Before the 1830s – the Material Body of Evidence . 4 Chapter 2. Terminology: “Russian Mosaic” . .22 Chapter 3. Malachite and Natural History Collecting: from Enlightened Study to Status Symbol . 31 Chapter 4. The Pursuit of Taste: Traveling to Italy and Bringing Italy Home . 47 Chapter 5. The Hidden History: Russian Patronage and Italian Artistic Expertise in the Rise of Malachite as Decorative Material . .58 Conclusion . 75 Epilogue . 77 Appendices. 79 Notes . 94 Bibliography. 117 Illustrations . .126 i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 0.1. Ormolu Mounted Malachite Table, Demidov Manuractory (St. Petersburg, Russia) (?), ca. 1848-1853. Hillwood Museum, Washington, DC. Photograph reproduced from Sotheby‟s website: “Lot 454: Property from a Private Collection, England. An Ormolu Mounted Malachite Table, the Top circa 1860, The Base Late 19th Century.” The Russian Sale, Sale L06111, Session 2, 28 November 2006: http://www.sothebys.com/app/live/lot/LotDetail.jsp?lot_id=159296117. 0.2. Detail of Ormolu-mounted malachite table showing curvilinear seams between the tiles of malachite made according to the method patented by Leonard Joffriand in 1848. Hillwood Museum, Washington, DC. Photograph by author, January 2010. 0.3. Detail of plate A Chair and Tables Forming Part of a Suite of Furniture in Malachite, Messrs Demidoff, Russia, 1852. Image reproduced from Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851, volume III: Foreign States, London: Spicer Brothers, 1852, plate 195. 0.4. Detail of the base underneath the tabletop of Ormolu mounted malachite table, in its current condition, with upper volutes sawn off. Photograph by author, December 2009. 1.1. Vase-amphora, design: Ivan Halberg before 1823, execution: Vincenzo Maderni, 1824-1825. The State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia. Photograph reproduced from Vladislav Semenov, Malakhit, v. 1, 11, Yekaterinburg, 1986. 1.2. Dressing Table Set for Dowager Empress Maria Fedorovna, Vincenzo Maderni, ca. 1826, Russia, Pavlovsk Palace Museum, Pavlovsk, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.3. Detail of the Dressing Table Set. Pavlovsk Palace Museum, Pavlovsk, Russia Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.4. Detail of a tabletop with limestone faced with marble. The Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Photograph courtesy of Nicolay Onegin, June 2010. ii 1.5. Detail of a tabletop faced with slices of marble. Pavlovsk Palace Museum, Pavlovsk, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.6. Detail of a tabletop with marble veneer, front view. Ostankino Palace Museum, Moscow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2009. 1.7. Detail of the tabletop showing repairs in the marble surface, top view. Ostankino Palace Museum, Moscow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2009. 1.8. Malachite Bowl on bronze pedestal. The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Image reproduced from Natalya Mavrodina, Art of Russian Stone Carvers: 18th – 19th Centuries, The Catalogue of the Collection. St. Petersburg: The State Hermitage Publishers, 2007. 1.9. Bowl on Tripod, Peterhof Lapidary Works (?), Russia, 1809-1810 (?). Photograph reproduced from The State Hermitage Museum website: http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/fcgi- bin/db2www/fullSize.mac/fullSize?selLang=Russian&dlViewId=H4U0AAJSIDJFZHJ3 &size=small&selCateg=glassware&dlCategId=ENEK0LSCZ2QM6MBT&comeFrom=q uick. 1.10. Malachite Bowl. Russia, ca. 1808. Grand Trianon, Versailles, France. Photograph courtesy of Tina Khmelnitskaya. 1.11. Specimen Sampler, Russia (?), late 18th – early 19th centuries. The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Moscow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.12. Detail of Specimen Sampler. The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Moscow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.13. Obverse of Specimen Sampler. The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Moscow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.14. Obelisk. Yekaterinburg Lapidary Works, ca. 1794. The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Mocow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. iii 1.15. Detail of Obelisk showing samples of colored stone and their quarry numbers. The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Mocow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.16. Base of Obelisk. The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Mocow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.17. Monument with Obelisks with Coats of Arms of Russian Provinces, Peterhof Lapidary Works, ca. 1784, The State Hermitage Museum. Photograph reproduced from Natalya Mavrodina, Art of Russian Stone Carvers: 18th – 19th Centuries, The Catalogue of the Collection, St. Petersburg: The State Hermitage Publishers, 2007. 