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Saîdü's-Süedâ T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLÂM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI BÖLÜMÜ İSLÂM TARİHİ ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ MISIR’DAKİ İLK HANGÂH: SAÎDÜ’S-SÜEDÂ (569- 922/1173-1517) HEDİYE SÜMEYRA KORKMAZ 2501171498 TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof. Dr. Nurettin Gemici İSTANBUL – 2020 ÖZ MISIR’DAKİ İLK HANGÂH: SAÎDÜ’S-SÜEDÂ (569/1173- 922/1517) Hediye Sümeyra Korkmaz Hangâhlar, âlim ve sûfîleri ağırlayan, içlerinde tasavvufî ve İslamî ilimler eğitimlerinin beraber yürütüldüğü geniş imkânlara sahip tasavvufî kuruluşlardır. Araştırmamıza konu olan Saîdü’s-süedâ Hangâhı, Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî (ö. 589/1173) tarafından Fâtımî hâkimiyetini sona erdikdikten sonra Mısır topraklarında inşa edilen ilk hangâh olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. Saîdü’s-süedâ Hangâhı, Eyyûbî ve Memlük dönemleri boyunca çok sayıda âlim ve sûfînin uğrak mekânı haline gelmiş ve çok boyutlu yapısıyla toplumun sosyal, siyâsi, dinî, ilmî ve ekonomik hayatı üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Saîdü’s-süedâ Hangâhı’nın kuruluşundan (569/1173) Memlük devletinin sona erdiği döneme (922/1517) kadar geçen süre zarfındaki tarihi gelişimi ve işleyişi üzerinde durulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hangâh, seyahat, ilim, tasavvuf ii ABSTRACT THE FIRST KHANQAH IN EGYPT: SAID AS-SUADA (569/1173- 922/1517) Hediye Sümeyra Korkmaz Khanqahs are Sufi institutions that host scholars and sufis and have a wide range of possibilities in which Sufism and Islamic studies education are carried out together. Khanqah Said as-Suada has the feature of being the first khanqah built in Egypt after the end of the Fatimid rule by Salahaddin Ayyubi (d. 589/1173). Khanqah Said as- Suada became a haunt of many scholars and sufis during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods and had an impact on the social, political, religious, scholarly, and economic life of Cairo with its multi-dimensional structure. In this study, the historical development and functioning of the Khanqah Said as-Suada during the period of the establishment (569/1173) to the end of the Mamluk state (922/1517) are discussed. Key Words: Khanqah, travel, scholarship, tasawwuf iii ÖNSÖZ İlim ve hikmet peşinde dolaşan âlim ve sûfîlerin seyahatlerini kolaylaştırmak için İslam coğrafyasının hemen her bölgesinde onları himaye edecek kurumlar açılmıştır. Kurumsallaşma süreci medreselerle paralel bir şekilde ilerleyen hangâhlar, ilmî ve tasavvufî amaçlarla yapılan seyahatlerin teşvik edilmesinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Kendilerinden önceki tasavvufî kurumlardan boyut ve işlev bakımından daha donanımlı kurumlar olarak hizmet vermişlerdir. Eyyûbî ve Memlük dönemlerinde hangâh terimi daha ziyade gezgin âlim-sûfîlerin barınağı olmakla birlikte belirli bir tarikata mahsus olmayan, devletin tayin ettiği yöneticilerin idare ettiği, tasavvufî eğitimin medrese eğitimiyle beraber yürüdüğü geniş kapsamlı kuruluşları ifade etmiştir. Kuruluş amaçları arasında gezgin âlim ve dervişlere barınak imkânı sağlamak, ikâmetleri ile şehri ilmî ve uhrevî bir merkez haline getirmek, Sünnî pratik ve inançlarını yaygınlaştırmak, burada kalan kişilerin geçim endişesinden azade bir şekilde ibadet hayatına ve ilim tahsiline yoğunlaşmalarına imkân tanımak olduğu söylenebilir. Saîdü’s-süedâ Hangâhı, Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî tarafından Mısır bölgesinde kurulan ilk hangâhtır. Memlük döneminde açılan, boyut ve işlev olarak büyüyen ve geniş imkânlar sağlayan hangâhlara öncülük etmiştir. Eyyûbî ve Memlük dönemleri boyunca farklı coğrafyalardan gelen âlim ve sûfîlere hizmet veren Saîdü’s-süedâ Hangâhı, ilmî çalışmalar için de uygun bir ortam sunmuştur. 300 kişi barındıracak şekilde inşa edilen hangâhta kalan sûfîlerin iâşe-ibâte ve seyahat masrafları hangâha bağlanan vakfiye gelirleri ile karşılanmıştır. Hangâh, dışarıdan katılıma açık faaliyetleri sayesinde ulemâ, halk ve yönetici sınıfına hitap etmiştir. Böylece ilmî faaliyetlerin daha geniş kitlelere yayılmasına yardımcı olmuş, tasavvufun toplum yaşamında görünürlüğünü artırmış ve ilmî seyahatleri teşvik etmiştir. Ülkemizde hangâhlarla ilgili müstakil bir yayına rastlanmamıştır. Oldukça geniş ve renkli malzemeler sunan bu konu, ilmiye ve ulemâ çalışmaları, kurum tarihi, tasavvuf tarihi ve dönem çalışmaları gibi pek çok farklı alanda önemli katkılar sağlayacak nitelikte ve genişliktedir. Farklı sosyal gruplarla aynı anda etkileşimde olan bu kurum, toplumda hâkim olan düşünce yapısını göstermesi bakımından da önem taşımaktadır. Bugüne kadar göz ardı edilen bu alanın daha fazla dikkat çekmesi, iv değerinin anlaşılması ve hakkında yapılan çalışmaların artması için bu çalışmanın bir başlangıç olmasını umut