DOCSLIB.ORG

Coastal Erosion Problems in the Gilbert Islands Group, Republic Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coastal Erosion Problems in the Gilbert Islands Group, Republic Of COASTAL EROSION PROBLEMS IN THE GILBERT ISLANDS GROUP REPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI Richard D. Gillie SOPAC Secretariat March 1993 SOPAC Technical Report 167 Prepared for: South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) Coastal Program, Kiribati Project: KIA [3] TABLE OF CONTENTS i Page SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 INTRODUCTION …………………………......................................................................................... ..........11 OBJECTIVES .................. ........ .. ................................................................................................. .......... 12 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................... 12 Geologici Origin and Tectonics ..............................................……. ................................................……. 13 Atoll Evolution and Reef Growth .. ........................................ …………………………......................….. .. 13 I Islet Formation and Evolution…. .............. .................. ........ .................... ..................... ...................14 Contemporary Coastal Processes and Engineering ..... ......... ..................... .................... ................ 1 5 Climatology, Meteorology and Oceanography .................. ... …. ... ...... … ....... … .... ... .. ............... 16 Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Impacts ................... ...... ...... ..... ................. .... ... .................. 18 FI~LD ACTIVITIES AND METHODS Field Activities ......................................... ........... ......... ...... ... ..... ..... ........... .....................................19 Analysis of Maps and Air Photographs ............ ........ ..... ... ..... ..... ........ ......... ....... ..................20 Site Inspections ........................... .......... ........... ........ ...... ... ……………………... ....... .................. 20 Beach Profiles ............................ .......... ............ ........ ....... .. ..... .... ................... ……….. ...........21 Interviews .................................... .........…… .... ........ ....... ... ..... ..... ................. .. ……………………21 RESULTS ...................................... ................... .................................................. ....... .. ....................... 21 Eita District ................... …. ............. ................................................ .. ...... ..... ................... 22 Tabiteuea South Nikutiri Island ...................... ................ ..... ........................................................ .................. 26 Aranuka Island . ................... ................ ...... ....................................................... ................. 27 Maneaba at Nikutoru Village ......................................... ……. ............. …............................... 32 School at Tewai Island ........................................................... ............... ... ……………..........34 Onotoa Tabuarorae Village ............................................ ......... .............................................................................37 [TR167 - Gillie] [4] Nonouti Temotu Island, Site 1, Tebakauto Village ... ...........................................................................41 Temotu Island, Site 2, Tetabakea ................ ........................................................................... 44 Temotu Island, Site 3, Teitiaki ..................... .… .......................................................................45 Rotima Island, Site 1, Airfield Road .............. ...........................................................................48 Rotima Island, Site 2, West end of Airfield .... ...........................................................................49 Buariki Village ................................................ ...........................................................................54 Abemama Tanimainiku ......................... .................................................................................................... 56 Kuria Taubukintekira (East of Airfield) ................................................................................................60 Tanginimake (Causeway) ......................................................................................................... 65 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................69! REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 74 ! APPENDICES 1 Summary of Map Coordinate Data 2 Beach Profile Data 3 Beach Profile Bench Mark Descriptions 4 Foreshore Protection Construction Costs 5 Coastal Protection Alternatives [TR167 - Gillie] [5] LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Location of atolls visited ............................. ........................................................................10 2 Map showing location of two beach profile sites along lagoon shoreline of Eita District, Tabiteuea North .............................................................. 23 3 Eita District, Tabiteuea North. View north of beach profile location Eita-1 ...............................................................................................24 4 Eita District, Tabiteuea North. View south past location of beach profile Eita-1 .............................................................................................................24 5 Eita District, Tabiteuea North. View south in front of beach profile Eita-2 ............................................................................................................ 