1.18. Box with Profile Images of the Six Children of Tsar Paul I, Russia, ca. 1795. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD. Photograph reproduced from The Walters Art Museum website: http://art.thewalters.org/viewwoa.aspx?id=21841, accessed on May 2, 2011. 1.19. Bottom of the Box with Profile Images of the Six Children of Tsar Paul I. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD. Photograph by author, May 2011. 1.20. Detail of Box with Profile Images of the Six Children of Tsar Paul I showing cracks in a side panel, The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD. Photograph by author, May 2011. 1.21. Specimen Block with Butterfly Mosaics, Italy, late 18th century – early 19th century. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK. Photograph reproduced from The Victoria and Albert Museum website: http://www.vam.ac.uk/images/image/56979-popup.html accessed on October 9, 2010. 1.22. Top view of Specimen Block with Butterfly Mosaics. Photograph reproduced from The Victoria and Albert Museum website: http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O157705/specimen-block/ accessed on October 9, 2010. 1.23. Goldfinches, Eleazar Albin, A Natural History of Birds. London: 1731-1738, Plate 70. Photograph reproduced from Booktryst: A Nest for Book Lovers: http://www.booktryst.com/2010/12/rare-books-to-chase-wintertime-blues.html accessed on December 11, 2010. iv 1.24. Excavated bronzes with patina. Photograph reproduced from Carol C. Mattusch, Pompeii and the Roman Villa: Art and Culture around the Bay of Naples, National Gallery of Art, London: Thames and Hudson, 2008. 1.25. Clock, Giacomo Raffaelli, Milan, Italy, 1814. The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Moscow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.26. Triumphal Arch, Giacomo Raffaelli, Rome, Italy, 1801. Image reproduced from Efimova, West-European Mosaic of the 13th-19th Centuries in the Collection of The Hermitage, St. Petersburg, 1968. 1.27. Clock, Abraham-Louis Breguet, Paris, France, stonework: Giacomo Raffaelli, Rome, Italy, 1804. Victoria and Albert Museum. Photograph reproduced from Wolfram Koeppe and Annamaria Giusti, editors, Art of the Royal Court: Treasures in Pietre Dure from the Palaces of Europe, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008. 1.28. Detail of the 1804 Clock showing malachite inlays. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK. Photograph courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum. 1.29. Table with Monument, Florence (?), late 18th – early 19th centuries(?). The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.30. Detail of Table with Monument. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.31. Arch of the Table with Monument. Photograph by author, June 2010. 1.32. Sheremetev Dessert Table Service (detail), malachite, colored stone, bronze, Russia, late 18th century. The Russian Museum. Image reproduced from Alexey Leonov, ed. Russian Decorative Arts: Eighteenth Century, v.2, 1963. 1.33. Pieces from the Dessert Table Service given by Catherine II to Alexander Lanskoy, Italy, before 1777. The State Hermitage Museum. Image reproduced from Oleg Neverov and Michail Piotrovskij, Great Private Collections of Imperial Russia, New York: Vendome Press, 2004. v 1.34. Plateau of the Desert Table Service for Luigi Braschi Onesti, Duke of Nemi, Italy, 1784. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France. Photograph by A. Dequier, reproduced from the Musée du Louvre website,: http://www.louvre.fr/media/repository/ressources/sources/illustration/atlas/x196image_66 948_v2_m56577569830706688 accessed on October 18, 2010. 1.35. Dessert Table Service for Charles IV of Spain, Luigi Valadier, Italy, 1778. Image courtesy of Museo Arqueologico y Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain. 2.1. Vase, Pierre-Philippe Thomire, France, ca. 1819. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photograph reproduced from Wolfram Koeppe and Annamaria Giusti, editors, Art of the Royal Court: Treasures in Pietre Dure from the Palaces of Europe, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008. 2.2 Malachite Table with Bronze Mounts and Mosaic Decoration, Russia and France(?), ca. 1820s. The State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia. Image reproduced from Alexander Fersman, Ocherki po istorii kamnia (Studies in the History of Stone), v. 2 1961. 2.3. Malachite Table with Bronze Mounts and Mosaic Decoration on display. The State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia. Photograph by author, June 2010. 2.4. Detail of the leg beneath the tabletop showing base metal and malachite work. The State Historical
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