ediyoruz. Bu çalışmada katkısı olan, beni destekleyen herkese teşekkür etmeyi borç bilirim. Öncelikle destek ve teşvikleriyle tez çalışmasını kolaylaştıran danışmanım Nurettin Gemici’ye, konuma karar verme aşamasında beni teşvik eden ve destekleyen hocam Harun Yılmaz’a, çalışmanın teknik kısımlarıyla ilgili katkılarını esirgemeyen hocam Halil İbrahim Hançabay’a, lisans eğitimim boyunca çok kıymetli emekleri için mezunu olduğum İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi’ndeki bütün hocalarıma ve tez süresince kendisinden çokça faydalandığım İSAM kütüphanesinin çalışanlarına teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Son olarak beni her daim dinleyen, maddî ve manevî desteklerini esirgemeyen aileme ve arkadaşlarıma özellikle teşekkür ederim. Gayret bizden, muvaffâkiyet elbette Allah’tandır. Hediye Sümeyra Korkmaz Üsküdar-2020 v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iii ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER ......................................................................................................... vi KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ .................................................................................... viii GİRİŞ 1. Çalışmanın Konusu ve Yöntemi ...................................................................... 1 2. Kaynaklar ve Araştırmalar ............................................................................... 4 3. Hangâhların Ortaya Çıkması ve Gelişmesi .................................................... 10 3.1. Hangâh Öncesi Sûfî Kurumlar ............................................................... 11 3.2. Hangâh Terimi ....................................................................................... 13 3.3. Suriye Bölgesi Hangâhları ..................................................................... 19 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM MISIR’DAKİ İLK HANGÂH: SAİDÜ’S-SÜEDA 1. Kuruluş Tarihi ve Amacı ................................................................................ 22 2. Fizikî Yapısı ................................................................................................... 24 2.1. Hangâh Mezarlığı ........................................................................................ 27 3. Vakfiyesi ........................................................................................................ 32 3.1. Hangâhta Kalan Zümreler ...................................................................... 32 3.2. Hangâh Gelirleri ve Kullanımı ............................................................... 34 3.3. Hangâh Sûfîlerinin Mesuliyetleri ........................................................... 36 4. Hangâh Yönetimi, Kadrosu ve Sâkinleri ....................................................... 36 4.1. Meşîhatüşşüyûh Makamı ............................................................................ 37 i. Hangâh Şeyhleri ..................................................................................... 41 ii. Nâzırlar ................................................................................................... 55 4.2. Hangâh Görevlileri ................................................................................. 57 i. İmam ...................................................................................................... 58 ii. Kurrâ ...................................................................................................... 59 iii. Kütüphane Görevlisi (Hâzinü’l-kütüb) .................................................. 60 iv. Kâtibü’l-Gaybe ....................................................................................... 61 v. Hizmetkârlar ........................................................................................... 61 vi. Bevvâb.................................................................................................... 62 vii. Ayakkabı Görevlisi ................................................................................ 63 viii. Sâkî ......................................................................................................... 64 ix. Aşçı, Fırıncı, Vâzin ve Ekmek Görevlisi ............................................... 64 4.3. Hangâh Sâkinleri .................................................................................... 65 vi i. Hangâha Seyahat Amaçlı Uğrayan Sûfîler ................................................. 66 ii. Hangâhta İkamet Eden Sûfîler ............................................................... 73 a. Hangâha Gelme Amaçları .................................................................. 74 b. Hangâh Sûfîlerinin Çalışma Hayatı ................................................... 77 c. Hangâh Dışında İlmî Faaliyetlere Katılma ........................................ 79 d. Hangâh Sûfîlerinin
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