25 6 Eita District, Tabiteuea North. View south approximately 30 m south of Figure 5 ........................................................................................................25 7 Map showing location of three survey sites (Nikutiri, Aranuka and Nikutoru .........................................................................................................28 8 Nikutiri Island, Tabiteuea South. View north along lagoon shoreline at beach profile site ....................... .. ...................................................................29 9 Nikutiri Island, Tabiteuea South. View south to Nikutiri Island from causeway ............................................................................................. 29 10 Aranuka Island, Tabiteuea South. View northeast to lagoon shoreline .............................................................................................................................30 11 Aranuka Island, Tabiteuea South. View southeast along lagoon shoreline .................. .............................................................................................. 30 12 Aranuka Island, Tabiteuea South. View north along beach rock exposed on lagoon shoreline south of beach profile .................................................. 31 13 Maneaba at Nikutoru, Tabiteuea South. View northwest along lagoon shoreline .................................................................................................................31 14 Maneaba at Nikutoru, Tabiteuea South. View southeast along crest of beach .....................................................................................................................33 15 Map showing location of survey site at Tewai School on Tewai Island, Tabiteuea South ..................................................................................................... 35 16 School at Tewai, Tabiteuea South. View northeast along lagoon/channel shoreline ................................................................................................... 36 17 School at Tewai, Tabiteuea South. View southwest along inter-island channel shoreline ............................................................................................. 36 [TR167 - Gillie] [6] 18 Map showing location of survey site at Tabuarorae Village on the south end of Onotoa ................................................................................................ 38 19 Tabuarorae Village, Onotoa. View east along lagoon shoreline of village .................................................................................................. ...........39 20 Tabuarorae Village, Onotoa. View southeast from reef flat ........................................ ...........39 21 Onotoa, Tabuarorae Village. View southeast from reef flat ...................................... .. ......... 40 22 Tabuarorae Village, Onotoa. View east .............................. ....................................... .......... 40 23 Map showing location of survey sites on the island of Temotu, Nonouti ................................................................................................................. 42 24 Tebakauto Village (Site 1), Temotu Island, Nonouti. View southeast along ocean reef shoreline .................................................................................43 25 Tebakauto Village (Site 1), Temotu Island, Nonouti. View southeast ............................................................................................................................43
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Keyword List Contains Indian Ocean Place Names of Coral Reefs, Islands, Bays and Other Geographic Features in a Hierarchical Structure
    CoRIS Place Keyword Thesaurus by Ocean - 8/9/2016 Indian Ocean This keyword list contains Indian Ocean place names of coral reefs, islands, bays and other geographic features in a hierarchical structure. For example, the first name on the list - Bird Islet - is part of the Addu Atoll, which is in the Indian Ocean. The leading label - OCEAN BASIN - indicates this list is organized according to ocean, sea, and geographic names rather than country place names. The list is sorted alphabetically. The same names are available from “Place Keywords by Country/Territory - Indian Ocean” but sorted by country and territory name. Each place name is followed by a unique identifier enclosed in parentheses. The identifier is made up of the latitude and longitude in whole degrees of the place location, followed by a four digit number. The number is used to uniquely identify multiple places that are located at the same latitude and longitude. For example, the first place name “Bird Islet” has a unique identifier of “00S073E0013”. From that we see that Bird Islet is located at 00 degrees south (S) and 073 degrees east (E). It is place number 0013 at that latitude and longitude. (Note: some long lines wrapped, placing the unique identifier on the following line.) This is a reformatted version of a list that was obtained from ReefBase. OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bird Islet (00S073E0013) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bushy Islet (00S073E0014) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Fedu Island (00S073E0008)
    [Show full text]
  • A Field Experiment on a Nourished Beach
    CHAPTER 157 A Field Experiment on a Nourished Beach A.J. Fernandez* G. Gomez Pina * G. Cuena* J.L. Ramirez* Abstract The performance of a beach nourishment at" Playa de Castilla" (Huel- va, Spain) is evaluated by means of accurate beach profile surveys, vi- sual breaking wave information, buoy-measured wave data and sediment samples. The shoreline recession at the nourished beach due to "profile equilibration" and "spreading out" losses is discussed. The modified equi- librium profile curve proposed by Larson (1991) is shown to accurately describe the profiles with a grain size varying across-shore. The "spread- ing out" losses measured at " Playa de Castilla" are found to be less than predicted by spreading out formulations. The utilization of borrowed material substantially coarser than the native material is suggested as an explanation. 1 INTRODUCTION Fernandez et al. (1990) presented a case study of a sand bypass project at "Playa de Castilla" (Huelva, Spain) and the corresponding monitoring project, that was going to be undertaken. The Beach Nourishment Monitoring Project at the "Playa de Castilla" was begun over two years ago. The project is being *Direcci6n General de Costas. M.O.P.T, Madrid (Spain) 2043 2044 COASTAL ENGINEERING 1992 carried out to evaluate the performance of a beach fill and to establish effective strategies of coastal management and represents one of the most comprehensive monitoring projects that has been undertaken in Spain. This paper summa- rizes and discusses the data set for wave climate, beach profiles and sediment samples. 2 STUDY SITE & MONITORING PROGRAM Playa de Castilla, Fig. 1, is a sandy beach located on the South-West coast of Spain between the Guadiana and Gualdalquivir rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Maiana Social and Economic Report 2008
