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The Daughter of Peter the Great; a History of Russian Diplomacy and Of

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The Daughter of Peter the Great; a History of Russian Diplomacy and Of Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/daughterofpetergOObainuoft /t<r /,// six THE DAUGHTER OF PETER THE GREAT A HISTORY OF RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY AND OF THE RUSSIAN COURT UNDER THE EMPRESS ELIZABETH PETROVNA 1 741-1762 BY R. NISBET BAIN AUTHOR OF "THE PUPILS OF PETER THE GREAT" "GUSTAVUS III AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES" "CHARLES XIII" ETC ETC NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON AND CO WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO 1900 Reprinted by Scholarly Press - 22929 Industrial Drive East - St. Clair Shores, Mich. 48080 PK B32> G^ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Elizabeth Petrovna, aetat. 32. Photogravure Frontispiece. Field Marshal Count Munnich . Face Page 22 The Grand Duke Peter, aetat. 16 . „ ,, 66 The Grand Chancellor Count Alexius Bestuzhev-Ryumin , „ p7 The Grand Duchess Catherine ... „ „ 234. Elizabeth Petrovna, aetat. 52 ... „ „ 286 The Grand Duke Peter, aetat'. 33 . ,, „ 314 — — CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION xi BIBLIOGRAPHY xv CHAPTER I. introductory— peter's pupils i Death of Peter the Great —Danger of a reaction— Peter's pupils—Menshi- kov, Tolstoi, Yaguzhinsky—Their promptness—Catherine I and her difficulties—The history of Russia during the eighteenth century the liistory of her foreign policy —Why this was so — Ostermann—The hostility of England brings about the Austro-Russian Alliance Peter II—Anne of Courland — Brutality of her favourite, Biren—His character—The genius of Ostermann—Russia's triumphs abroad—Miin- nich and Lacy—Death of Anne—Merits and defects of her government. CHAPTER II.—ivan vi. Oct. 1740—Dec. 1741 22 Biren Regent—Public humiliation of the new Tsar's father—Biren's measures—His unpopularity—Discontent of the Princess Anne and of MunDich— Plot against Biren—Miinnich's midnight coup-d'etat—Fall of Biren — Princess Anne proclaimed Regent—Ambition and arrogance of Miinnich—Foreign affairs— Death of the Emperor Charles VI Cynical behaviour of Frederick of Prussia—Outbreak of the First Silesian War—Tergiversation of France—Convention of Xymphen- burg—Treaty of Breslau—Miinnich's incompetence—His resignation Foreign policy of Ostermann— 1 1 is difficulties— Hostility of France to Russia—Sweden declares war against Russia— Battle of Vilmanstrand The Regent's fondness for Fraulein Mengden— Her liaison with Count Lynar—Dangers of the situation — Alarm of Ostermann—Character of the Marquis de la Chetardie—A ceremonial squabble—Chetardie's plot in favour of Elizabeth Petrovna— Popularity of the Tsarevna Her hatred of Ostermann—His difficult position—And growing weariness of office. CHAPTER III.—the midnight coup d'etat. Dec. 6th, 1 741 . 50 Immediate causes of the Revolution of Dec. 6th, 1741 —La Chetardie's misgivings—Self-confidence of the Tsarevna Elizabeth— Scene in the Winter Palace between her and the Regent—Extreme peril of Elizabeth T ——— VIII CONTEXTS. PAGE Conference of the Conspirators at Elizabeth's house—The appeal to the Grenadiers—The midnight drive to the Preobrazhensky Barracks #* Elizabeth wins over the soldiers —The march to the Winter Palace The Regent seized in bed— Arrest of the Ministers —Elizabeth pro- claimed Empress—Enthusiasm of the people—Largesses of the new Pmpres The trial of Ostermann and Miinnich —Their dignified conduct—Tragic scene on the place of execution— The capital sentences remitted—The fate of Ostermann, Miinnich. and their associates. CHAPTER IV.—a cross-fire of intrigue. 1741— 1/43 • • • 66 Infancy of Elizabeth—Project of wedding her to a French Prince ""Early years — Abilities — Unsettled state of Russia—Mr. Finch's view of the situation —Who is to succeed Ostermann?—The new Ministers Alexius Cherkasky—Xikita Yurevitch Trubetskoi—Armand Lestocq Michael Vorontsov—Michael Bestuzhev—Alexius Bestuzhev—His early career and character—The Swedish difficulty —La Chetardie as me- diator—His effrontery — Dignified firmness of the Empress—Peace of Abo— he treacherous despatch—Departure of La Chetardie The policy of the Bestuzhevs—Their immense difficulties —Elizabeth's antipathies — Plot to ruin the Bestuzhevs—Arrest of Natalia Lopukhina Her character—And accomplices—The trial—The sentence—Horrible scenes on the scaffold—Estrangement between Austria and Russia The Court moves to Moscow. CHAPTER V.—THE TRIUMPH OF BESTUZHEV. 1744— 1748 . 