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DOI: 10.7596/Taksad.V7i1.1441 State Policy of Russia in the Field of Science and Education (The End of 17Th-Early 18Th Centuries

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DOI: 10.7596/Taksad.V7i1.1441 State Policy of Russia in the Field of Science and Education (The End of 17Th-Early 18Th Centuries Journal of History Culture and Art Research (ISSN: 2147-0626) Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2018 Revue des Recherches en Histoire Culture et Art Copyright © Karabuk University http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﯿﺔ DOI: 10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1441 Citation: Matveenko, V., Nazartseva, E., & Zharkova, E. (2018). State Policy of Russia in the Field of Science and Education (The end of 17th-early 18th Centuries). Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 7(1), 90-102. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1441 State Policy of Russia in the Field of Science and Education (The end of 17th-early 18th Centuries)∗ Veroniсa E. Matveenko1, Ekaterina A. Nazartseva2, Elena Kh. Zharkova3 Abstract The process of education and science intensive development in Russia at the end of the 17th - the beginning of the 18th centuries is completely related with the personality of Emperor Peter I (Great), who understood the grandiose importance of public education for Russia. The reforms of Peter I in the field of science and education became the most important foundation in the history of pedagogy and military affairs development in Russia, as well as in the history of the Russian state national security strengthening. The result of Peter I reforms in education was the creation of domestic regular Armed Forces of Russia and the provision of the Russian state with the experts of different profiles: military people, engineers, technicians and diplomats. The authors of the article carried out a comprehensive analysis of the materials available in Russia about the Peter schools in order to systematize and preserve these data for pedagogical science and history. The work studied the documents (decrees and letters) of Peter the Great reflecting the reforms in the field of science and education of Russia at the end of the 17th - early 18th centuries. With the support of historical documents, the establishment chronology of the first schools in Russia, the conditions for schoolchildren teaching, the structure and the content of training programs were described, and the teaching aids used in Peter schools were listed. Keywords: History of Russia, Peter I (Great), Reforms in the field of science and education. ∗ The publication was supported by the Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science (the Agreement number 02.a03.21.0008). 1 Ph.D., senior lecturer, Russian Language Department № 3, Faculty of the Russian Language and General Educational Disciplines, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Ph.D., assistant professor, Russian Language Department № 3, Faculty of the Russian Language and General Educational Disciplines, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Ph.D, associate professor, Department of Russian Language for Foreign Students, MGIMO MID RF University, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 90 Introduction The transformative activity of Peter I had and is still of great significance for Russia. Peter I turned the country that does not have a fleet, an army and the armaments necessary for national security, with the backwardness in literacy as compared to European states into the Russian Empire with one of the strongest armies and the best fleet. Peter I carried out the reforms in the field of education farsightedly: dozens of schools, military, engineering and naval schools were founded, thousands of experts needed by the state were trained. At present, there is no complete, generalizing study of the structure, curricula, and the specifics of school work created by the decrees of Peter the Great. The scientific periodicals presented the information on these schools in a fragmented way. However, the historical experience of pedagogical education organization in the Russian Empire at the end of the 17th - the beginning of the 18th centuries represents the integral knowledge, including both theoretical and practical aspects, which have not lost their relevance at present time. General characteristics of the Russian Emperor Peter I (the Great) reforms Peter I Alekseevich, named as the Great (June 9, 1672 - February 8, 1725), the Romanov's dynasty representative, the tsar of All Russia and the first All-Russian emperor. At the age of 10, he was proclaimed the tsar. He began to rule on his own when he was 17 years old. Peter I performed large-scale external and internal reforms that have turned Russia into the path of progress and an intensive state development. By the beginning of the 18th century, the political, economic and cultural development of Russia experienced significant and progressive changes, but Russia was still behind Western European countries in many respects: economic, military, educational, and state ones. Feudal landowning prevailed in Russia and industrial production was developed very poorly. Economic and cultural backwardness meant the loss of national independence for Russia. The aggravation of the class struggle in Europe (the social and political movement of the 17th and early 18th centuries) demanded from Peter I to take the measures strengthening the state structure, the army and to carry out the reforms in the field of economy and culture. These reforms were prepared by the whole course of the country historical development, their need was realized long before the reign of Peter I. During the reign of Peter I the process of rapid development of industry, domestic and foreign trade begins, the extraction of Siberia and the Urals minerals started. By 1725, the country had about 240 state- owned and private industrial enterprises. 