    M AIANA ISLAND 2008 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE PRODUCED BY THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS, WITH FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FROM THE SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITY. Strengthening Decentralized Governance in Kiribati Project P.O. Box 75, Bairiki, Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati Telephone (686) 22741 or 22040, Fax: (686) 21133 MAIANA ANTHEM MAIANA I TANGIRIKO MAIANA I LOVE YOU Maiana I tangiriko - 2 - FOREWORD by the Honourable Amberoti Nikora, Minister of Internal and Social Affairs, July, 2007 I am honored to have this opportunity to introduce this revised and updated socio-economic profile for Maiana island. The completion of this profile is the culmination of months of hard-work and collaborative effort of many people, Government agencies and development partners particularly those who have provided direct financial and technical assistance towards this important exercise. The socio-economic profiles contain specific data and information about individual islands that are not only interesting to read, but more importantly, useful for education, planning and decision making. The profile is meant to be used as a reference material for leaders both at the island and national level, to enable them to make informed decisions that are founded on accurate and easily accessible statistics. With our limited natural and financial resources it is very important that our leaders are in a position to make wise decisions regarding the use of these limited resources, so that they are targeted at the most urgent needs and produce maximum impact. In addition, this profile will act as reference material that could be used for educational purposes, at the secondary and tertiary levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Littoral Cells, Sand Budgets, and Beaches: Understanding California S
    LITTORAL CELLS, SAND BUDGETS, AND BEACHES: UNDERSTANDING CALIFORNIA’ S SHORELINE KIKI PATSCH GARY GRIGGS OCTOBER 2006 INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF BOATING AND WATERWAYS CALIFORNIA COASTAL SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT WORKGROUP Littoral Cells, Sand Budgets, and Beaches: Understanding California’s Shoreline By Kiki Patch Gary Griggs Institute of Marine Sciences University of California, Santa Cruz California Department of Boating and Waterways California Coastal Sediment Management WorkGroup October 2006 Cover Image: Santa Barbara Harbor © 2002 Kenneth & Gabrielle Adelman, California Coastal Records Project www.californiacoastline.org Brochure Design & Layout Laura Beach www.LauraBeach.net Littoral Cells, Sand Budgets, and Beaches: Understanding California’s Shoreline Kiki Patsch Gary Griggs Institute of Marine Sciences University of California, Santa Cruz TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 7 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 Chapter 2: An Overview of Littoral Cells and Littoral Drift 11 Chapter 3: Elements Involved in Developing Sand Budgets for Littoral Cells 17 Chapter 4: Sand Budgets for California’s Major Littoral Cells and Changes in Sand Supply 23 Chapter 5: Discussion of Beach Nourishment in California 27 Chapter 6: Conclusions 33 References Cited and Other Useful References 35 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY he coastline of California can be divided into a set of dis- Beach nourishment or beach restoration is the placement of Ttinct, essentially self-contained littoral cells or beach com- sand on the shoreline with the intent of widening a beach that partments. These compartments are geographically limited and is naturally narrow or where the natural supply of sand has consist of a series of sand sources (such as rivers, streams and been signifi cantly reduced through human activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Second Visit to Wallis and Futuna, 4 November 1983 to 22
    SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION UNPUBLISHED REPORT No. 10 REPORT ON SECOND VISIT TO KIRIBATI 1 April – 5 September 1984 and 31 October – 19 December 1984 by P. Taumaia Masterfisherman and P. Cusack Fisheries Development Officer South Pacific Commission Noumea, New Caledonia 1997 ii The South Pacific Commission authorises the reproduction of this material, whole or in part, in any form provided appropriate acknowledgement is given This unpublished report forms part of a series compiled by the Capture Section of the South Pacific Commission's Coastal Fisheries Programme. These reports have been produced as a record of individual project activities and country assignments, from materials held within the Section, with the aim of making this valuable information readily accessible. Each report in this series has been compiled within the Capture Section to a technical standard acceptable for release into the public arena. However, they have not been through the full South Pacific Commission editorial process. South Pacific Commission BP D5 98848 Noumea Cedex New Caledonia Tel.: (687) 26 20 00 Fax: (687) 26 38 18 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.spc.org.nc/ Prepared at South Pacific Commission headquarters, Noumea, New Caledonia, 1997 iii SUMMARY The South Pacific Commission's Deep Sea Fisheries Development Project (DSFDP) visited the Republic of Kiribati for the second time between April and December 1984. The visit was conducted in two distinct phases; from 1 April to 5 September the Project was based at Tanaea on Tarawa in the Gilbert Group and operated there and at the islands of Abaiang, Abemama, Arorae and Tamana.