97 Carl Peter Ulric—His early career—Arrival in Russia—Made Grand Duke and heir to the throne—Arrival of the Princesses of Zerbst Serious illness of the bride elect—Sophia Augusta becomes Catherine Aleksyevna—The betrothal —The wedding—European Politics—Fre- derick's dread of Russia— His intrigues against Bestuzhev—Beginning of the Second Silesian War—La Chetardie expelled from Russia Bestuzhev made Grand Chancellor—Reconciliation of Austria and Russia—Reverses of Frederick II — Frederick declares war against Saxony -Warning protest of Elizabeth —End of the Second Silesian War—Expulsion of "Madame Zerbst" from Russia—Quarrel between Bestuzhev and Voroutsov —Dismissal of Mardefeld—Death of Anne Leopoldovna—Negotiations with England —JJie_Ajiglo-Russian Alli- ance^ March of the Russian troops to the Rhine —Signal triumph and commanding position of the Grand Chancellor— Disgrace of Lestocq. CHAPTER VI.—THE COURT OF ELIZABETH. 1742 — 1749 . 133 Elizabeth's personality —Her amiability —Equity — Indolence—Extrav- agant splendour of her Court—Her favourites — Alexius Razumovsky Cyril Razumovsky—Their amiable character—-Anecdotes illustrating their generosity— Visit of the Empress to Kiev—General character of Elizabeth's Court—Entertainments—Opera Bouffes—The Court The- —— — — —— CONTENTS. IX tag:. atre—The masquerades or metamorphoses —Elizabeth in male attire Pilgrimages—Deterioration of morals—The rise of the Shuvalovs Peter Shuvalov— His abilities and vices —Immense influence — Alex- ander Shuvalov —Ivan Shuvalov—He supersedes Razumovsky in the Empress's favour—Alarm of Bestuzhev—The Beketov incident. CHAPTER VII.— russia and great Britain. 1749 -1755 . 161 The European situatio n—Antagonism of Russia and Prussia England opposes Russia's anti-Swedish plans—Rupture of diplomatic relations between Russia and Prussia — Poland —The Courland question S"axony — Difficulties of the Grand Chancellor—Michael Bestuzhev and Madame von Haugwitz —Estrangement between the two Bestuz- hevs — England's fear of Prussia —The Anglo-Russian ne goti ations— Bestuzhev's energetic efforts! Oil behalf of England—The Conventions of 1755- CHAPTER VIII.—THE LEAGUE AGAINST PRUSSIA. 1756. .179 The new Prussian Monarchy a menace to Europe—Kaunitz's report to Maria Theresa as to the necessity of a new political system—The German Neutrality Convention between Prussia and Great Britain Indignation in France—The Treaty of Versailles between France and Austria —Alarm of Great Britain— Cynical levity of her policy Pitiable situation of Bestuzhev— Character of the Grand Duke Peter—And of the Grand Duchess Catherine—Birth of the Grand Duke Paul—Beginning of friendly relations between Catherine and Bestuzhev—Illness of the Empress —Bestuzhev becomes obstructive Establishment of the Conference of Ministers—The Five Points Renewal _of diplomatic relat ions between _Frajice_j!jad_JLussia=-The Mission of Mackenzie Douglas —The Mission of T. D. Bekhtyeev Anxiety of Great Britain—The intrigues of Hanbury Williams Recovery of the Empress Russia accedes t o the Treaty of Versailles— Frederick's apprehension—B eginning of the Seven Vears' War. CHAPTER IX. —THE CAMPAIGN OF GROSSJAGERSDORF. 1757 . 20S Stephen Apraksin appointed the Russian Commander-in-Chief—His char- acter—Dilatory tactics of Apraksin Advance of the Russinn Armv Memel and Tilsit taken—Strategy of Apraksin—Battle of Gross- jagersdorf—Description of an eye-witness —Retreat of Apraksin aftex- thg victory —Demoralization of the Russian Armv—The Austrian victories—Embarrassment of Frederick—Rossbach and Leuthen Fresh Convention between Russia and Austria—Russia left out of the Franco-Austrian partition treaty—The Embassy of the Marquis de PHopital to St. Petersburg — His character—The Embassy of Michael Bestuzhev to Paris Russi a's relations with England—Sudden and dangerous illness of Elizabeth. — X CONTENTS. TAGE CHAPTER X.—THE FALL OF BESTUZHEV, AND THE CAMPAIGN OF ZORNDORF. 1758 234 Insecurity of Bestuzhev—Examination -of Apraksin—Arrest of Bestuzhev Anxiety of Catherine—The trial of Bestuzhev—Catherine's pathetic letter to the Empress—Her midnight interview with Elizabeth—The Empress finally mollified —The new Commander-in-Chief. General Fermor—The winter campaign in 1757-8 —-Disorganization of the Russian army—"Letter from a traveller from Riga"'—Campaign 0? 1758—Advance of Fermor into Prussian territory —Bombardment of Ctistrin —Battle of Zorndorf— Subsecpient operations — Elizabeth's dis- satisfaction with Fermor— Differences, with t)ie Cou rt of Vienna— . Firmness id Elizabeth—Opinion in France—And iu England. CHAPTER XL—the campaign of kunersdorf. 1759. 263 Increasing difficulties of the King of Prussia—The Conventions of Ver- sailles., 30th and 31st. Dec. —Opening of the campaign —Advance of Fermor— lie is superseded by Peter Saltuikov—Causes of Fermor's supersession —Character of the new Commander-in-Chief—Advance of Saltuikov— Battle of Kay—Defeat of the Prussians—Saltuikov reaches Frankfort—Cautious counsels— Advance of the King of Prussia—battle of Kunersdorf—Destruction ot the Prussian Army Despair of Frederick —Attempted mediation of England in his favour- Proposed Peace Congress of the Hague—Elizabeth will not be separated from her Allies—Dissensions between Saltuikov
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