80 largest industrial enterprises had more than 17,500 workers. Along with the construction of large enterprises, there was a rapid growth of small handicraft production. The construction of canals and ships began for the better use of waterways to develop trade. Economic and political changes in the country caused a great need for specially trained people. State institutions, the army, the fleet, industry and trade needed a large number of experts: officers, sailors, artillerymen, engineers, doctors, civil servants, scientists and teachers. In this regard, a number of important educational reforms was implemented. The reforms in the field of education, conducted during the first quarter of the 18th century, had a diverse nature. Since the beginning of the 18th century a significant development of Russian science (geography and geology) takes place: a number of large-scale geological expeditions is organized (concerning the study of the Caspian Sea shores, the islands of the Arctic Ocean, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands), important works are carried out to explore minerals (coal, oil, iron and copper ores) and they begin astronomical observations. At the same time, Russia began to establish the Academy of Sciences, the establishment of the first Public Library in St. Petersburg, to the foundation of archives and museums. In 1719 they opened St. Petersburg Kunstkamera, the first natural history museum in Russia. Since 1703, they started to 91 publish the first printed newspaper "Vedomosti", the articles for which were written by Peter I. By the order of Peter I, in exchange for the obsolete Church Slavonic script, a more improved and accessible for study Russian language civil script was introduced, which was used to publish the books of secular content since 1710, and also the Arabic numbers are introduced instead of alphabetic ones. Reasons for the implementation of reforms in the field of education in Russia (late 17th - early 18th centuries) The failures at the beginning of the Northern War (the war of European states for the Baltic lands, 1700- 1721) revealed the main problems of Russia at that time: the shortage of well-trained military and technical personnel, the ignorance of Russian military officers, the absence of a strong navy. Peter I, being a visionary ruler, understood that domestic experts in the field of military art, medicine, engineering, technology, navigation, etc. are needed for the successful conduct of wars, the protection of state borders and for an active development in general. In this regard special schools were opened first of all in Moscow and St. Petersburg (and all over Russia later) and an intensive training of native personnel for state needs began. As we mentioned above, at the end of the 17th century Russia, first of all, had a strong need of military and technical specialists capable to create military equipment and fight a battle with weapons. Russia needed well-trained artillerymen. By military purpose artillery was divided into regimental, field, siege and fortress one. Each type of artillery had its own organization. In order to prepare literate artillerymen and engineering officers, special military technical schools were needed, which Peter the Great organized. The reasons for the educational reforms of Peter I can be formulated briefly as follows: 1) Russia was a backward country in general at the beginning of Peter I reign. This was a serious threat to its state independence; 2) Industrial production was not established, the volume of output was much lower than the corresponding volume of European countries. The amount of extracted minerals (gold, silver) was a small one, metals (iron, copper, tin) were imported from Europe. Only flax, hemp (cannabis fiber), furs were exported; 3) The military industry was in its infancy, there was no established production of gunpowder and weapons, there were no competent military experts - engineers, artillerymen, technicians and strategists. The Russian army was poorly trained and poorly armed; 4) A complex, non-initiative government apparatus consisted of the boyar aristocracy that did not care about the people's situation; 5) Literacy was almost non-existent among people, even in the ruling circles there were uneducated and absolutely illiterate people who received a state post only due to blood-related relations. First artillery schools in Russia Already at the end of the 17th century, Peter I made an attempt to prepare domestic artillerymen.
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