    [Show full text]
  • WOMEN and BUSINESS in the PACIFIC Anyone Seeking to Support Pacifi C Women and Contribute to Entrepreneurship, Business Development, and Private Sector Growth
    Women and Business in the Pacifi c This book provides a current and comprehensive analysis of the context in which Pacifi c women engage in the private sector, as well as a detailed list of strategies to increase their participation in business. Drawing on research and data from seven Pacifi c countries, it o ers a diversity of innovative and pragmatic ways to empower women and enhance their economic opportunities. Jointly undertaken by the Asian Development Bank’s Pacifi c Private Sector Development Initiative and the Government of Australia, this study is valuable for WOMEN AND BUSINESS IN THE PACIFIC WOMEN anyone seeking to support Pacifi c women and contribute to entrepreneurship, business development, and private sector growth. About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacifi c, while sustaining its e orts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in , it is owned by members— from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. WOMEN AND About the Pacifi c Private Sector Development Initiative PSDI is a technical assistance program undertaken in partnership with the Government BUSINESS of Australia, the Government of New Zealand, and the Asian Development Bank. PSDI supports ADB’s Pacifi c developing member countries to improve the enabling environment for business and to support inclusive, private sector-led economic growth. The support of the Australian and New Zealand governments and ADB IN THE PACIFIC has enabled PSDI to operate in the region for years and assist with more than reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Kiribati Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity
    KIRIBATI FOURTH NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Aranuka Island (Gilbert Group) Picture by: Raitiata Cati Prepared by: Environment and Conservation Division - MELAD 20 th September 2010 1 Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF BIODIVERSITY, STATUS, TRENDS AND THREATS .................................................... 8 1.1 Geography and geological setting of Kiribati ......................................................................................... 8 1.2 Climate ................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Status of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Soil ................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.3.2 Water Resources ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Diagnosis of Coastal Fisheries for North Tarawa And
    Photo credit: Front cover, Aurélie Delisle/ANCORS Aurélie cover, Front credit: Photo Participatory diagnosis of coastal fisheries for North Tarawa and Butaritari island communities in the Republic of Kiribati Participatory diagnosis of coastal fisheries for North Tarawa and Butaritari island communities in the Republic of Kiribati Authors Aurélie Delisle, Ben Namakin, Tarateiti Uriam, Brooke Campbell and Quentin Hanich Citation This publication should be cited as: Delisle A, Namakin B, Uriam T, Campbell B and Hanich Q. 2016. Participatory diagnosis of coastal fisheries for North Tarawa and Butaritari island communities in the Republic of Kiribati. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. Program Report: 2016-24. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the financial contribution of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research through project FIS/2012/074. We would also like to thank the staff from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and WorldFish for their support. A special thank you goes out to staff of the Kiribati’s Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Environment, Land and Agricultural Development and to members of the five pilot Community-Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) communities in Kiribati. 2 Contents Executive summary 4 Introduction 5 Methods 9 Diagnosis 12 Summary and entry points for CBFM 36 Notes 38 References 39 Appendices 42 3 Executive summary In support of the Kiribati National Fisheries Policy 2013–2025, the ACIAR project FIS/2012/074 Improving Community-Based
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data
    Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 6961-6987; doi:10.3390/rs6086961 OPEN ACCESS remote sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data Thomas Mann 1,* and Hildegard Westphal 1,2 1 Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-421-2380-0132; Fax: +49-421-2380-030. Received: 30 May 2014; in revised form: 7 July 2014 / Accepted: 18 July 2014 / Published: 25 July 2014 Abstract: Atoll islands are subject to a variety of processes that influence their geomorphological development. Analysis of historical shoreline changes using remotely sensed images has become an efficient approach to both quantify past changes and estimate future island response. However, the detection of long-term changes in beach width is challenging mainly for two reasons: first, data availability is limited for many remote Pacific islands. Second, beach environments are highly dynamic and strongly influenced by seasonal or episodic shoreline oscillations. Consequently, remote-sensing studies on beach morphodynamics of atoll islands deal with dynamic features covered by a low sampling frequency. Here we present a study of beach dynamics for nine islands on Takú Atoll, Papua New Guinea, over a seven-decade period. A considerable chronological gap between aerial photographs and satellite images was addressed by applying a new method that reweighted positions of the beach limit by identifying “outlier” shoreline positions.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of the Facts and Evidence Relating to the Massacre of British
    , Name of' Accused: ~atzu Shosa, Camnander of' Japanese Forces, Tarawa, and othel' Japanese soldiers under his cOmmand T(hose identl t.y is unknoT4l. On 15th October, 1942, the f'ollowing Br1tish Nationals were beheaded, or in some instances, otherwise murdered by the Japanese at Betio, Tarawa. Lieutenant Reginald G. Morgan, Wireless Operator in the service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony at Tarawa. Basil Cleary, Dispenser in the se~vice of' the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony at Tarawa. Isaac R. Handley, Retired Master Mariner, resident of' Tarawa. A. M. McArthur, Retired Trader of' Nonouti, Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. Revd. A. L. Sadd, Missionary, resident of' Beru, Gilbert and Ellice. Islands Colony• The following wireless operators in the employ of' the New }:eale.nd. Government and stationed in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. station A. C. Heenan Ma1ana Island. J. J. McCarthy Abemama II H. R. C. Hearn Kuria A. E. McKenna Honout1 II" C. A. Pearsall Tamena II The f'ollo~~ng members o-r the 2nd New Zealand Expe d1 t 1 Oll8.ry Force: Station. 64653 Pte. L. B. Speedy Mal ana 64606 u C. J. Owen Maiana 64056 D. H. Hov.'S Abemama 63882 " R. J. Hitchen Abemama 6LJ485 "II R. Jones Kuria 64382 1/ R. A. Ellis Kurla 64057 II c. A. Kllpin Nonout1 64062 1/ J. H. Nichol Nonouti 64005 " w. A. R. Parker' Tanana 64022 " R. M. McKenzie Tamana. Particulars of' the A11~ed Crime. The alleged vict 8 were stationed at or resident in various islands of' the Gilbert and Ellice Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Abemama Atoll, Kiribati
    Monitoring the Vulnerability and Adaptation of Coastal Fisheries to Climate Change Abemama Atoll Kiribati Assessment Report No. 2 October–November 2013 Aaranteiti Kiareti1, 2, Toaea Beiateuea2, Robinson Liu1, Tuake Teema2 and Brad Moore1 1Coastal Fisheries Programme, Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2 Kiribati Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development Funding for this project was provided by the Australian Government The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the official opinion of the Australian Government © Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2015 All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) acknowledges with gratitude the funding support provided by the Australia’s International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative (ICCAI) for the implementation of the ‘Monitoring the Vulnerability and Adaptation of Coastal Fisheries to Climate Change’ project in Abemama Atoll, Kiribati. SPC also gratefully acknowledges the collaborative support from the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development. In particular, we are especially thankful to Raikaon Tumoa (Director) and Karibanang Tamuera (Principle Fisheries Officer) who showed interest in the importance of this project and provided the needed support in moving the project forward.
    [Show full text]
  • Virgin Islands National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Virgin Islands National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2010/226 THIS PAGE: Underwater ecosystems including coral reefs are a primary natural resource at Virgin Islands National Park. National Park Service photograph. ON THE COVER: This view of Trunk Bay shows the steep slopes characteristic of Virgin Islands Na- tional Park. National Park Service photo- graph courtesy Rafe Boulon (Virgin Islands National Park). Virgin Islands National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2010/226 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 July 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.
    [Show full text]