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A Prismatic Inquiry Into Sweden's Anti-Muslim Movement

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A Prismatic Inquiry Into Sweden's Anti-Muslim Movement © COPYRIGHT by Elizabeth Pearce 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ALLAH IN VALHALLA: A PRISMATIC INQUIRY INTO SWEDEN’S ANTI-MUSLIM MOVEMENT BY Elizabeth Pearce ABSTRACT Violence and discrimination against Muslims and immigrants from countries with a Muslim majority is a pervasive problem that is becoming entrenched in Western societies. Sweden, often considered a bastion of peace and tolerance, is experiencing the escalation of violence against these populations coupled with a growing movement to institutionalize anti- Muslim sentiments through government policy. This study explores literatures across disciplines and perspectives across cleavages to analyze the issues and processes that contribute to violence and those that promote the peaceful resolution of Sweden’s conflict. Using a combination of methodological approaches, interviews were conducted with relevant actors to bolster the analysis by exploring the sources and drivers of conflict as individuals within the conflict context conceive them. Analysis of relevant government policies and programming is also included, with a conclusion that recommends enhancing the incorporation of established theories from the field of peace and conflict resolution in policy and social programs. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout this project I had the honor of working with the incredible faculty and staff of the International Peace and Conflict Resolution program at the School of International Service who furnished me with the skills I needed to holistically approach this important topic. In particular, I would like to thank my thesis advisors, Lynn Kunkle and Shadi Mokhtari, for sharing with me their extensive knowledge and unending support throughout the various stages of my research. I must also extend the utmost gratitude to the individuals in Sweden who eagerly participated in interviews for this project, sharing their thoughts and feelings on some very sensitive issues for the benefit of the research. The realizations gleaned from their combined perspectives are invaluable to the future of peace and conflict resolution as it relates to the issues explored in this paper. Many of these interviews could not have been completed without the generous support of Charles O. and Margaret Lerche, whose research travel grant aided part of this project, and for that I am also thankful. Finally, a special thanks belongs to my friends and colleagues who saw me through the conceptualization, research, and writing phases of the project. Whether they were guiding me to relevant resources, reviewing my work, bringing me chai, or providing humor and procrastination breaks when I needed them most, they all deserve my sincere appreciation. I must also thank my family for their interest in my work and their encouragement throughout the entirety of this process. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Research .......................................................................................... 3 Defining Terminology and Key Concepts .............................................................. 5 Overview of the Research Structure ..................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 14 Research Design .................................................................................................... 14 Data Sampling Procedures .................................................................................... 16 Locating Potential Respondents ................................................................ 18 Limitations and Considerations of the Sample ......................................... 18 Data Collection Procedures ................................................................................... 19 Special Considerations in the Collection of Data ..................................... 20 In Person Versus Online Interview Formats ............................................. 22 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 23 Ethical Issues ........................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE .............................................. 27 Swedish Historical Context ................................................................................... 27 Immigration and Muslims in Sweden ....................................................... 27 Incidents and Trends of Violence ............................................................. 31 Political Framework in Sweden ............................................................................ 36 Political Parties ......................................................................................... 36 Current Government Policies Related to the Conflict .............................. 40 Interpreting Islam .................................................................................................. 51 Major Areas of Concern for Non-Muslims ............................................... 52 Hermeneutics ............................................................................................ 57 Islams ........................................................................................................ 62 iv Theories of Culture ............................................................................................... 67 Cultural Differences in Sweden ................................................................ 69 Culture and Conflict Resolution ............................................................... 74 Identity, Prejudice, and Intergroup Conflict ......................................................... 77 Individual and Group Identity ................................................................... 78 Intergroup Conflict .................................................................................... 82 Intergroup Conflict Resolution ................................................................. 87 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH FINDINGS ........................................................................... 98 Anders Breivik and the Oslo/Utøya Attacks ....................................................... 100 Islam and Muslims .............................................................................................. 105 Sverigedemokraterna and the Anti-Muslim Movement ..................................... 111 Immigration and Integration ............................................................................... 114 Trajectory and Drivers ........................................................................................ 126 Options for Intervention and Outcomes .............................................................. 132 CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 141 Literature and Original Data Analysis ................................................................ 141 Recommended Interventions .............................................................................. 150 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 158 Implications for Future Research ........................................................................ 159 Final Thoughts .................................................................................................... 160 APPENDIX A TIMELINE OF RELEVANT EVENTS ........................................................... 161 APPENDIX B CONSENT SCRIPT .......................................................................................... 163 APPENDIX C PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES QUESTIONNAIRE ........................................ 164 APPENDIX D ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSE QUESTIONNAIRE ................................. 166 APPENDIX E SELECTION OF RELATED IMAGES ............................................................ 168 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 171 v LIST OF TABLES Table Table 1. Sweden’s Major Political Parties ........................................................................ 37 Table 2. Cultural Differences in Sweden .......................................................................... 71 Table 3. Bennett’s Model of Diagnosing and Facilitating Intercultural Sensitivity ......... 97 Table 4. Respondent Characteristics ................................................................................. 99 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration Figure 1. Perpetual Cycle of Identity Formation and Intergroup Conflict ....................... 81 Figure 2. Sverigedemokraterna campaign image from 2008 ......................................... 168 Figure 3. Image from Sverigedemokraterna website, 2012
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